2004美国EPA饮用水标准

2004 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories 2004 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories EPA 822-R-04-005 Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC Winter 2004 Recycled/Recyclable Printed on paper that contains at least 50% recycled fiber. The Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories tables are revised periodically by EPA’s Office of Water on an “as needed” basis. The following information should be kept in mind when using the Tables: Reference dose (RfD) values are updated to reflect the values in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), and the Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) has been calculated accordingly. Thus, both the RfD and DWEL in the Tables differ from the values in the Health Advisory document if the IRIS RfD is more recent than the Health Advisory document value. RfD values from IRIS that differ from the values in the Health Advisory documents are presented in BOLD type. For unregulated chemicals with a new IRIS RfD, the lifetime Health Advisory was calculated from the DWEL using the relative source contribution value published in the Health Advisory. For regulated chemicals, where the revised lifetime value differed from the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG), no lifetime value was provided in the Table. For regulated chemicals, the cancer group designation and 10-4 cancer risk reflect the status at the time of regulation. For unregulated chemicals, the cancer group designation or cancer classification and 10-4 cancer risk reflect the values presently on IRIS. New IRIS cancer designations and 10-4 cancer risk values are presented in BOLD type. Several pesticides listed in IRIS have been re-evaluated by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) resulting in an RfD other than that in IRIS. For these pesticides, the IRIS value is listed in the Table, and the newer OPP value is given in a footnote. In some cases there is a Health Advisory value for a contaminant but there is no reference to a Health Advisory document. These Health Advisory values can be found in the Drinking Water Criteria Document for the contaminant. With a few exceptions, the Health Advisory values have been rounded to one significant figure. The Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories tables may be reached from the Water Science home page at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience The tables are accessed under the Health Advisories heading. (i) Copies may be ordered free of charge from SAFE DRINKING WATER HOTLINE 1-800-426-4791 Monday thru Friday, 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM EST Copies of the supporting technical documentation for the health advisories can be ordered for a fee on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/OST/orderpubs.html or from Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) 1929 Kenny Road Columbus, OH 43210-1080 Telephone number 614-292-6717; 1-800-276-0462 FAX 614-292-0263 e-mail ERICSE@osu.edu Payment by Purchase Order/Check/Visa or Mastercard For further information regarding the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories, call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791 or 703-285-1093. (ii) DEFINITIONS The following definitions for terms used in the Tables are not all-encompassing, and should not be construed to be “official” definitions. They are intended to assist the user in understanding terms found on the following pages. Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow. It is the level of lead or copper which, if exceeded in over 10% of the homes tested, triggers treatment. Cancer Classification: A descriptive weight-of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that an agent is a human carcinogen and the conditions under which the carcinogenic effects may be expressed. Under the 1999 EPA Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, descriptive terms for carcinogenicity replace the earlier alpha numeric Cancer Group designations (US EPA 1986 guidelines). The suggested descriptive terms are as follows: Carcinogenic to humans Likely to be carcinogenic to humans Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans Cancer Group: A qualitative weight-of-evidence judgement as to the likelihood that a chemical may be a carcinogen for humans. Each chemical is placed into one of the following five categories (US EPA 1986 guidelines): Group Category A Human carcinogen B Probable human carcinogen: B1 indicates limited human evidence B2 indicates sufficient evidence in animals and inadequate or no evidence in humans Possible human carcinogen D Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity E Evidence of noncarcinogenicity for humans This categorization is based on EPA’s 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. The Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, which were published in 1999, have replaced the 1986 cancer guidelines on an interim basis for new assessments. (iii) C 10-4 Cancer Risk: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Drinking Water Advisory: A nonregulatory concentration of a contaminant in water that is likely to be without adverse effects on both health and aesthetics. DWEL: Drinking Water Equivalent Level. A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, non-cancer health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. HA: Health Advisory. An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance based on health effects information; a Health Advisory is not a legally enforceable Federal standard, but serves as technical guidance to assist Federal, State, and local officials. One-Day HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day HA is normally designed to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Ten-Day HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day HA is also normally designed to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Lifetime HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime HA is based on exposure of a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. The Lifetime HA for Group C carcinogens includes an adjustment for possible carcinogenicity. LED10: Lower Limit on Effective Dose10. The 95% lower confidence limit of the dose of a chemical needed to produce an adverse effect in 10% of those exposed to the chemical, relative to the control. MCLG: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. A non-enforceable health goal which is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MCL: Maximum Contaminant Level. The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. (iv) RfD: Reference Dose. An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. SDWR: Secondary Drinking Water Regulations. Non-enforceable Federal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects (such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) of drinking water. TT: Treatment Technique. A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water. (v) ABBREVIATIONS D Draft F Final NA Not Applicable NOAEL No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level OPP Office of Pesticide Programs P Proposed Reg Regulation TT Treatment Technique (vi) Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 1 Chemicals CASRN Number Standards Status HA Document Health Advisories Cancer Group Status Reg. MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L) 10-kg