2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 1 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
abdomin/o abdomen abdominal abdominouterotomy
acanth/o spiny;thorny acantha acanthopelvis
acar/o mite acaricide acaroid
acetabul/o acetabulum(hip socket) acetabular acetabulectomy
acou/o hearing,listening acoumeter acousma
acous/o hearing acoustic acousma
acr/o extremities,top,extreme point acrocentric acroagnosis
acu/o sharp,severe,sudden acupoint acus
aden/o gland adenoma adenitis
adenoid/o adenoids adenoidectomy adenoid hypertrophy
adip/o fat adipose adiposis
adren/o adrenal glands adrenopathy adrenocortical
adrenal/o adrenal glands adrenalectomy adrenalinemia
aer/o air aerosol aerobiotic
agglutin/o clumping,sticking together agglutination agglutinin
agor/a marketplace agoraphobia
albin/o white albinism albinuria
albumin/o albumin albuminuria albuminaemia
alges/o excessive sensitivity to pain analgesia analgesic
aliment/o food,nutrient alimentary hypoalimentation
allotri/o strange allotriosmia allotriuria
alveol/o alveolus,air sac,small sac alveolar alveolar
ambly/o dull,dim amblyopia amblyacousia
amni/o amnion amniochorial amniotome
amyl/o starch amylase amyloidosis
an/o anus perianal anoscopy
andr/o male androgen andrology
aneurysm/o arterial tumor aneurysmectomy aneurysmal
angi/o vessel angiogram angioplasty
ankyl/o crooked,bent,stiff ankylosis ankylurethra
anter/o front anterior anterointernal
anthrop/o human being anthropobiology anthropogenesis
anxi/o uneasy,anxious,distressed anxiolytic anxiety
aort/o aorta aortic stenosis aortal
append/o appendix appendectomy
appendic/o appendix appendicitis appendicostomy
aque/o water aqueous humor aqueduct
arter/o artery arterial anastomosis arterectomy
arteri/o artery arteriosclerosis arteriectasis
arthr/o joint arthritis arthroplasty
articul/o joint articular cartilage articulation
astr/o star astrosphere astrovirus
ather/o yellowish plaque,fatty substance atherosclerosis athteroma
atri/o atrium atrial atrioventricular
audi/o hearing,the sense of hearing audiometer audiogram
audit/o hearing auditory
aur/o(aur/i) ear aural auriscope
auricul/o ear postauricular
aut/o self autism autopolyploid
ax/o axis axite axolemma
axill/o armpit axillary
azot/o nitrogen azotemia azoturia
bacill/o bacillus bacilliculture bacillosis
bacteri/o bacteria bacteriuria bacteriolysis
balan/o glans penis balanitis balanic
bas/o base,alkaline basophil basophilism
bath/y deep,depth bathycardia bathypnea
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 2 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
bi/o life biology biopsy
bil/I gall,bile biliary bilirubin
bilirubin/o bilirubin(bile pigment) hyperbilirubinemia
blast/o germ,bud blastocone blastoderm
blenn/o mucus blennochesia blennorrhagia
blephar/o eyelid blepharitis blepharoptosis
bol/o to cast(throw) anabolism
brachi/o arm brachial artery
bromat/o food bromatometry bromatotoxin
bronch/o bronchial tubes,bronchus bronchospasm bronchodilator
bronchi/o bronchial tube,bronchus bronchiectasis
bronchiol/o bronchiole,small bronchus bronchiolitis
bucc/o cheek buccal mucosa bucca
burs/o bursa bursitis
cac/o bad cchexia
calc/o calcium hypercalcemia hypocalcemia
calcane/o calcaneus(heel bone) calcaneal
calci/o calcium decalcification
cali/o calix(calys) caliectasis caliectomy
calic/o calix(calyx) caliceal
