西方政治制度史

西方政治史 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 1 爱琴文明(Aegean Civilization) 地中海东部南欧和小亚间青铜文明的总称。因围绕爱琴海区域而得名。约开始于公元前第3千纪中叶，持续至前第2千纪末，在希腊文明之前，是最早的欧洲文明。主要包括米诺斯文明(克里特文明)和迈锡尼文明两大阶段，前后相继。有兴旺的农业和海上贸易，宫室建筑及绘画艺术均很发达，是世界古代文明的一个重要代表。 古代希腊城邦国家的政治制度 第一章 一、古代希腊的社会状况 1、早期的希腊社会 古希腊是西方文明的摇篮。希腊文明始于爱琴文明，它又分克里特文明和迈锡尼文明。 2、荷马时代 以相传盲诗人荷马的《荷马史诗》为代表，大约在BC11-BC9世纪。 3、公元前8-公元前6世纪的希腊 二、希腊奴隶制民主政体的逐步形成 1、希腊奴隶制城邦的产生 城邦特点:小国寡民、公共权力机关和公共职务。 2、贵族寡头政治:斯巴达 斯巴达社会实行的土地国有制、奴隶国有制 。 国王、长老会议(后为元老院)、民众大会三者为国家机构。斯巴达人全民皆兵。 3、奴隶制民主政治:雅典 (1)雅典国家的初步形成;相传公元前8世纪提修斯改革(2)公元前6世纪梭伦改革 (3)克里斯提尼改革 (4)伯利克里改革 积极影响:主权在全体公民手中，无论贫富均享有同等的法律地位。因此，公民的政治使命感很强，愿意为自己的城邦贡献个人才智和力量。 雅典公民在城邦中具有平等的政治权利，在国家的政治生活中，公民能当家作主。 4、雅典民主政治的实质 雅典民主政治建立在奴隶制基础上，是少数人的民主，维护的是奴隶主的统治地位和利益，存在着明显缺陷。因为享有公民权的是那些占有统治地位族群的成年男子。奴隶、妇女没有公民权。 第二章 古代罗马的政治制度 一、古罗马国家的王政时代 二、罗马共和时代 1、平民与贵族的早期斗争及12铜表法 BC494年、BC471年、BC449年的三次平民斗争。 2、平民与贵族斗争的继续及政治制度的发展 共和国早期主要是平民与贵族的矛盾，以后是自由人与非自由人之间的矛盾。罗马国家由元老院、民众大会、高级官吏组成。 三、帝国时代的罗马 前三巨头:凯撒、庞培、克拉苏 后三巨头:雷必达、安东尼、屋大维 屋大维的养子提比略正式称帝。 通常把帝国分为前期帝国(前27,公元192)和后期帝国(193,476)，有时又从后期帝国中分出3世纪危机时期(193,284) 恺撒大帝是罗马共和国末期杰出的军事统帅、政治家。他公元前60年与庞培、克拉苏秘密结成前三巨头同盟，随后出任高卢总督，花了八年时间征服了高卢全境(大约是现在的法国)，还袭击了日耳曼和不列颠。前49年，他率军占领罗马，打败庞培，集大权于一身，实行独裁统治并制定了《儒略历》前44年，恺撒遭以布鲁图所领导的元老院成员暗杀身亡。 米兰敕令 是罗马帝国皇帝君士坦丁一世和李锡尼在313年于意大利的米兰颁发的一个宽容基督教的敕 1 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 2 令;此诏书宣布罗马帝国境内有信仰基督教的自由，并且发还了已经没收的教会财产，亦承认了基督教的合法地位。米兰敕令是基督教历史上的转折点，标志着罗马帝国的统治者对基督教从镇压和宽容相结合的政策转为保护和利用的政策、从被迫害的“地下宗教”成为被承认的宗教，而基督教也开始与帝国政府的政权合流。为奴隶主统治阶级服务。 四、帝国的分裂与灭亡 2-3世纪帝国奴隶制度出现危机矛盾重重。 395年帝国分裂为两部分:西罗马帝国(首都罗马)和东罗马帝国(首都君士坦丁堡)。在日耳曼人的攻击下 476年9月西罗马帝国亡。东罗马(拜占廷)帝国于1453年为奥斯曼帝国所灭。 第三章 西欧封建制度 一、西欧封建制度的产生 1、西罗马帝国的灭亡与日耳曼社会的封建化 日耳曼人属于白种人，语言属于印欧语系。3世纪时处于部落联盟时代，并逐步出现了王和王国。 2、法兰克王国的建立;克洛维建立墨洛温王朝(507年) 3、西欧中世纪分期及其特点 (1)5,9世纪 封建国家形成时期 (2)9,12世纪封建国家完善和巩固时期 (3)13,15世纪封建等级代表君主政体时期 (4)16,17，8世纪封建君主专政时期 层层分封、封建等级制度体系森严，政(国王的世俗权力)教(天主教会的教权)冲突激烈，教权甚至凌驾于王权之上，君主制与贵族民主制的结合，还有来自教会的制约。 教 阶 制 度 教皇 大主教(红衣主教) 主教 神甫 全体教民均向教会交纳什一税并做礼拜 教皇亦称“教宗”，译自拉丁文pope, 源于希腊文π?ππας，意指“爸爸”，最初本为古代天主教对其神职人员的一般尊称，至今在东派教会中仍有以此称神父者。天主教成为罗马帝国国教后，罗马、君士坦丁堡、亚历山大里亚、安提阿和耶路撒冷五地的主教均用此称谓来表示其宗主教之衔，而罗马主教认为此衔仅指西部教会的领袖。西罗马帝国灭亡后，罗马主教成为西方教会中的最高首领，在天主教会的教阶体制中，教皇享有最高的立法权和司法权，能制定或废除教会法规，指定人员组成教廷，创立教区，任命主教，而且“在伦理和信仰上永无谬误”。 二、从法兰克王国到查理曼帝国 1、墨洛温王朝时期的政治 农村公社、委身制、采邑制、特恩权。 2、查理曼帝国的兴衰 加洛林王朝的查理于800年被加冕为皇帝也叫查理曼。查理大帝统治时期(768-814)，版图西南至厄布罗河，北临北海，东至易北河和多瑙河，南面包括意大利北半部。定都亚琛(今德国境内)。 843年凡尔登和约帝国一分为三，东法兰克(今德意志雏形)西法兰克(今法兰西雏形)法兰克中部(今意大利雏形) 3、加洛林时代的庄园制度 中世纪时封建主以经营庄园的方式在其领地上剥削依附农民(农奴)的制度。一个庄园包括一个或几个村庄(庄园的耕地分两类，一类是贵族直领地(自营地)，一类是农奴份地(庄园内还有森林、牧场、水源，庄园主要劳动者是农奴，他们被束缚在土地上，未经领主许可不得离开采邑(庄园主要实施劳役地租。14-15世纪由于商品经济的发展，建立在自然经济基础上的庄园已不能适应，庄园经济逐渐瓦解 。 第四章法兰西的封建时代 一、9,11世纪的法国 2、法兰西的封建等级制度 王,公、伯(侯)、大主教、大修道院院长长，子、男、骑士。封主与封臣的关系依次隶从，有受封礼，上下级是直接的。 农民中有自由农民还有农奴 3、早期的政治制度 2 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 3 宰相辅佐王处理国事。贵族大会“库里亚”。城市实施自治(北方为市长，南方为执政官，还有行会)。 封建贵族对王权或多或少有些限制，对城市也有一定的控制。 