Child One-day (mg/L) Ten-day (mg/L) RfD (mg/kg/day) DWEL (mg/L) Life- time (mg/L) mg/L at 10-4 Cancer Risk ORGANICS Acenaphthene Acifluorfen (sodium) Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Alachlor Aldicarb3 Aldicarb sulfone3 Aldicarb sulfoxide3 Aldrin Ametryn Ammonium sulfamate Anthracene (PAH) 5 Atrazine 6 Baygon Bentazon Benz[a]anthracene (PAH) Benzene Benzo[a]pyrene (PAH) Benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH) Benzo[g,h,i]perylene (PAH) Benzo[k]fluoranthene (PAH) bis-2-Chloroisopropyl ether Bromacil Bromobenzene 83-32-9 62476-59-9 79-06-1 107-13-1 15972-60-8 116-06-3 1646-88-4 1646-87-3 309-00-2 834-12-8 7773-06-0 120-12-7 1912-24-9 114-26-1 25057-89-0 56-55-3 71-43-2 50-32-8 205-99-2 191-24-2 207-08-9 39638-32-9 314-40-9 108-86-1 - - - - - F zero TT1 - - F zero 0.002 F4 0.001 0.003 F4 0.001 0.003 F4 0.001 0.004 - - - - - - - - - - - - F 0.003 0.003 - - - - - - - - - F zero 0.005 F zero 0.0002 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F ’88 F ‘87 - F ‘88 F ‘95 F ‘95 F ‘95 F ‘92 F ‘88 F ‘88 - F ‘88 F ‘88 F ‘99 - F ’87 - - - - F ‘89 F ‘88 D ‘86 - - 0.06 2 - - 2 2 0.01 0.4 - 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.0002 0.007 - 0.0008 - - - - - 0.006 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.4 - 0.042 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.04 - - 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.04 - - 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.04 - - 0.0003 0.0003 0.00003 0.001 - 0.0002 9 9 0.009 0.3 0.06 - 20 20 0.2 8 2 - - - 0.3 10 - - - - 0.035 1 - 0.04 0.04 0.004 0.1 0.003 - 0.3 0.3 0.03 1 0.2 - - - - - - - 0.2 0.2 0.004 0.1 - 0.1 - - - - - 0.0005 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 4 0.04 1 0.3 - 5 5 0.1 5 0.09 - 4 4 - - - - - B2 B2 B1 B2 D D D B2 D D D C C E B2 A B2 B2 D B2 D C D 1 When acrylamide is used in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level shall not exceed that equivalent to a polyacrylamide polymer containing 0.05% monomer dosed at 1 mg/L. 2 Determined not to be carcinogenic at low doses by OPP. 3 The MCL value for any combination of two or more of these three chemicals should not exceed 0.007 mg/L because of similar mode of action. 4 Administrative stay of the effective date. 5 PAH = Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. 6 Under review. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 2 Chemicals CASRN Number Standards Status HA Document Health Advisories Cancer Group Status Reg. MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L) 10-kg Child One-day (mg/L) Ten-day (mg/L) RfD (mg/kg/day) DWEL (mg/L) Life-time (mg/L) mg/L at 10-4 Cancer Risk Bromochloromethane Bromodichloromethane (THM) Bromoform (THM) Bromomethane Butyl benzyl phthalate (PAE)3 Butylate Carbaryl Carbofuran1 Carbon tetrachloride Carboxin Chloramben Chlordane Chloroform (THM) Chloromethane Chlorophenol (2-) Chlorothalonil Chlorotoluene o- Chlorotoluene p- Chlorpyrifos5 Chrysene (PAH) Cyanazine 74-97-5 75-27-4 75-25-2 74-83-9 85-68-7 2008-41-5 63-25-2 1563-66-2 56-23-5 5234-68-4 133-90-4 57-74-9 67-66-3 74-87-3 95-57-8 1897-45-6 95-49-8 106-43-4 2921-88-2 218-01-9 21725-46-2 - - - P zero 0.082 P zero 0.082 - - - - - - - - - - - - F 0.04 0.04 F zero 0.005 - - - - - - F zero 0.002 P 0.07 0.081 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F ‘89 - - D ‘89 - F ‘89 F ‘88 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘88 F ‘88 F ‘87 - F ‘89 D ‘94 F ‘88 F ‘89 F ‘89 F ‘92 - D ‘96 50 1 0.01 0.5 0.09 - 1 0.06 0.003 0.1 - 0.1 5 0.2 0.03 1 - 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.05 0.01 - - - 0.2 7 - - 2 2 0.05 2 0.4 - 1 1 0.1 4 0.7 - 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.2 0.04 - 4 0.2 0.0007 0.03 - 0.03 1 1 0.1 4 0.7 - 3 3 0.015 0.5 0.1 - 0.06 0.06 0.0005 0.02 - 0.01 4 4 0.01 0.4 0.07 - 9 0.4 0.004 0.1 0.03 - 0.5 0.5 0.005 0.2 0.04 - 0.2 0.2 0.015 0.5 - 0.15 2 2 0.02 0.7 0.1 - 2 2 0.02 0.7 0.1 - 0.03 0.03 0.003 0.1 0.02 - - - - - - - 0.1 0.1 0.002 0.07 0.001 - D -3 -3 D C D D E B2 D D B2 -4 D D B2 D D D B2 1 Under review. 