capn/o carbon dioxide hypercapnia
carcin/o cancerous,cancer carcinoma carcinosarcoma
cardi/o heart cardiology
carp/o carpals(wrist bones) carpal carpitis
case/o casein casease caseinate
caus/o burning causalgia
cauter/o burn,beat electrocauterization
cec/o cecum cecal cecectomy
celi/o belly,abdomen celiac
cellul/o animal or plant cell celluloneuritis cellulotoxic
cephal/o head cephalic
cer/o wax cerin ceroma
cerebell/o cerebellum cerebellar
cerebr/o cerebrum(largest part of the brain) cerebral
cervic/o cervix,neck(of the body or of the u cervical endocervicitis
cheil/o lip cheilosis
chem/o chemical,drug chemotherapy
chol/e gall,bile cholelithiasis cholestatic
cholecyst/o gallbladder cholecystectomy cholecystitis
choledoch/o commone bile duct choledochotomy
cholesterol/o cholesterol hypercholesterolemia
chondr/o cartilage chondroma chondrosarcoma
chori/o chorion choriogenesis chorioamnionitis
chorioid/o choroid coat of the eye chorioiditis chorioidpapilloma
chorion/o chorion chorionic
chrom/o color chromosomes hypochromia
chron/o time chronic
chyl/o chyle,juice chylocyst chyliferous
cib/o meals post cibum cibophobia
cis/o to cut incision excision
clavicul/o clavicle(collar bone) supraclavicular
coagul/o clotting anticoagulant coagulase
coccyg/o coccyx(tailbone) coccygeal
cochle/o cochlea cochlear
col/o colon(large intestine) colostomy colonitis
coll/o glue,colloid collemia collochemistry
colon/o colon colonic colonoscopy
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 3 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
colp/o vagina colporrhaphy colposcopy
comat/o deep sleep(coma) comatose
coni/o dust pneumoconiosis
conjunctiv/o conjunctiva conjunctivitis
cor/o pupil anisocoria coromete
corne/o cornea corneal ulcer
coron/o crown coronary arteries coronofacial
cortic/o cortex,outer region corticosteroid corticoadrenal
cost/o rib subcostal chondrocostal
crani/o skull craniotomy craniotome
cras/o mixture idiosyncrasy
crin/o secrete endocrine glands endocrinologist
cry/o cold cryogenic surgery cryosurgery
crypt/o hidden cryptorchism cryptodidymus
crystall/o crystal crystallin crystalluria
culd/o cul-de-sac culdocentesis culdotomy
cune/o cuneus,wedge,cuneiform cuneocuboid
cutane/o skin subcutaneous
cyan/o blue cyanosis cyanuria
cycl/o(1) ciliary body or muscle of the eye cycloplegic
cycl/o(2) circle,recurring cyclothymia
cylindr/o cylindrical cylindrosarcoma
cyst/o urinary bladder:a sac or a cyst(sac cystoscopy crystic tumor
cyt/o cell cystoscopy cytoplasm
dacry/o tears,tear duct dacryoadenitis
dactyl/o fingers,toes dactylogram dactylology
delt/o delta-shaped deltoid deltoideus
dent/I tooth dentibuccal dentistry
dentr/o tree,resembling a tree dendraxon
derm/o skin hypodermic epidermis
dermat/o skin dermatoplasty dermatologist
diaphor/o profuse sweating diaphoresis
dipl/o double diplopia
dips/o thirst polydipsia dipsesis
disc/o disc discoplacenta disciform
dist/o far,distant distal
dolich/o long,narrow dolichocephalia dolichostenomelia
dors/o back portion of the body dorsal dorsiflexion
duct/o to lead,carry ductopenia
duoden/o duodenum duodenal duodenitis
dur/o dura mater subdural hematoma epidural hematoma
electr/o electricity electrocardiogram
encephal/o brain electroencephalogram encephalocele
enter/o intestines(usually the small intest enteritis mesentery
eosin/o red,dawn,rosy eosinophil