二、12,15世纪的法国(等级封建时代) 2、腓力四世时等级封建制度形成 1302年的三级会议(高级教士、世俗贵族、富裕市民和自耕农) 法国中世纪的等级代表会议。参加者有教士(第一等级)、贵族(第二等级)和市民(第三等级)三个等级的代表 。,,,,年腓力四世召开第一次三级会议。英法百年战争时期，为了抵抗外敌，三级会议有权监督政府。16,17世纪初，专制王权加强，三级会议的权力被削弱。 第五章中世纪的德意志和意大利 二、意大利在中世纪的政体 1、四分五裂的意大利 根据凡尔登和约罗退尔尔仍承袭帝号，并分得意大利中部和北部以及莱茵河和阿尔卑斯山以西，埃斯科(斯海尔德)河、默兹河、索恩河和罗讷河以东地区，称中法兰克王国;即大致为今天的意大利。 罗马等意大利北部城市是教皇国或者神圣罗马帝国的一部 分。境内有西西里王国，撒丁王国 ，还有独立的城市。还受到德意志、阿拉伯、法国、奥地利、西班牙等国的侵略。 2、城市兴起和城市共和国 11—15世纪意大利城市发展很快，城市还开展了反对封建主的斗争。 早在十一世纪的最后几十年中，意大利的城市共和国就开始发展出独特的政治制度。从那时起，意大利北部一些市镇已经自行任命它们自己的“执政官”，并赋予其最高的司法权力。而不顾教皇的权威和帝国的宗主权。据记载，这种变化最早发生在l085年的比萨。到十三世纪中期，伦巴底和托斯坎那的许多重要市镇已经获得了独立的城市共和国的地位，它们拥有成文宪法以保护选举的和自治的政府。 后来特别是威尼斯、热那亚 、佛罗伦萨等。 热那亚、威尼斯、佛罗伦萨 因为中国古代城市市民与欧洲中世纪的城市市民的区别在于更具依附性，而且中国文化传统中最明显的特征是群体意识，这一意识是由儒家思想所决定的(众所周知，儒家思想从汉武帝“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”后就确定了它是统治者们的主导统治思想)。再者中国也并没有自治城市形成的必要条件(至少在那时)，比如:农业生产力的提高，生产技术的复杂化,手工业的专业化程度的逐渐提高,使得更多的行业脱离了乡村,集中到城市，这刺激了商业和贸易的繁荣。进而工商业的发展造就了一个新的市民阶级，他们摆脱了对土地的依赖，固定于土地上的人生依附关系也随之消失。城市居民的人身自由权开始提出来。争取人身自由开始成为城市斗争的主要内容。许多已形成的城市通过举行起义，成立公社，谈判妥协。开始实行城市自治。 特别是中国古代城市一般是国都或郡县后来的府县所在地，政治倾向明确。 第六章中世纪的英国 一、15世纪以前的英吉利王国 1、早期的央格鲁-萨克森人的社会 5世纪时央格-鲁萨克森人开始向不列颠入侵，并形成“七国时代”，9世纪建立统一的英吉利王国，5世纪以来央格鲁-萨克森逐步从氏族—农村公社(马尔克)--国家过渡。829年统一。 2、从诺曼底王朝到金雀花王朝 (2)亨利二世改革 1154年进入金雀花王朝，亨利二世改革主要体现在司法上，如对法院的分类、巡回法庭制和陪审团制，还有“先例”判案等。 (3)大宪章与国会 英国封建专制时期宪法性文件之一。习称《大宪章》。,,,,年,月,,日，英国贵族胁迫约翰王在兰尼米德草原签署的文件。文件共,,条，用拉丁文写成。多数条款维护贵族和教士的 3 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 4 权利，对王权有所限制。 自由大宪章乃英国宪政之母，而英国宪政乃世界宪政之母。反映王权与贵族权、王权与基督教神权之间既依赖又排斥、既对抗又妥协的关系支撑起英国的“有限王权”封建制;正是在集权与封建、 自由与专制、法治与人治的抗衡与妥协中，才孕育出了一种以自由为动力、 以分权为基础、 以民主为形式、以法治为保障的新型政治形态。大宪章的发展历程昭示了缔造现代社会制度的三个基本原则:一是以自由保障自由的原则。二是以分权保障自由的原则 。三是以法治保障自由原则。 牛津条例 : 英国限制王权的决议。1258年，英国大贵族在牛津开会，通过了进一步限制王权的决议，即《牛津条例》，当时在位的英王亨利三世逼迫接受了条例。条例规定:由15名大贵族组成委员会，实际掌握国家政权。同时，由实际掌握政权的贵族和另外选出来的12名贵族组成国会，每年开会3次，讨论重大国事。由此进一步限制了王权，初步提出了组成国会管理国家的思想 第七章英国君主立宪制的确立及其演变 世界上最早的君主立宪制国家是英国。 1640年英国爆发资产阶级革命，处死国王查理一世，建立共和国，实行一院制议会，后来出现克伦威尔的独裁，接着斯图亚特王朝复辟，资产阶级与新贵族于1688年进行“光荣革命”，确立君主立宪的政体，分别发布《权利法案》、《王位继承法》等文献。 《权利法案》(the Bill of Rights)，全称《国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言》(An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown)，是英国资产阶级革命中的重要法律文件，奠定了英国君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础，确立了议会高于王权的原则，具有宪法的性质，标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立，为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路。该法案“十三条”主要有两方面内容:一、限制国王的权力，约束英王的实际统治权，如第,、,、,、,条;二、保证议会的立法权、财政权、司法权和 军权等，如第,、,、,,条。 二、英国君主立宪制的特点 三、英国君主立宪政体的逐步完善 1、英国议会的改革 议会主权时代的议会: 17世纪英国资产阶级在实现政治解放的过程中，根据资产阶级古典政治理论家、法学家们的逐步把议会推向国家权力的中心，这就是所谓“议会主权”理论。议会立法权在国家权力体系中处于最高地位。议会有权监督执行权的行使 。 从1832年到1867年被称为英国议会制度的“黄金时代”。还有了政党政治，现代政党政治的完善有利于议会的立法权对以国王为代表的行政权的最后胜利。此后，资产阶级通过控制政党，政党控制议会，议会控制内阁这样一个政治程序的逻辑实现自己的意志 。 下层阶级的普选权逐步得以实施如19世纪30年代的宪章运动 行政集权时代的议会:20世纪以来的变化第一， 议会权力的重心从上院向下院位移 第二，宪政体制的重心从议会向行政位移。行政集权时代的英国议会并不是一个可有可无的政治机构，相反，它在提供人民主权向政府治权的合法性转换、内阁政府的立法和政策的权威性认定、提供政党合法活动的一种体制框架、作为公民向政府“诉苦”(陈述民情)的必要场所等方面仍然具有其他机构无法替代的作用，更何况议会在法律上至今依然保留了“议会主权”的形式地位。 