文档编制序号:[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]英语六级真题卷第三套含答案PartIWriting Direction:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldfocusontheharmcausedbymisleadinginformationonline.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Itseemstobealawinthetechnologyindustrythatleadingcompanieseventuallylosetheirposition,oftenquicklyandbrutally.MobilephonechampionNokia,oneofEurope'sbiggesttechnologysuccessstories,wasno_____(37),losingitsmarketshareinjustafewyears.PartⅢReadingComprehension In2007,Nokiaaccountedformorethan40%ofmobilephonesales_____(38).Butconsumers'preferenceswerealready_____(39)towardtouch-screensmartphone.WiththeintroductionofApple'siPhoneinthemiddleofthatyear,Nokia'smarketshare_____(40)rapidlyandrevenueplunged.Bytheendof2013,NokiahadsolditsphonebusinesstoMicrosoft. WhatsealedNokia'sfatewasaseriesofdecisionsmadebyStephenElopinhispositionasCEO,whichhe_____(41)inOctober2010.EachdaythatElopspentinchargeofNokia,thecompany'smarketvaluedeclinedby$23million,makinghim,bythenumbers,oneoftheworstCEOsinhistory. ButElopwasnottheonlypersonat_____(42).Nokia'sboardresistedchange,makingitimpossibleforthecompanytoadapttorapidshiftsintheindustry.Most_____(43),JormaOllila,whohadledNokia'stransitionfromanindustrialcompanytoatechnologygiant,wastoofascinatedbythecompany's_____(44)successtorecognizethechangethatwasneededtosustainitscompetitiveness. Thecompanyalsoembarkedona_____(45)cost-cuttingprogram,whichincludedtheeliminationofthousandsofjobs.Thiscontributedtothe_____(46)ofthecompany'sonce-spiritedculture,whichhadmotivatedemployeestotakerisksandmakemiracles.Goodleadersleftthecompany,takingNokia'ssenseofvisionanddirectionwiththem.Notsurprisingly,muchofNokia'smostvaluabledesignandprogrammingtalentleftaswell.A.assumedB.biasC.desperateD.deteriorationE.exception F.faultG.incidentally H.notably I.previousJ.relayed K.shiftingL.shrankM.subtleN.transmittingO.worldwide SectionB First-GenerationCollege-Goers:UnpreparedandBehind Kidswhoarethefirstintheirfamiliestobravetheworldofhighereducationcomeoncampuswithlittleacademicknow-howandaremuchmorelikelythantheirpeerstodropoutbeforegraduation. A)WhenNijayWilliamsenteredcollegelastfallasafires-generationstudentandJamaicanimmigrant,hewasacademicallyunpreparedfortherigorsofhighereducation.Likemanyfirst-generationstudent,heenrolledinamedium-sizedstateuniversitymanyofhishighschoolpeerswerealsoattending,receivedaPellGrant,andboardandtheclosenessoftheschooltohisfamily,hechosetoliveathomeandwordedbetween30and40hoursaweekwhiletakingafullclassschedule. B)WhatNijaydidn'trealizeabouthisschool—TennesseeStateUniversity—wasitsfrighteninglylowgraduationrate:amere29percentforitsfirst-generationstudents.Attheendofhisfirstyear,NijaylosthisPellGrantofover$5,000afternarrowlymissingthe2.0GPAcut-off,makingitimpossibleforhimtocontinuepayingforschool. C)NijayrepresentsalargeandgrowinggroupofAmericans:first-generationcollegestudentswhoenterschoolunpreparedorbehind.Tomakemattersworse,theseschoolsareill-equippedtograduatethesestudents—youngadultswhofacespecificchallengesandobstacles.Theytypicallycarryfinancialburdensthatoutweighthoseoftheirpeers,aremorelikelytoworkwhileattendingschool,andoftenrequiresignificantacademicremediation(补习). D)MattRubinoffdirectsI'mFirst,anonprofitorganizationlaunchedlastOctobertoreachouttothisspecificpopulationofstudents.Hehopestodistributethisinformationandhelpprospectivecollege-goersfindthebestpost-secondaryfit.AndwhileRubinoffbelievesthereareagoodnumberoffour-yearschoolsthattrulycareaboutthesestudentsandsetasidesignificantresourcesandprogramsforthem,hesaysthatnumberisn'thighenough. E)"It'snotonlytheselectiveandeliteinstitutionsthatprovidethoseopportunitiesforasmallsubsetofthispopulation,"Rubinoffsaid,addingthatamajorityoffirst-generationundergraduatestendtowardoptionssuchasonlineprograms,two-yearcolleges,andcommuterstandschools."Unfortunately,theretendstobealackofinformationandsupporttohelpstudentsthinkbiggerandbroader." F)Despitethisproblem,manystudentsarestilldrawntotheseinstitutions—andtwo-yearschoolsinparticular.Asaformerhighschoolteacher,Isawstudentschoosefamiliar,cheaperoptionsyearafteryear.Insteadofskippingoutonhighereducationaltogether,theychosecommunitycollegesorstateschoolswithlowbarsforadmittance. G)"Theyunderestimatethemselveswhenselectingauniversity,"saidDaveJarrat,amarketingexecutiveforInsideTrack,afor-profitorganizationthatspecializesincoachinglow-incomestudentsandsupportingcollegesinordertohelpstudentsthrive."Therealityofitisthatalotoflow-incomekidscouldbegoingtoeliteuniversitiesonafullridescholarshipanddon'tevenrealizeit." H)"Manystudentsarecomingfromasituationwherenoonearoundthemhastheexperienceofsuccessfullycompletinghighereducation,sotheyarecominginquestioningthemselvesandtheircollegeworthiness,"Jarratcontinued.Thathelpsexplainwhy,asI'mFirst'sRubinoffindicated,theschoolstowhichthesestudentsendupresortingcanendupbeingsomeofthepoorestmatchesforthem.TheUniversityofTennesseeandTennesseeStateareworthcomparing.TennesseeState'soverallgraduationrateisatiny39percent,butatleastithasasmallergapbetweentheoutcomesforfirst-generationstudentsandthoseoftheirpeers. I)Still,theUniversityofTennesseedeservescreditforbeingtransparent.Manylargeinstitutionskeepthiskindofdatasecret—oratleastmakeitincrediblydifficulttofind.TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,forinstance,admitsonlythatthegraduationrateforitsfirst-generationpupilsis"muchlower"thanthepercentageofallstudentswhograduatewithinfouryears(81percent). J)Itisactuallyquitedifficulttofindreliablestatistiesontheissueformanyschools.Highereducationinstitutionsare,underfederallaw,requiredtoreportgraduationrates,butthesereportstypicallyonlyincludePellrecipientnumbers—notnecessarilyratesspecifictofirst-generationstudents.Otherinitiativesfailtobreakdownthedata,too.Imaginehowintimidatingitcanbeforprospectivestudentsunfamiliarwiththecomplexitiesofhighereducationtonavigatethiskindofinformationandthenidentifywhichschoolsarethebestfit. K)ItwasthislackofinformationthatpromptedthelaunchofI'mFirstin2013,originallyasanarmofitsumbrellaorganization,theCenterForStudentOpportunity."Ifwecanhelptodirectstudentstomoreofthesetypesofcampusesandhelpstudentstounderstandthemtoberealisticandaccessibleplaces,havethemapplytotheseschoolsatgreaterfrequencyandultimatelygetinandenroll,wearegoingtoraisethesuccessrate,"Rubinoffsaid,citingavarietyofcollegesrangingfromlargestateinstitutionstosmallerprivateschools. L)ChelseaJones,whonowdirectsstudentprogrammingatI'mFirst,wasafirst-generationcollegestudentatHoward.Likeotherstudentnewtotheintimidatinghigher-educationworld,sheoftenstruggledonherpathtocollege."Therewasn'treallyacollege-boundcultureatmyhighschool,"shesaid."IwanttogotocollegebutIdidn'treallyknowtheprocess."Jonesbecameinvolvedwithacollege-accessprogramthroughPrincetonUniversityinhighschool.Nowsheattributesmuchofherunderstandingofcollegetothat:"ButonceIgottocampus,itwasacompletelydifferentballgamethatnoonereallypreparedmefor." M)Shewasfortunate,though.Howard,awell-regardedhistoricallyblackcollege,hadanarrayofresourcesforitsfirst-generationstudents,includingmatchingkidswithcounselors,connectingfirst-generationstudentstooneanother,andTRIO,anationalprogramthatsupported200studentsonHoward'scampus.Still,Jonesrepresentsasmallpercentageoffirst-generationstudentswhoareabletogainentryintomoreeliteuniversities,whichareoftenknownforrobustfinancialaidpackagesandremarkablyhighgraduationratesforfirst-generationstudents.(Harvard,forexample,boastsasix-yeargraduationrateforunderrepresentedminoritygroupsof98percent.) N)ChristianVazquez,afirst-generationTalegraduate,isanotherexception,hissuccessstorysettinghimfarapartfromstudentssuchasNijay."ThereisalotofsupportatYale,toanextent,afterawhile,thereistoomuchsupport."hesaid,half-jokingaboutthecountlessresourcesavailableattheschool.Studentsareplacedinsmallgroupswithcounselors(trainedseniorsoncampus);theyhaveaccesstoculturalandethnicaffinity(联系)groups,tutoringcentersandalsohaveasummerorientationspecificallyforfirst-generationstudents(thelatterbeingoneofthemostcommonprogramsforstudents). O)"Oursupportstructurewasmorelike:'YouaregoingtogetthroughYale;youaregoingtodowell.'"hesaid,hintingatmentors(导师),staff,andprofessorswhoallprovidedsignificantsupportforstudentswholackedconfidenceabout"belonging"atsuchatopinstitution. 46.Manyfirst-generationcollege-goershavedoubtsabouttheirabilitiestogetacollegedegree. 47.First-generationcollegestudentstendtohavemuchheavierfinancialburdensthantheirpeers. 48.Thegraduationrateoffirst-generationstudentsatNijay'suniversitywasincrediblylow. 49.SometopinstitutionslikeYaleseemtoprovidefirst-generationstudentswithmoresupportthantheyactuallyneed. 50.Onenteringcollege,NijayWilliamshadnoideahowchallengingcollegeeducationwas. 51.Manyuniversitiessimplyrefusetoreleasetheirexactgraduationratesforfirst-generationstudents. 52.Accordingtoamarketingexecutive,manystudentsfromlow-incomefamiliesdot'sknowtheycouldhaveachanceofgoingtoaneliteuniversity. 53.Someeliteuniversityattachgreatimportancetobuildingupthefirst-generationstudents'self-confidence. 54.I'mFirstdistributesinformationtohelpfirst-generationcollege-goersfindschoolsthataremostsuitableforthem. 55.Eliteuniversitiestendtograduatefirst-generationstudentsatahigherrate.SectionC Sayingtheycannolongerignoretherisingpricesofhealthcare,someofthemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsinthenationarerecommendingthatdoctorsweighthecosts,notjusttheeffectivenessoftreatment,astheymakedecisionsaboutpatientcare. Theshift,littlenoticedoutsidethemedicalestablishmentbutalreadycontroversialinsideit,suggeststhatdoctorsarestartingtoredefinetheirroles,frombeingconcernedexclusivelyaboutindividualpatientstoexertinginfluenceonhowhealthcaredollarsarespent. Inpracticalterms,thenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedcouldresultindoctorschoosingonedrugoveranotherforcostreasonsorevendecidingthataparticulartreatment-attheendoflife,forexample-istooexpensive.Intheextreme,somecriticshavesaidthatmakingtreatmentdecisionsbasedoncostisaformofrationing. Traditionally,guidelineshaveheavilyinfluencedthepracticeofmedicine,andthelatestonesareexpectedtomakedoctorsmoreconsciousoftheeconomicconsequencesoftheirdecisions,eventhoughthere'snoobligationtofollowthem.Medicalsocietyguidelinesarealsousedbyinsurancecompaniestohelpdeterminereimbursement(报销)policies. Somedoctorsseeapotentialconflictintryingtobebothprovidersofpatientcareandfinancialoverseers. "Thereshouldbeforcesinsocietywhoshouldbeconcernedaboutthebudget,buttheyshouldn'tbefunctioningsimultaneouslyasdoctors,"saidDr.MartinSamuelsataBostonhospital.Hesaiddoctorsriskedlosingthetrustofpatientsiftheytoldpatients,"I'mnotgoingtodowhatIthinkisbestforyoubecauseIthinkit'sbadforthehealthcarebudgetinMassachusetts." Doctorscanfacesomegrimtrade-offs.Studieshaveshown,forexample,thattwodrugsareaboutequallyeffectiveintreatingmaculardegeneration,aneyedisease.Butonecosts$50adoseandtheothercloseto$2,000.Medicarecouldsavehundredsofmillionsofdollarsayearifeveryoneusedthecheaperdrug.Avastin,insteadofthecostlierone,Lucentis. ButtheFoodandDrugAdministrationhasnotapprovedAvastinforuseintheeye,andusingitratherthanthealternative,Lucentis,mightcarryanadditional,althoughslight,safetyrisk.ShoulddoctorsconsiderMedicare'sbudgetindecidingwhattouse "Ithinkethically(在道德层面上)wearejustworriedaboutthepatientinfrontofusandnottryingtosavemoneyfortheinsuranceindustryorsocietyasawhole,"saidDr.DonaldJensen. Still,someanalystssaythatthere'sarolefordoctorstoplayincostanalysisbecausenotmanyothersaredoingso."Insomeways,"saidDr.DanielSulmasy,"itrepresentsafailureofwidersocietytotakeuptheissue."57.Whatdosomemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsrecommenddoctorsdo A.Reflectontheresponsibilitiestheyaresupposedtotake. B.Paymoreattentiontotheeffectivenessoftheirtreatments. C.Takecostsintoaccountwhenmakingtreatmentdecisions. D.Readjusttheirpracticeinviewofthecutsinhealthcare.58.Whatweredoctorsmainlyconcernedaboutinthepast A.Specificmedicinestobeused. B.Professionaladvancement. C.Effectsofmedicaltreatment. D.Patients'trust.59.Whatmaythenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedleadto A.Theredefiningofdoctors'roles. B.Conflictsbetweendoctorsandpatients. C.Overuseoflesseffectivemedicines. D.Theprolongingofpatients'suffering.60.Whatriskdodoctorsseeintheirdualroleaspatientcareprovidersandfinancialoverseers A.Theymaybeinvolvedinaconflictofinterest. B.Theymaybeforcedtodividetheirattention. C.Theymayhavetouselesseffectivedrugs. D.Theymaylosetherespectofpatients.61.Whatdosomeexpertssayaboutdoctors'involvementinmedicalcostanalysis A.Itmayaddtodoctors'alreadyheavyworkloads. B.Itwillhelptosavemoneyforsocietyasawhole. C.Itresultsfromsociety'sfailuretotackletheproblem. D.Itraisesdoctors'awarenessoftheirsocialresponsibilities. PassageTwo Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Economicinequalityisthe"definingchallengeofourtime,"PresidentBarackObamadeclaredinaspeechlastmonthtotheCenterforAmericanProgress.Inequalityisdangerous,heargued,notmerelybecauseitdoesn'tlookgoodtohavealargegapbetweentherichandthepoor,butbecauseinequalityitselfdestroyupwardmobility,makingitharderforthepoortoescapefrompoverty."IncreasedinequalityanddecreasingmobilityposeafundamentalthreattotheAmericanDream,"hesaid. ObamaisonlythemostprominentpublicfiguretodeclareinequalityPublicEnemyNO.1andthegreatestthreattoreducingpovertyinAmerican.Anumberofprominenteconomistshavealsoarguedthatit'sharderforthepoortoclimbtheeconomicladdertodaybecausetherungs(横档)inthatladderhavegrownfatherapart. ForallthenewattentiondevotedtotheIpercent,anewdatastfromtheEqualityofOpportunityProjectoratHarvardandBerkeleysuggeststhat,ifwecareaboutupwardmobilityoverall,we'revastlyexaggeratingthedangersoftherich-poorgap.Inequalityitselfisnotaparticularlystrongpredictorofeconomicmobility,associologistScottWinshipnotedinarecentarticlebasedonhisanalysisofthisdata. Sowhatfactors,atthecommunitylevel,dopredictifpoorchildrenwillmoveuptheeconomicladderasadultsWhatexplains,forinstance,whytheSaltLakeCitymetroareaisoneoftheleastlikely HarvardeconomistRajChettyhaspointedtoeconomicandracialsegregation,communitydensity,thesizeofacommunity'smiddleclass,thequalityofschools,communityreligiosity,andfamilystructure,whichhecallsthe"singlestrongestcorrelateofupwardmobility."ChettyfindsthatcommunitieslikeSaltLakeCity,withhighlevelsoftwo-parentfamiliesandreligiosity,aremuchmorelikelytoseepoorchildrengetaheadthancommunitieslikeAtlanta,withhighlevelsofracialandeconomicsegregation. Chettyhasnotyetissuedacomprehensiveanalysisoftherelativepredictivepowerofeachofthesefactors.Basedonmyanalysesofthedata,ofthefactorsthatChettyhashighlighted,thefollowingthreeseemtobemostpredictiveofupwardmobilityinagivencommunity: 1.per-capita(年均)incomegrowth 2.Prevalenceofsinglemothers(wherecorrelationisstrong,butnegative) 3.per-capitalocalgovernmentspending Inotherwords,communitieswithhighlevelsofper-capitaincomegrowth,highpercentagesoftwo-parentfamilies,andhighlocalgovernmentspending——whichmaystandforgoodschools——arethemostlikelytohelppoorchildrenreliveHoratioAlger'srags-to-richesstory.62.HowdoesObamavieweconomicinequality A.Itisthebiggestobstacletosocialmobility. B.Itisthegreatestthreattosocialstability. C.ItistheNo.1enemyofincomegrowth. D.Itisthemostmalicioussocialevilofourtime.63.WhatdowelearnabouttheinequalitygapfromScottWinship'sdataanalysis A.ItisfastwideningacrossmostpartsofAmerica. B.Itisnotareliableindicatorofeconomicmobility. C.Itisnotcorrectlyinterpreted. D.Itisoverwhelminglyignored.64.ComparedwithAtlanta,metropolitanSaltLakeCityissaidto_____. A.haveplacedreligiousbeliefsabovepartypolitics B.havebridgedthegapbetweentherichandthepoor C.offerpoorchildrenmorechancestoclimbthesocialladder D.sufferfromhigherlevelsofracialandeconomicsegregation65.WhatisstronglycorrelatedwithsocialmobilityaccordingtoeconomistRajChetty A.Familystructure. B.Racialequality C.Schooleducation. D.Communitydensity.66.Whatdoestheauthorseemtosuggest A.Itisimportanttoincreasethesizeofthemiddleclass. B.Itishighlyimportanttoexpandthemetropolitanareas. C.Itismostimperativetofocusoureffortsontheeliminationofincomeinequality.D.Itisbettertostartfromthecommunitytohelppoorchildrenmoveupthesocialladder.翻译部分在帮助国际社会于2030年前消除极端贫困过程中,中国正扮演着越来越重要的角色。自20世纪70年代末实施改革开放以来,中国已使多达四亿人摆脱了贫困。在未来五年中,中国将向其他发展中国家在减少贫困、发展教育、农业现代化、环境保护和医疗保健等方面提供援助。中国在减少贫困方面取得了显着进步,并在促进经济增长方面做出了不懈努力,这将鼓励其他贫困国家应对自身发展中的挑战。在追求具有自身特色的发展道路时,这些国家可以借鉴中国的经验。