epididym/o epididymis epididymitis epididymotomy
epiglott/o epiglottis epiglottitis
episi/o vulva episiotomy episioperineal
erg/o work synergism
erot/o love,sexual desire erotomania erotophobia
erythem/o redness erythema
erythemat/o redness erythematous
erythr/o red erythrocyte erythrocytopenia
esophag/o esophagus esophageal
esthesi/o feeling,nervous sensation anesthesia esthesiometer
estr/o female estrogenic
eti/o cause etiology etionymous
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 4 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
faci/o face facial
fasci/o fascia fasciectomy
femor/o femur femoral femorocele
fibr/o fibrous connective tissue fibromyalgia fibrosarcoma
fibul/o fibula fibular
flex/o to bend flexor flexible
fluor/o luminous,fluorescence fluoroscopy
follicul/o small glandular sacs follicular
fung/o fungus,mushroom fungating tumor
furc/o forking,branching furcal
galact/o milk galactorrhea galactemia
gangli/o ganglion ganglioastroblastoma ganglioastrocytoma
gastr/o stomach gastrectomy gastrotomy
gen/o generating,race genoblast genotype
ger/o old man gerocomium geroderma
geront/o old man gerontologist gerontopia
gingiv/o gums gingivitis gingival
glauc/o gray glaucoma
gli/o glue neuroglial cells glioma
glomerul/o glomerulus glomerular glomerulonephritis
gloss/o tongue hypoglossal glossocele
gluc/o sugar gluconeogenesisi glucagon
glyc/o sugar hyperglycemia glycogen
glycogen/o glycogen glycogenolysis
gnos/o knowledge diagnosis prognosis
gon/o seed gonorrhea gonadogenesis
gonad/o sex glands(ovaries and testes) gonadotropin hypogonadism
granul/o granules granulocyte granuloma
gynec/o woman,female gynecology gynecomastia
hallucin/o hallucination,to wander in the mind hallucinogen
haph/o touch haphalgesia
helminth/o worm,worm-shaped helminthiasis helminthism
hem/o blood hematology hemolysis
hemat/o blood hematoma hematocrit
hemoglobin/o hemoglobin hemoglobinopathy
hepat/o liver hepatitis hepatoma
hered/o hereditarily heredoataxia heredofamilial
herni/o hernia herniorrhaphy
hidr/o sweat anhidrosis
hist/o tissue histology antihistamine
home/o sameness homeostasis
humer/o humerus humeral
hy/o U-shaped hyosternal hyothyroid
hyal/o glass,transparent substance hyalomucoid hyaloplasm
hydr/o water,fluid hydrocele
hygr/o humidity,moisture hygrograph hygroma
hypn/o sleep hypnotic hypnosis
hypothalam/o hypothalamus hypothalamic hypothalamotomy
hyps/i height hypsibrachycephalic hypsodont
hyster/o uterus,womb hysterectomy hystereurysis
iatr/o treatment iatrogenic
ichthy/o scaly,dry(fish-like) ichthyosis
idi/o individual,peculiar idiosyncrasy
ile/o ileum ileocecal sphincter ileitis
ili/o ilium(part of the pelvic bone) iliac
immun/o protection immunology immunoglobulin
in/o fibre initis inoblast
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 5 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
inguin/o groin inguinal
insulin/o insulin hypoinsulinism insulinoma
iod/o iodine tetraiodothyronine
ir/o iris iritis
irid/o iris iridic iridectomy
is/o same,equal anisocytosis radioisotope
isch/o(1) ischium ischial
isch/o(2) to suppress ischemia ischoblennia
jejun/o jejunum gastrojejunostomy choledochojejunostomy
kal/I potassium hypokalemia
kary/o nucleus karyotype karyenchyma
kerat/o(1) hard,horny tissue keratosis
kerat/o(2) cornea keratitis keratotomy
ket/o ketone bodies ketosis ketoacidosis
keton/o ketone bodies ketonuria