2、责任内阁的发展 3、文官制度和司法制度 4、英国的政党政治 两党制:起初是保守党和自由党，后来自由党地位下滑，工党上升为执政党之一。 四、英国的地方机构 1888年“地方自治法”。有地方议会和地方政府。 辉格党代表新兴资产阶级和新贵族的利益，主张限制主权,提高议会权力;托利党代表地主贵族利益,维护君主特权。以热心于自由贸易的工厂主为核心，在原辉格党的基础上组成自由党。以 4 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 5 土地贵族为核心，在原托利党的基础上组成保守党 。19世纪中叶政党政治发展起来， 随着工业革命的发展和工人队伍的不断壮大，工党崛起。从1924年开始，工党取代自由党，与保守党轮流执政。 第八章美国政体 一、北美独立战争和美利坚合众国的建立 2、北美独立和美利坚合众国的建立 原为印第安人聚居地。,,世纪末，西班牙、荷兰、法国、英国等开始向北美移民。英国后来居上，到,,,,年，英国已建立了,,个殖民地。 分皇家殖民地、业主殖民地、自治殖民地。18世纪以来北美经济发展较快，北部主要是资本主义工商业，中部属于半封建的农业，南部是黑人奴隶制的种植园经济。 ,,,,年爆发了北美人民反对英国殖民者的独立战争 。,,,,年,月,日在费城召开了第二次大陆会议，组成“大陆军”，由乔治?华盛顿任总司令，通过了《独立宣言》，正式宣布建立美利坚合众国。,,,,年独立战争结束，1777年《邦联条例》，,,,,年制定联邦宪法，,,,,年乔治?华盛顿当选为第一任总统。 美国独立战争是世界史上第一次大规模的殖民地争取民族独立的战争，它的胜利，给大英帝国的殖民体系打开了一个缺口，为殖民地民族解放战争树立了范例。 《美国独立宣言》(United States Declaration of Independence)，为北美洲十三个英属殖民地宣告自大不列颠王国独立，并宣明此举正当性之文告。1776年7月4日，本宣言由第二次大陆会议于费城批准，当日兹后成为美国独立纪念日。宣言之原件由大陆会议出席代表共同签署，并永久展示于美国华盛顿特区之国家馆此宣言为美国最重要的立国文书之一。《独立宣言》的中心思想是宣布美国独立，它深刻地阐述了资产阶级民主主义原则。第一平等学说。第二天赋人权学说第三主权在民学说。 第四人民革命权利学说。 开国总统乔治.华盛顿 二、1787年宪法 1、1787年联邦宪法出台的必然性 2、 1787年联邦宪法的订立及其原则 称美国联邦宪法或美国宪法(U.S. Constitution)。它是美国的根本大法，奠定了美国政治制度的法律基础。美国宪法是世界上第一部成文宪法。1787年5月，美国各州(当时为13个)代表在费城(Philadelphia)召开制宪会议，同年9月15日制宪会议通过《美利坚合众国宪法》。1789年3月4日，该宪法正式生效。后又附加了27条宪法修正案。 基本原则 最重要的:宪法至上(美国宪法以及国会通过的法律的效力高于其他一切法律、行政法规和规定。 ) 人民主权、代议制政府、分权与制衡(美国国家权力分为三部分:立法权、行政权和司法权。这三部分权力相互之间保持独立。 )、法治。 三、美国的政治状况 1、美国的政党政治 在美国实施两党轮流执政即民主党(驴)和共和党(象) 2、美国大选 大选即选举总统。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。一个(党的)总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜，他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票，这就是全州统选制 ，美国大选的全国选民投票在选举年11月份的第一个周二这一天被称为总统大选日。 共和党(Republican Party,of the United States)是美国轮流执政的两大政党之一。共和党的前身为1792年成立的民主共和党。1825年，民主共和党发生分裂，其中一派组成国民共和党，1834年改称辉格党。1854年7月，辉格党与北部民主党和其他反对奴隶制的派别联合组建共和党。 5 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 6 所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票，在两个总统候选人之间作出选择(在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”)。 真正的总统选举是在12月的第三个星期一举行 。各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票。获270张选票以上的候选人将当选总统，并于次年1月20日宣誓就职。 就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序，只有到当选总统于次年1月20日手抚《圣经》，宣誓就职时，美国的总统选举才告结束。 民主党(Democratic Party)是美国当代的两大主要政党之一，另一个是共和党。虽然“民主党”这个名称是在安德鲁?杰克逊(1829-1837)总统任期间所采用的，但它的起源最早可以追溯至托玛斯?杰弗逊于1792年创立的民主-共和党，使它成为世界上最古老的政党。自从威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩在1896年掌控民主党以来，民主党在经济议题上的立场开始比共和党更为左倾。自从1932年以来，富兰克林?德拉诺?罗斯福将他所提出的新政称为“自由主义”，成为了之后民主党的主要政策走向。 加 拿 大 宪 政 二、加拿大宪政进程及特征 1、从英属殖民地到加拿大联邦 十七世纪加拿大是法国的殖民地，总督是法王的代表是殖民地的首脑，主教负责殖民地宗教事务，省长掌管地方。18世纪英法爆发七年战争，巴黎和约使英国成为该地的宗主国。 1763年10月《王室公告》为第一个重要的宪法性的文件。1774年《魁北克法案》 七年战争(1756年,1763年 )又称英法七年战争，主要以英法为代表的列强为争夺殖民地和霸权而进行的一场大规模战争战场遍及欧洲大陆、地中海、北美、古巴、印度和菲律宾等地 。英国是在七年战争中最大的赢家，法国在《巴黎和约》中被迫将整个加拿大割让给英国，这次战争亦使路易十五失去了人民的支持。并且在他死后成为了法国的最不得人心的国王之一。 1763年10月7日，英政府颁布《王室公告》，这是 英属北美第一部重要的宪法性文件。