2 1998 Final Rule for Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products: The total for trihalomethanes is 0.08 mg/L. 3 Likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure. 4 By the 1999 Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under high-dose conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues. Chloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposures at a dose level that does not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration 5 New OPP RfD = 0.0003 mg/kg/day. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 3 Chemicals CASRN Number Standards Status HA Document Health Advisories Cancer Group Status Reg. MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L) 10-kg Child One-day (mg/L) Ten-day (mg/L) RfD (mg/kg/ day) DWEL (mg/L) Life-time (mg/L) mg/L at 10-4 Cancer Risk Cyanogen chloride1 2,4-D (2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) DCPA (Dacthal) Dalapon (sodium salt) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Diazinon2 Dibromochloromethane (THM) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) Dibutyl phthalate Dicamba Dichloroacetic acid Dichlorobenzene o- Dichlorobenzene m- 7 Dichlorobenzene p- Dichlorodifluoromethane Dichloroethane (1,2-) Dichloroethylene (1,1-) Dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-) Dichloroethylene (trans-1,2-) Dichloromethane Dichlorophenol (2,4-) Dichloropropane (1,2-) Dichloropropene (1,3-) Dieldrin Diethyl phthalate 506-77-4 94-75-7 1861-32-1 75-99-0 103-23-1 117-81-7 333-41-5 124-48-1 96-12-8 84-74-2 1918-00-9 76-43-6 95-50-1 541-73-1 106-46-7 75-71-8 107-06-2 75-35-4 156-59-2 156-60-5 75-09-2 120-83-2 78-87-5 542-75-6 60-57-1 84-66-2 - - - F 0.07 0.07 - - - F 0.2 0.2 F 0.4 0.4 F zero 0.006 - - - P 0.06 0.083 F zero 0.0002 - - - - - - P zero 0.065 F 0.6 0.6 - - - F 0.075 0.075 - - - F zero 0.005 F 0.007 0.007 F 0.07 0.07 F 0.1 0.1 F zero 0.005 - - - F zero 0.005 - - - - - - - - - - F ‘87 F ‘88 F ‘89 - - F ‘88 - F ’87 - F ‘88 - F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ’89 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘90 F ‘87 D ‘93 D ‘94 F ’87 F ‘88 F ‘88 - 0.05 0.05 0.05 2 - - 1 0.3 0.01 0.4 0.07 - 80 80 0.01 0.4 0.07 - 3 3 0.03 0.9 0.2 - 20 20 0.6 20 0.4 3 - - 0.02 0.7 - 0.3 0.02 0.02 0.00009 0.003 0.0006 - 0.6 0.6 0.02 0.7 0.06 0.09 0.2 0.05 - - - 0.003 - - 0.1 4 - - 0.3 0.3 0.03 1 0.2 - 5 5 0.004 0.1 - 0.07 9 9 0.09 3 0.6 - 9 9 0.09 3 0.6 - 11 11 0.1 4 0.075 - 40 40 0.2 5 1 - 0.7 0.7 - - - 0.04 2 1 0.05 2 - 0.006 4 1 0.01 0.4 0.07 - 20 1 0.02 0.7 0.1 - 10 2 0.06 2 - 0.5 0.03 0.03 0.003 0.1 0.02 - - 0.09 - - - 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 1 0.04 0.0005 0.0005 0.00005 0.002 - 0.0002 - - 0.8 30 - - D D D D C B2 E -4 B2 D D -6 D D C D B2 C D D B2 E B2 B2 B2 D 1 Under review. 2 New OPP RfD = 0.0002 mg/kg/day (pesticides). 3 1998 Final Rule for Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products: The total for trihalomethanes is 0.08 mg/L. 4 Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential. 5 1998 Final Rule for Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products: The total for five haloacetic acids is 0.06 mg/L. 6 Likely to be a carcinogen to humans. 7 The values for m-dichlorobenzene are based on data for o-dichlorobenzene. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 4 Chemicals CASRN Number Standards Status HA Document Health Advisories Cancer Group Status Reg. MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L) 10-kg Child One-day (mg/L) Ten-day (mg/L) RfD (mg/kg/day) DWEL (mg/L) Life-time (mg/L) mg/L at 10-4 Cancer Risk Diisopropyl methylphosphonate Dimethrin Dimethyl methylphosphonate Dimethyl phthalate Dinitrobenzene (1,3-) Dinitrotoluene (2,4-) Dinitrotoluene (2,6-) Dinitrotoluene (2,6 & 2,4) 1 Dinoseb Dioxane p- Diphenamid Diquat Disulfoton Dithiane (1,4-) Diuron Endothall Endrin Epichlorohydrin Ethylbenzene Ethylene dibromide (EDB)6 Ethylene glycol Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) Fenamiphos 1445-75-6 70-38-2 756-79-6 131-11-3 99-65-0 121-14-2 606-20-2 88-85-7 123-91-1 957-51-7 85-00-7 298-04-4 505-29-3 330-54-1 145-73-3 72-20-8 106-89-8 100-41-4 106-93-4 107-21-1 96-45-7 22224-92-6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F 0.007 0.007 - - - - - - F 0.02 0.02 - - - - - - - - - F 0.1 0.1 F 0.002 0.002 F zero TT5 F 0.7 0.7 F zero 0.00005 - - - - - - - - - F ‘89 F ‘88 F ‘92 - F ‘91 F ‘92 F ‘92 F ‘92 F ‘88 F ‘87 F ‘88 - F ‘88 F ‘92 F ‘88 F ‘88 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘88 F ‘88 8 8 0.08 3 0.6 - 10 10 0.3 10 2 - 2 2 0.2 7 0.1 0.7 - - - - - - 0.04 0.04 0.0001 0.005 0.001 - 0.50 0.50 0.002 0.1 - 0.005 0.40 0.40 0.001 0.04 - 0.005 - - - - - 0.005 0.3 0.3 0.001 0.04 0.007 - 4 0.4 - - - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.03 1 0.2 - - - 0.0022 0.07 - - 0.01 0.01 0.000043 0.001 0.0003 - 0.4 0.4 0.01 0.4 0.08 - 1 1 0.0024 0.07 0.01 - 0.8 0.8 0.02 0.7 0.1 - 0.02 0.005 0.0003 0.01 0.002 - 0.1 0.1 0.002 0.07 - 0.3 30 3 0.1 3 0.7 - 0.008 0.008 - - - 0.00004 20 6 2 70 14 - 0.3 0.3 0.00008 0.003 - 0.02 0.009 0.009 0.000257 0.009 0.002 - D D C D D B2 B2 B2 D B2 D D E D D D D B2 D B2 D B2 D7 1 Technical grade. 2 New OPP RfD = 0.005 mg/kg/day. 3 New OPP RfD = 0.00013 mg/kg/day. 4 New OPP RfD = 0.003 mg/kg/day. 5 When epichlorohydrin is used in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level shall not exceed that equivalent to an epichlorohydrin-based polymer containing 0.01% monomer dosed at 20 mg/L. 6 1,2-dibromoethane. 7 New OPP RfD = 0.0001 mg/kg/day; New OPP cancer group E. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 5 Chemicals CAS Number Standards Status HA Standards Health Advisories Cancer Group Status Reg. MCLG (mg/L) MCL (mg/L) 10-kg Child One-day (mg/L) Ten-day (mg/L) RfD (mg/kg/day) DWEL (mg/L) Life-time (mg/L) mg/L at 10-4 Cancer Risk Fluometuron Fluorene (PAH) Fonofos Formaldehyde Glyphosate Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene3 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane Hexane (n-) Hexazinone HMX6 Indeno[1,2,3,-c,d]pyrene (PAH) Isophorone Isopropyl methylphosphonate Isopropylbenzene (cumene) Lindane 7 Malathion Maleic hydrazide MCPA 10 Methomyl Methoxychlor Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl parathion 2164-17-2 86-73-7 944-22-9 50-00-0 1071-83-6 76-44-8 1024-57-3 118-74-1 87-68-3 77-47-4 67-72-1 110-54-3 51235-04-2 2691-41-0 193-39-5 78-59-1 1832-54-8 98-82-8 58-89-9 121-75-5 123-33-1 94-74-6 16752-77-5 72-43-5 78-93-3 298-00-0 - - - - - - - - - - - - F 0.7 0.7 F zero 0.0004 F zero 0.0002 F zero 0.001 - - - F 0.05 0.05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F 0.0002 0.0002 - - - - - - - - - - - - F 0.04 0.04 - - - - - - F ‘88 - F ‘88 D ‘93 F ‘88 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘87 D ‘98 - F ‘91 F ‘87 F ‘96 F ‘88 - F ‘92 F ‘92 D ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘92 F ‘88 F ‘88 F ‘88 F ‘87 F ‘87 F ‘88 2 2 0.01 0.5 0.09 - - 0.04 1 - - 0.02 0.02 0.002 0.07 0.01 - 10 5 0.2 7 1 - 20 20 0.12 4 0.7 - 0.01 0.01 0.0005 0.02 - 0.0008 0.01 - 0.00001 0.0004 - 0.0004 0.05 0.05 0.0008 0.03 - 0.002 0.3 0.3 0.00024 0.007 0.001 0.05 - - 0.006 0.2 - - 5