kines/o movement bradykinesia
kinesi/o movement kinesiology
klept/o to steal kleptomania
kyph/o humpback kyphosis
labi/o lip labial
lacrim/o tears lacrimal lacrimation
lact/o milk lactogenesis lactation
lal/o speech lalopathology laloplegia
lambd/o lambdoid lambda
lamin/o lamina laminectomy
lapar/o abdomen,abdominal wall laparoscope laparospenectomy
laryng/o larynx,laryngeal laryngopathy laryngotracheobronchi
later/o side lateral
lei/o smooth leiomyoblastoma
leiomy/o smooth(visceral) muscle that lines leiomyoma leiomyosarcoma
lept/o thin,slender leptomeningitis leptodermic
leth/o death lethal nonlethal
leuk/o white leukocyte leukopenia
lex/o word,phrase dyslexia
li/o smooth liodermia
ligament/o ligament ligamentous
lingu/o tongue sublingual lingua
lip/o fat,lipid lipoma lipocele
lith/o stone cholecystolithiasis lithosis
lob/o lobe of the lung lobectomy
lord/o curve,swayback lordosis
lumb/o lower back,loins lumbosacral lumbar
lymph/o lymph lymphopoiesis lymphedema
lymphaden/o lymph node lymphadenopathy lymphadenitis
lymphangi/o lymph vessel lymphangiogram
malac/o soft malacosis malacotic
malleol/o malleolus malleolar
mamm/o breast mammal mammotroph
mandibul/o lower jaw,mandible submandibular mandibular
marcr/o large,long macromolecule macroamylasemia
mast/o breast mastitis mastectomy
mastoid/o mastoid process mastoiditis
maxill/o maxilla(upper jaw bone) maxillary
meat/o meatus meatal stenosis meatotomy
medi/o middle medial mediodorsal
mediastin/o mediastinum mediastinoscopy
medic/o medical medicolegal medicopsychological
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 6 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
medull/o soft,inner part medullary tumor medulliadrenal
meg/a large,great megakaryocyte megabacterium
melan/o black melanocyte melanoma
men/o menstrual flow menorrhagia dysmenorrhea
mening/o membranes,meninges meningeal meningomyelocele
meningi/o membranes,meninges meningioma
ment/o mind mental
metacarp/o metacarpals(hand bones) metacarpectomy
metatars/o metatarsals(foot bones) metatarsalgia
metr/o uterus metrorrhagia menometrorrhagia
metri/o uterus perimetrium endometriosis
mi/o smaller,less miosis
mnem/o memory mnemic mnemonics
mon/o one,single monocyte monoplegia
morph/o shape,form morphology morphosis
mort/o death mortal mortuary
muc/o mucus mucocele mucopurulent
mucos/o mucous membrane,mucosa mucositis
mut/a genetic change mutation
mutagen/o causing genetic change mutagenic
my/o muscle myometrium myoneural
myc/o fungus,mold dermatomycosis erythromycin
mydr/o widen,enlarge mydriasis
myel/o spinal cord,bone marrow myelogram poliomyelitis
myocardi/o heart muscle myocardial
myom/o muscle tumor myomectomy myomata
myos/o muscle myositis
myring/o eardrum,tympanic membrane myringotomy myringitis
myx/o mucus myxedema myxosarcoma
nan/o dwarf nanophthalmia nanosomia
narc/o stupor narcotic narcoma
nas/o nose paranasal sinuses nasogastric tube
nat/i birth neonatal natality
natr/i sodium hyponatremia natriuretic
necr/o death(of cells or whole body) necropsy necrosis
nephr/o kidney nephritis nephrology
neur/o nerve neurology polyneuritis
neutr/o neutral(neither base nor acid) neutropenia neutrocyte
noct/I night nocturia noctovision
norm/o rule,order normocyte normoblast
nucle/o nucleus nucleic mononuclear
nutr/i nourishing nutriology nutriment
nyct/o night nyctalopia
o/o egg oogenesis ooblast
obstetr/o midwife obstetric obstetrics
ocul/o eye intraocular oculogyria
odont/o tooth orthodontist periodontist
odyn/o pain crymodynia omodynia
olecran/o olecranon(elbow) olecranal
olfact/o to smell olfactology olfactometry
olig/o scanty oliguria olighydria
onc/o tumor oncology oncologist
onych/o nail onycholysis onychomycosis
oophor/o ovary bilateral oophorectomoophorocystectomy
ophthalm/o eye ophthalmoscope ophthalmoplegia
opt/o eye,vision optic optometrist
optic/o eye,vision optician
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 7 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
or/o mouth oral orolingual
orch/o testis,testicle orchotomy
orchi/o testis,testicle anorchism orchiectomy
orchid/o testis,testicle orchidoncus orchidotomy
organ/o organ organogenesis
orrh/o serum orrhodiagnosis orrhomeningitis
orth/o straight,upright orthopnea orthodontist
osm/o odor,smell osmesis osmidrosis
ossicul/o ossicle ossiculoplasty
oste/o bone osteooarthritis osteoarthritis
ot/o ear otic otomycosis
ov/o egg ovum
ovari/o ovary ovarian
ovul/o egg anovulatory
ox/o oxygen hypoxia hyperoxia
ox/y sharp,pointed,keen,quick oxycephaly oxytocic
pach/y thick,dense pachyleptomeningitis pachydermoperiostosis
palat/o palate palatoplasty
palpebr/o eyelid palpebral
pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis pancreatotomy
papill/o optic disc;nipple like papilledema papillary
parasit/o parasite parasitemia parasiticide
parathyroid/o parathyroid gland parathyroidectomy
patell/a,patell/o patella patellapexy subpatellar
path/o disease pathology pathologist
pector/o chest expectoration
ped/o child pediatric pedomorphism
pelv/I pelvis(hip bone) pelvimetry pelvioscope
pelv/o hip,pelvic cavity pelvic
pericardi/o pericardium pericardiocentesis
perine/o perineum perineorrhaphy perineoplasty
peritone/o peritoneum peritonitis
perone/o fibula peroneal
phac/o lens of the eye phacoemulsification phacocele
phag/o to eat,swallow phagocyte
phak/o lens of the eye aphakia
phalang/o phalanges(finger bones) phalangeal phalanx
phaner/o visible,manifest,open phanerogenetic phaneroplasm
pharmac/o chemical,drug pharmacokinetics pharmacology
pharmaceut/o drug radiopharmaceutical
pharyng/o throat pharyngeal pharyngalgia
phil/o attraction to,love paraphilia
phleb/o vein phlebotomy phlebitis
phon/o voice dysphonia phonograph
phor/o to bear oophoritis
phot/o light photophobia
phren/o(1) diaphragm phrenic nerve phrenohepatic
phren/o(2) mind schizophrenia phrenotropic
phys/o growing hypophysectomy
phyt/o plant dermatophytosis phytodemic
pil/o hair,hair follicle pilosebaceous
pimel/o lard pimeloma pimelorrhea
pituitar/o pituitary gland hypopituitarism
plagi/o oblique,aslant plagiocephaly plagiotropism
plant/o sole of the foot plantar flexion
plas/o formation,development dysplastic
plasm/o plasma,cytoplasm,protoplasm plasmodium plasmoptysis
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 8 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
plat/y flat,broad platycephaly platonychia
ple/o many,more pleomorphic
pleur/o pleura pleuritis pleural
pne/o breath,to breathe pneodynamics pneograph
pneum/o air,lung pneumothorax pneumectomy
pneumon/o lungs pneumonoenteritis pneumonococcus
poikil/o varied,irregular poikilocytosis poikiloblast
poli/o gray poliomyelitis poliencephalitis
polyp/o polyp polypoid tumor
pont/o pons cerebellopontine pontobulbar
poster/o back,behind posterior
praxi/o action praxis praxiology
presby/o old age presbyopia
proct/o anus and rectum proctologist proctosigmoidectomy
prostat/o prostate gland prostatitis prostatism
prote/o protein proteolysin proteopexic
proxim/o near proximal
prurit/o itching antipruritic
pseud/o false pseudotumor pseudoacromegaly
psych/o mind pathology psychiatrist
pub/o pubis(anterior part of the pelvic b pubic
pulmon/o lungs pulmonary pulmonohepatic
pupill/o pupil pupillary
py/o pus pyuria pyocalix
pyel/o renal pelvis pyelolithotomy pyelogram
pykn/o close,compact,dense,thick pyknocyte pyknosis
pylor/o anus and rectum pyloroplasty
pyr/o fire,heat pyromania
pyret/o fever antipyretic pyretogenesis
radi/o x-rays radiology radiotherapy
radicul/o nerve root(of spinal nerves) radiculopathy
rect/o rectum rectoele
ren/o kidney renal renography
reticul/o network reticulocyte reticuloendothelial
retin/o retina retinitis retinochoroid
rhabd/o rod,stick,rodlike structure rhabdocyte
rhabdomy/o skeletal(striated)muscle connected rhabdomyoma rhabdomyosarcoma
rheumat/o watery flow rheumatologist rheumatism
rhin/o nose rhinitis
roentgen/o x-rays roentgenology
rrhythm/o rhythm arrhythmia
sacr/o sacrum sacral
sagitt/o arrow sagittalis
salping/o uterine tubes,oviducts,fallopian tu salpingectomy salpingopharyngeal
sapr/o rotten saprobe saprophyte
sarc/o flesh,connective tissue sarcoma osteosarcoma
scapul/o scapula(shoulder bone) scapular
schist/o cleft,divided schistorachis schistosomiasis
schiz/o split schizophrenia schizocephalia
scintill/o spark scintillation scanner
scirrh/o hard scirrhous
scler/o sclera corneoscleral scleritis
scoli/o crooked,bent scoliosis
scot/o darkness scotoma
seb/o sebum seborrhea seborrhiasis
sect/o to cut resection
semin/I semen,seed seminiferous tubules seminal vesicles
2007-5-17陈艺伟 董为人 Roots(Combining forms)
第 9 页
Root(Combing form) Meaning Word1 Word2
seps/o infection antisepsis
ser/o serum,serous seralbumin serodiagnosis
sial/o saliva sialolith sialoductitis
sialaden/o rectum sialadenectomy
sider/o iron sideropenia sideroblast
sigm/o C or S-shaped sigmoidosigmoidostomysigmoid
sigmoid/o sigmoid colon sigmoidoscopy
sin/o sinus,sinus cavity sinoatrial sinusitis
sinus/o sinus,cavity sinusitis
sit/o food,grain sitology sitomania
somat/o body somatotropin
somn/o sleep insomnia somnabulate
son/o sound sonogram
sperm/o spermatozoa,semen spermolytic oligospermia
spermat/o spermatozoa,semen spermatoblast
spher/o globe,round spherocytosis spherocephalus
sphygm/o pulse sphygmomanometer sphygmogram
spin/o flesh spinal
spir/o(1) breathing spirometer expiration
spir/o(2) coil,twist spirobacteria Spirochaeta
spirill/o spirally curved elongate bacteria Spirillaceae spirillosis
splen/o spleen splenomegaly splenectomy
spondyl/o vertebra spondylitis spondylosis
spor/o spore,seed sporocyst sporicide
squam/o scale-like squamous epithelium squame
staped/o stapes stapedectomy
staphyl/o clusters staphylocoagulase staphylotomy
stear/o fat,stearic acid steariform stearate
steat/o fat steatorrhea steatolysis
sten/o narrow,close,little stenocephalia stenopaic
ster/o a type of chemical called steroid testosterone
stere/o solid,solid body stereoagnosis stereoscope
stern/o sternum(breast bone) sternal sternalgia
steth/o chest stethoscope
sthen/o strength sthenic sthenometry
stomat/o mouth stomatitis
st