《王室公告》(Royal Proclamation)将英属加拿大 划分为魁北克、新斯科舍、纽芬兰和鲁帕特兰四个部分;规定了在新殖民地建立英国式 的议会制度、司法制度;废除法国民法典而代之英国普通法;鼓励英国人向殖民地移民 ，允许信仰天主教同时大力推行英国国教。该公告使英国的政治法律制度在 加拿大得到了推行，但遭到了魁北克法裔居民的反抗，王室公告不得不由王室撤回，并 着手立法，修改王室公告的诺言，1774年，英国议会通过了《魁北克法案》(Quebec Act,1774)，该法案主要内容有:建立了立法会议;恢复法国法在魁北克地区的适用; 重新划定了疆界;保留了法国的文化传统 。 《1791年宪法法案》以英裔和法裔居民划分出上下加拿大省，加拿大 总督德拉姆到任后，主张合并两省以减少殖民动乱，议会采取了他的意见，颁布了《联 盟法案》于1841年将两省合并，名为加拿大，之后加拿大建立了责任政府，取得了有限 的自治权。英国和法国对加拿大长达两个半世纪之久的殖民统治无疑对加拿大产生了深远影响， 当然也体现在加拿大的宪法之中。英国的法律制度对加拿大的宪法、法律影响最为深远 ，英国宪法中的许多观念和原则都体现在加拿大宪法之中，例如:公平和自由的观念， 责任内阁制，法治主义等原则。在加拿大的十个省中 ，就有九个省的法律制度起源于英国的普通法，属于英美法系，只有魁北克是个例外， 它的司法制度来自法国，属于大陆法系。 1867年《不列颠北美法案》该宪法法案确立了加拿大的宪政 制度，并且一直沿用至今，是加拿大成文宪法中最重要的组成部分。该宪法法案是由加 拿大的联邦之父们经过三次与英国召开的联合会议、协商和妥协而形成的，主要内容包 括:由各省组成联邦;建立邦议会和省议会;规定邦议会和省议会的立法权;最高行政 权属于英王，由总督代行职权等等。法案生效后，魁北克、安大略、新斯科舍、新不伦 克四个省共同组成了统一的联邦制国家，作为“自治领”受英王管辖。虽然该宪法法案 授予了加拿大政府很多权力，但制宪权和修宪权始终掌握在英国的手中，加拿大依旧不 是一个完全独立的国家，但加拿大人民仍然向自由与和平努力迈进着。 1931年英国政府 颁布了《威斯敏斯特法》，该法使自治领可以在其边界内改变帝国的法律，可以作为一 个独立的国家充分行使权力，但是英过枢密院司法委员会依旧是加拿大最高上诉法院， 加拿大还是一个主权不完整的国家，直到1949年加拿大的司法才获得完整的独立。修宪 权 6 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 7 在一个相当长的时间里掌握在英国的议会手中。1980年加拿大总理重新上台执政，经 过三次召开宪法会议，达成了收回并修改宪法的协议，1981年加拿大两院正式通过了经 修改后的宪法决议案并将其提交英国议会，英国议会于1982年3月9日正式批准了加拿大 议会提交的《1982年宪法法案》，同年4月17日英国女王伊丽莎白赴渥太华正式签署了 该法案。《1982年宪法法案》的签署正式宣告了加拿大殖民时代的结束，从此加拿大获 得了全面的完整的主权，这和加拿大的人民和加拿大的联邦之父们争取自由、和平的努 力是分不开的。该法案实施后增加了有关加拿大公民基本权利与自由的宪法性规定《加 拿大权利与自由宪章》;增加了有关宪法修改程序的规定;将1867年《不列颠北美法案 》正式命名为1867年宪法，1867年宪法上关于加拿大联邦制度的基本原则、国体、政体 等规定将继续沿用。 由于历史的原因和局限，导致了加拿大宪法还存在着很多瑕疵，例如 :一直延续到今天的魁北克问题等等，因此为完善宪法，加拿大的政府和宪政家们正不 断作出努力 。英国的宪法是不成文宪法，它主要包括下例宪 法性法律文件:1215年的《自由大宪章》、1679年的《人身保护法》、1689年的《权利 法案》、1832年的《选举改革法》、1911年的《议会法》、1918年的《人民代表法》等 美国是成文宪法的典型，美国宪法包 括1787年《美利坚合众国宪法》及其26条修正案。而加拿大宪法既包括成文宪法又包括 不成文宪法，比较复杂 。 2、加拿大宪政制度的主要特征 (1)保留较多英国制度的传统，也受美法的影响。加拿大属于英联邦的成员国，女王在名义上是其元首。 (2)成文宪法与不成文宪法兼而有之。 (3)主张非暴力的社会改良与进步。 在大英帝国和英联邦 内部，通过和平的手段，采用妥协、协商等方式逐步地赢得独立和获得国家主权的，因 此它的指导思想必然是妥协的，换句话说，加拿大宪法是加拿大人民和英国殖民者妥协 的产物，时间较长， (4)加拿大宪法的不完善。 第九章法国近现代政体 一、大革命至拿破仑帝国时期 1、大革命几个阶段的政权 17897月14日，巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱为标志。 (1)立法会议与制宪会议统治(斐扬派) 《人权宣言》还颁布法令废除贵族制度，取消行会制度，没收并拍卖教会财产，取消一些苛捐杂税。 《人权宣言》，(1789年8月26日颁布)是在法国大革命时期颁布的纲领性文件。人权宣言以美国的《独立宣言》为蓝本，采用18世纪的启蒙学说和自然权论，宣布自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫是天赋不可剥夺的人权，肯定了言论、信仰、著作和出版自由，阐明了司法、行政、立法三权分立、法律面前人人平等、私有财产神圣不可侵犯等原则。从一定意义上可以说，法国人权宣言是西方国家人权宣言的集中代表，法国人权宣言的历史演变，反映了整个西方世界人权观念演化的历程。 (2)吉伦特派统治 国民公会于9月21日开幕，9月22日成立了法兰西第一共和国。吉伦特派执政期间颁布法令，强迫贵族退还非法占有的公有土地，将没收的教会土地分小块出租或出售给农民，严厉打击拒绝对宪法宣誓的教士和逃亡贵族。1793年1月21日，国民公会经过审判以叛国罪处死路易十六 。 (3)雅各宾派专政 大革命的高潮。颁布《雅各宾宪法》即1793年宪法，废除封建所有制，平定吉伦特派叛乱，实行普选和一院制议会，粉碎欧洲君主国家的武装干涉;但仍保持反劳工的《列?霞飞法》和《农业工人强迫劳动法》，并镇压忿激派和埃贝尔派。 7 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 8 (4)热月党与督政府 清除了罗伯斯庇尔时期的革命恐怖政策和激进措施，建立了资产阶级的正常统治，维护了共和政体， 通过1795年宪法，实行两院制议会。 1799年11月9日，拿破仑以解除雅各宾派过激主义威胁法兰西第一共和国为借口，开始行动，他派军队控制了督政府，接管了革命政府的一切事务，开始了为期15年的独裁统治。这一天是法国共和历雾月18日，所以，历史上称拿破仑在这天发动的政变为“雾月政变”，史上通称“雾月18日政变”。 二、法兰西第二共和国及法兰西第二帝国 3、巴黎公社 公社是第一个无产阶级专政国家。 摧毁了旧的资产阶级国家机器，建立了无产阶级专政的新型国家政权。 废除资产阶级常备军，代之以人民武装，取缔了反动警察，打碎了司法机构和审判制度，建立了新的民事法庭和审判制度，改造了监狱 。废除了资产阶级议会制，摒弃了三权分立的政权形式，而由立法、行政统一的公社行使权力。公社委员会是由普选产生的国家最高权力机关。下设执行、军事、公安、司法、财政、粮食、劳动与交换、对外联络、教育、社会服务等10个委员会。公社委员兼任各委员会委员 。 公社的公职人员由普选选出，可以随时撤换;取消高薪制。在社会经济方面，公社采取了符合人民群众利益的措施:没收逃亡资本家的工厂，交给工人合作社管理;取消面包房工人夜班制;禁止当铺拍卖过期的典当物品，所有当来的20法郎以下的物品，一律无条件地退还原主;废除对工人的罚款和克扣工资;成立救济贫民的专门机构;设立劳动就业登记处;把逃亡资本家的住宅分给无住房的工人 。 在文化教育方面，公社也采取了一些革命性的措施:实行政教分离，没收教会所有的财产;把教士和修女一律驱出学校;实行义务国民教育，兴办职业学校，实行男女教师同工同酬。巴黎公社高举无产阶级国际主义的旗帜，热烈欢迎外国革命者参加自己的战斗行列 ，公社明确表示反对侵略战争，毅然拆毁了拿破仑一世纪念战功的胜多姆广场上的“凯旋柱”。 《国际歌》词、曲的作者(鲍狄埃、狄盖特) 纳 粹 德 国 政 体 神圣罗马帝国是第一帝国，1871年的德意志帝国是第二帝国、希特勒的纳粹国家是第三帝国。第三帝国(1933--1945)存在的时间并不长但给德国人民带来了深重的灾难。 纳粹”的称呼来自德语的“Nazi”，是德文“Nationalsozialist”的民族社会主义简写。纳粹 主义，是德文“Nationalsozialismus”缩写“Nazismus”的音译，意译为“民族社会主义”. 一、纳粹党的出台 1、希特勒的早期活动 2、希特勒开始掌控纳粹党 二、法西斯上台 1、20世纪30年代的大恐慌 2、1933年希特勒为国家总理 3、元首制的出现 戈林和戈培尔 党卫军于1925年4月成立。党卫军成立初期仅为希特勒的卫队和对付政敌的工具，隶属于冲锋队，规模很小。1929年1月起由希姆莱领导，党卫军有很大发展。1933年初，成员已发展至5万余人。1934年7月党卫军取代冲锋队在纳粹恐怖组织中起主导作用，由希特勒直接掌管。党卫军直接参加法西斯侵略战争，以残酷的手段迫害和屠杀犹太人、共产党人、民主进步人士、被占区居民及战俘，并进行惨绝人寰的屠杀暴行。纽伦堡审判中，党卫军被判决为犯罪组织。 盖世太保即德国党卫军秘密警察，它原是戈林1933 年4 月26 日为普鲁士邦设立的，以代替普鲁士邦原来的政治警察。,,,,年,月戈林任命希姆莱为盖世太保首脑，希姆莱随即任命后来以 “刽子手”外号闻名的党卫军保安处处长莱因哈德?海德里希为盖世太保副首领。,,,,年,月，希姆莱成为德国警察总监，盖世太保随之向全德国发展。同时希姆莱改组全德警察指挥体系，盖世太保改为着便服的保安警察。 8 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 9 盖世太保有"预防性逮捕权"。海德里希在德国遍布特务网，仅在,,年代就雇有,,万名兼职密探。德国进攻波兰后，盖世太保的主要活动扩大到境外。 ,,,,年夏，盖世太保与党卫军合作，在东欧建立了奥斯威辛、毛特豪森、索比包等,,余个集中营，绝大多数的盖世太保在战后不久，就被盟军逮捕或处决。少数逃脱惩处的幸运者，绝大多数老死、病死。 4、扩军备战 撕毁凡尔赛和约扩充军队(从10万发展到50万后达80万)，发展空军，扩大海军。进军莱茵非军事区，吞并奥地利，肢解捷克斯洛伐克，分别与意、日结盟，1939年9月1日出兵波兰，挑起二战全面爆发。 爱琴文明(Aegean Civilization) 中地海东部南欧和小亚间青铜文明的总称。因围绕爱琴海区域而得名。约开始于公元前第3千纪中叶，持续至前第2千纪末，在希腊文明之前，是最早的欧洲文明。主要包括米诺斯文明(克里特文明)和迈锡尼文明两大阶段，前后相继。有兴旺的农业和海上贸易，宫室建筑及绘画艺术均很发达，是世界古代文明的一个重要代表。 荷马时代:以相传盲诗人荷马的《荷马史诗》为代表，大约在BC11-BC9世纪。 雅典民主政治: 雅典国家的初步形成:相传公元前8世纪提修斯改革;公元前6世纪梭伦改革;克里斯提尼改革;伯利克里改革。积极影响:主权在全体公民手中，无论贫富均享有同等的法律地位。因此，公民的政治使命感很强，愿意为自己的城邦贡献个人才智和力量。 雅典公民在城邦中具有平等的政治权利，在国家的政治生活中，公民能够当家作主。 雅典民主政治的实质:雅典民主政治建立在奴隶制基础上，是少数人的民主，维护的是奴隶主的统治地位和利益，存在着明显缺陷。因为享有公民权的是那些占有统治地位族群的成年男子。奴隶、妇女没有公民权。 古罗马平民斗争:平民与贵族的早期斗争及12铜表法:BC494年、BC471年、BC449年的三次平民斗争。 平民与贵族斗争的继续及政治制度的发展:共和国早期主要是平民与贵族的矛盾，以后是自由人与非自由人之间的矛盾。罗马国家由元老院、民众大会、高级官吏组成。 古罗马制度:政治制度:罗马国家由元老院、民众大会、高级官吏组成。军事制度:军团、队、百人团。 奴隶制度:在罗马共和国时期和罗马帝国初期大约有15%-20%的人口为奴隶，主人可以合法地杀死奴隶，一直到公元2世纪有关保护奴隶的法律才被设立。 奴隶没有独立的人格，没有任何自由和权利，奴隶的后代也世代为奴。奴隶主为了取乐，建造巨大的角斗场，强迫奴隶成对角在罗马奴隶主要来源于异族战俘。 前三巨头:凯撒、庞培、克拉苏 帝国的分裂与灭亡 2-3世纪帝国奴隶制度出现危机矛盾重重。 395年帝国分裂为两部分:西罗马帝国(首都罗马)和东罗马帝国(首都君士坦丁堡)。在日耳曼人的攻击下 476年9月西罗马帝国亡。东罗马(拜占廷)帝国于1453年为奥斯曼帝国所灭。 西欧中世纪分期及其特点 (1)5,9世纪 封建国家形成时期 (2)9,12世纪封建国家完善和巩固时期 (3)13,15世纪封建等级代表君主政体时期 (4)16,17，8世纪封建君主专政时期 特点:层层分封、封建等级制度体系森严，政(国王的世俗权力)教(天主教会的教权)冲突激烈，教权甚至凌驾于王权之上，君主制与贵族民主制的结合，还有来自教会的制约。 法兰克王国: 萨利法典: 查理曼帝国分裂: 9 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 10 加洛林王朝的查理于800年被加冕为皇帝也叫查理曼。查理大帝统治时期(768-814)，版图西南至厄布罗河，北临北海，东至易北河和多瑙河，南面包括意大利北半部。定都亚琛(今德国境内)。 843年凡尔登和约帝国一分为三，东法兰克(今德意志雏形)西法兰克(今法兰西雏形)法兰克中部(今意大利雏形) 法国中世纪的等级代表会议: 参加者有教士(第一等级)、贵族(第二等级)和市民(第三等级)三个等级的代表 。,,,,年腓力四世召开第一次三级会议。英法百年战争时期，为了抵抗外敌，三级会议有权监督政府。16,17世纪初，专制王权加强，三级会议的权力被削弱。 英国大宪章 英国封建专制时期宪法性文件之一。习称《大宪章》。,,,,年,月,,日，英国贵族胁迫约翰王在兰尼米德草原签署的文件。文件共,,条，用拉丁文写成。多数条款维护贵族和教士的权利，对王权有所限制。 自由大宪章乃英国宪政之母，而英国宪政乃世界宪政之母。反映王权与贵族权、王权与基督教神权之间既依赖又排斥、既对抗又妥协的关系支撑起英国的“有限王权”封建制;正是在集权与封建、 自由与专制、法治与人治的抗衡与妥协中，才孕育出了一种以自由为动力、 以分权为基础、 以民主为形式、以法治为保障的新型政治形态。大宪章的发展历程昭示了缔造现代社会制度的三个基本原则:一是以自由保障自由的原则。二是以分权保障自由的原则 。三是以法治保障自由原则。 牛津条例 : 英国限制王权的决议。1258年，英国大贵族在牛津开会，通过了进一步限制王权的决议，即《牛津条例》，当时在位的英王亨利三世逼迫接受了条例。条例规定:由15名大贵族组成委员会，实际掌握国家政权。同时，由实际掌握政权的贵族和另外选出来的12名贵族组成国会，每年开会3次，讨论重大国事。由此进一步限制了王权，初步提出了组成国会管理国家的思想。 英国国会 远在13世纪以前,英国就有“大会议”的组织形式,由国王指派的僧侣)宫廷大臣和封建领主等组成,作为国王处理国家事务的咨询性机构,国王还利用这种会议来筹款征税,以解决财政上的困难。1258年 “疯狂的议会”,1265年,担任摄政王的贵族革新派领袖蒙福尔为了解决财政困难,重新召开议会,除了大贵族)大主教照例参加外,每郡还推选两名骑士代表)大城市选出两名市民代表参加会议。从此资产阶级作为市民代表,开始参加了议会,并使议会成为等级代表机关,握有对国王财政收支的监督权。1295年,爱德华一世再度扩大议会参加者的范围,准许各地推派平民代表参加。1414年亨利五世在位时,议会除掌握财政监督权外,还初步取得了立法权。不过这一时期的议会还带有浓厚的封建色彩。并形成两院制。 英国资产阶级革命 1640年英国爆发资产阶级革命，处死国王查理一世，建立共和国，实行一院制议会，后来出现克伦威尔的独裁，接着斯图亚特王朝复辟，资产阶级与新贵族于1688年进行“光荣革命”，确立君主立宪的政体，分别发布《权利法案》、《王位继承法》等文献。 《权利法案》(the Bill of Rights)全称《国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言》(An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown)，是英国资产阶级革命中的重要法律文件，奠定了英国君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础，确立了议会高于王权的原则，具有宪法的性质，标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立，为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路。该法案“十三条”主要有两方面内容:一、限制国王的权力，约束英王的实际统治权，如第,、,、,、,条;二、保证议会的立法权、财政权、司法权和军权等，如第,、,、,,条。 英国两党制:起初是保守党和自由党，后来自由党地位下滑，工党上升为执政党之一。辉格党代表新兴资产阶级和新贵族的利益，主张限制主权,提高议会权力;托利党代表地主贵族利益,维护君主特权。以热心于自由贸易的工厂主为核心，在原辉格党的基础上组成自由党。以土地贵族为核心，在原托利党的基础上组成保守党 。19世纪中叶政党政治发展起来， 随着工业革命的发展和工人队伍的不断壮大，工党崛起。从1924年开始，工党取代自由党，与保守党轮 10 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 11 流执政。 英国两党制与内阁制相结合，具有以下特点: ?内阁由下院大选中获得多数席位的政党单独组成。?由下院多数党领袖担任首相。?一党内阁和阁员只对下院负责，如失去下院信任，内阁全体辞职;或者首相提请国王解散议会，重新大选，组成新的一党内阁。 ?下院最大的反对党可建立影子内阁。 美国独立战争:,,,,年爆发了北美人民反对英国殖民者的独立战争 ，,,,,年独立战争结束。美国独立战争是世界史上第一次大规模的殖民地争取民族独立的战争，它的胜利，给大英帝国的殖民体系打开了一个缺口，为殖民地民族解放战争树立了范例。 《美国独立宣言》:,,,,年,月,日在费城召开了第二次大陆会议，组成“大陆军”，由乔治?华盛顿任总司令，通过了《独立宣言》，正式宣布建立美利坚合众国。《美国独立宣言》(United States Declaration of Independence)，为北美洲十三个英属殖民地宣告自大不列颠王国独立，并宣明此举正当性之文告。1776年7月4日，本宣言由第二次大陆会议于费城批准，当日兹后成为美国独立纪念日。宣言之原件由大陆会议出席代表共同签署，并永久展示于美国华盛顿特区之国家档案馆此宣言为美国最重要的立国文书之一。《独立宣言》的中心思想是宣布美国独立，它深刻地阐述了资产阶级民主主义原则。第一平等学说。第二天赋人权学说第三主权在民学说。第四人民革命权利学说。 1777年《邦联条例》。 ,,,,宪法: 1787年联邦宪法的订立及其原则:称美国联邦宪法或美国宪法(U.S. Constitution)。它是美国的根本大法，奠定了美国政治制度的法律基础。美国宪法是世界上第一部成文宪法。1787年5月，美国各州(当时为13个)代表在费城(Philadelphia)召开制宪会议，同年9月15日制宪会议通过《美利坚合众国宪法》。1789年3月4日，该宪法正式生效。后又附加了27条宪法修正案。 基本原则:最重要的原则是宪法至上，即美国宪法以及国会通过的法律的效力高于其他一切法律、行政法规和规定;人民主权、代议制政府、分权与制衡(美国国家权力分为三部分:立法权、行政权和司法权。这三部分权力相互之间保持独立。 )、法治。 美国的政党政治: 在美国实施两党轮流执政即民主党(驴)和共和党(象)。共和党(Republican Party,of the United States)是美国轮流执政的两大政党之一。共和党的前身为1792年成立的民主共和党。1825年，民主共和党发生分裂，其中一派组成国民共和党，1834年改称辉格党。1854年7月，辉格党与北部民主党和其他反对奴隶制的派别联合组建共和党。民主党(Democratic Party)是美国当代的两大主要政党之一，另一个是共和党。虽然“民主党”这个名称是在安德鲁?杰克逊(1829-1837)总统任期间所采用的，但它的起源最早可以追溯至托玛斯?杰弗逊于1792年创立的民主-共和党，使它成为世界上最古老的政党。自从威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩在1896年掌控民主党以来，民主党在经济议题上的立场开始比共和党更为左倾。自从1932年以来，富兰克林?德拉诺?罗斯福将他所提出的新政称为“自由主义”，成为了之后民主党的主要政策走向。 法国大革命阶段: (1)立法会议与制宪会议统治(斐扬派)。颁布《人权宣言》，《人权宣言》(1789年8月26日颁布)是在法国大革命时期颁布的纲领性文件。人权宣言以美国的《独立宣言》为蓝本，采用18世纪的启蒙学说和自然权论，宣布自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫是天赋不可剥夺的人权，肯定了言论、信仰、著作和出版自由，阐明了司法、行政、立法三权分立、法律面前人人平等、私有财产神圣不可侵犯等原则。从一定意义上可以说，法国人权宣言是西方国家人权宣言的集中代表，法国人权宣言的历史演变，反映了整个西方世界人权观念演化的历程。 (2)吉伦特派统治。国民公会于9月21日开幕，9月22日成立了法兰西第一共和国。吉伦特派执政期间颁布法令，强迫贵族退还非法占有的公有土地，将没收的教会土地分小块出租或出售给农民，严厉打击拒绝对宪法宣誓的教士和逃亡贵族。1793年1月21日，国民公会经过审判以叛国罪处死路易十六。 11 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 12 (3)雅各宾派专政。大革命的高潮。颁布《雅各宾宪法》即1793年宪法，废除封建所有制，平定吉伦特派叛乱，实行普选和一院制议会，粉碎欧洲君主国家的武装干涉;但仍保持反劳工的《列?霞飞法》和《农业工人强迫劳动法》，并镇压忿激派和埃贝尔派。 (4)热月党与督政府。清除了罗伯斯庇尔时期的革命恐怖政策和激进措施，建立了资产阶级的正常统治，维护了共和政体， 通过1795年宪法，实行两院制议会。1799年11月9日，拿破仑以解除雅各宾派过激主义威胁法兰西第一共和国为借口，开始行动，他派军队控制了督政府，接管了革命政府的一切事务，开始了为期15年的独裁统治。这一天是法国共和历雾月18日，所以，历史上称拿破仑在这天发动的政变为“雾月政变”，史上通称“雾月18日政变”。 巴黎公社:公社是第一个无产阶级专政国家。 1.措施:摧毁了旧的资产阶级国家机器，建立了无产阶级专政的新型国家政权。废除资产阶级常备军，代之以人民武装，取缔了反动警察，打碎了司法机构和审判制度，建立了新的民事法庭和审判制度，改造了监狱 。废除了资产阶级议会制，摒弃了三权分立的政权形式，而由立法、行政统一的公社行使权力。公社委员会是由普选产生的国家最高权力机关。下设执行、军事、公安、司法、财政、粮食、劳动与交换、对外联络、教育、社会服务等10个委员会。公社委员兼任各委员会委员 。公社的公职人员由普选选出，可以随时撤换;取消高薪制。 在社会经济方面，公社采取了符合人民群众利益的措施:没收逃亡资本家的工厂，交给工人合作社管理;取消面包房工人夜班制;禁止当铺拍卖过期的典当物品，所有当来的20法郎以下的物品，一律无条件地退还原主;废除对工人的罚款和克扣工资;成立救济贫民的专门机构;设立劳动就业登记处;把逃亡资本家的住宅分给无住房的工人 。 在文化教育方面，公社也采取了一些革命性的措施:实行政教分离，没收教会所有的财产;把教士和修女一律驱出学校;实行义务国民教育，兴办职业学校，实行男女教师同工同酬。巴黎公社高举无产阶级国际主义的旗帜，热烈欢迎外国革命者参加自己的战斗行列 ，公社明确表示反对侵略战争，毅然拆毁了拿破仑一世纪念战功的胜多姆广场上的“凯旋柱”。 2.原则: 第四共和国的政治制度: 1946年宪法的出台标志着第四共和国的建立。该宪法的序言部分重申了《人权宣言》的基本内容，除仍强调三权分立、主权在民等之外，还增加了保障工人劳动权等内容。 议会两院，上院为参议院或共和院，下院为国民议会，后者实际上是国家的最高权力机关。还有“宪法委员会”是宪法的保护机构。 总统由议会两院选举产生，在形式上是国家元首，在名义上是国家军队的最高统帅，但实际权力在总理手上。总理由总统提名人选由国民议会通过，总理组阁。国务会议(总统任主席有总理和部分部长参加的会议)属于务虚性的，内阁会议(总理任主席和各部部长参加的会议)属于务实性的。 第四共和国在发展经济方面取得一定成就，通过实施现代化和更新设备的莫内计划，1950年法国的生产水平超过战前最高年份25,。1949,1955年，农业生产增长28,。造船、航空、电气、原子能、石油等工业也有较大发展。但法国战后经济的发展在相当程度上受美援制约，同时存在通货膨胀等问题。在外交上，第四共和国在冷战、北大西洋公约组织和德国问题上追随美国，同时也着手推行欧洲一体化政策。政治制度的软弱无力，是导致第四共和国迅速解体的根本原因。 第五共和国的政治制度: 1958 年宪法的出台标志着第五共和国产生。宪法强调法兰西是不可分割的、世俗的、民主的和社会的共和国。 总统由选举团选举产生。第五共和国的总统权力有所扩大，称为“半总统制”。与美国总统制既有共同点，也有不同点。 总理是法国政府的首脑，也有相当的权力。 两院制的议会即参议院和国民议会。两院的职权:立法权、财政权和对政府的监督权。也有宪 12 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感谢～ :-D 13 法委员会。 司法领导机关是最高司法委员会，总统为主席，司法部长为副主席。 法国属于多党制(法国社会党 、法国共产党 、法国民主联盟 、保卫共和联盟、 国民阵线 、人民运动联盟、绿党等 ) 德国纳粹政治特点: 1、元首制(领袖个人独裁)。希特勒在1934年身兼总统和总理，是武装部队总司令，又是纳粹党领袖，政府工作人员及军队对他本人效忠。 2、党国、党政一体化。对整个德国在政治制度、经济、思想文化等进行纳粹改造。纳粹党是国家唯一合法的政党，法西斯主义是德国国家的指导思想。迫害犹太人。地方“州督”必须由纳粹党的领导担任。立法行政司法一体化。 3、 特务制。党卫军和秘密警察是法西斯专政的重要工具，是希特勒统治社会的两只爪牙。 4、 扩军备战。撕毁凡尔赛和约扩充军队(从10万发展到50万后达80万)，发展空军，扩大 海军。进军莱茵非军事区，吞并奥地利，肢解捷克斯洛伐克，分别与意、日结盟，1939年 9月1日出兵波兰，挑起二战全面爆发。 加拿大宪政: 1867年《不列颠北美法案》该宪法法案确立了加拿大的宪政 制度，并且一直沿用至今，是 加拿大成文宪法中最重要的组成部分。该宪法法案是由加 拿大的联邦之父们经过三次与英 国召开的联合会议、协商和妥协而形成的，主要内容包 括:由各省组成联邦;建立邦议会 和省议会;规定邦议会和省议会的立法权;最高行政 权属于英王，由总督代行职权等等。 法案生效后，魁北克、安大略、新斯科舍、新不伦 克四个省共同组成了统一的联邦制国家， 作为“自治领”受英王管辖。虽然该宪法法案 授予了加拿大政府很多权力，但制宪权和修宪 权始终掌握在英国的手中，加拿大依旧不 是一个完全独立的国家，但加拿大人民仍然向自 由与和平努力迈进着。 由于历史的原因和局限，导致了加拿大宪法还存在着很多瑕疵，例如 :一直延续到今天的 魁北克问题等等，因此为完善宪法，加拿大的政府和宪政家们正不 断作出努力 。英国的 宪法是不成文宪法，它主要包括下例宪 法性法律文件:1215年的《自由大宪章》、1679年 的《人身保护法》、1689年的《权利 法案》、1832年的《选举改革法》、1911年的《议会法》、 1918年的《人民代表法》等 美国是成文宪法的典型，美国宪法包 括1787年《美利坚合众 国宪法》及其26条修正案。而加拿大宪法既包括成文宪法又包括 不成文宪法，比较复杂 。 加拿大宪政制度的主要特征 (1)保留较多英国制度的传统，也受美法的影响。加拿大属于英联邦的成员国，女王在名 义上是其元首。 (2)成文宪法与不成文宪法兼而有之。 (3)主张非暴力的社会改良与进步。在大英帝国和英联邦 内部，通过和平的手段，采用 妥协、协商等方式逐步地赢得独立和获得国家主权的，因 此它的指导思想必然是妥协的， 换句话说，加拿大宪法是加拿大人民和英国殖民者妥协 的产物，时间较长， (4)加拿大宪法的不完善。 13 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感14 谢～ :-D (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 14 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感15 谢～ :-D party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 15 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感16 谢～ :-D repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 16 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感17 谢～ :-D Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 17 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感18 谢～ :-D Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 18 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感19 谢～ :-D of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 19 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感20 谢～ :-D to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 20 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感21 谢～ :-D a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 21 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感22 谢～ :-D total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 22 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感23 谢～ :-D real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 23 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感24 谢～ :-D implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 24 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感25 谢～ :-D exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 25 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感26 谢～ :-D be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 26 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感27 谢～ :-D convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 27 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感28 谢～ :-D of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 28 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感29 谢～ :-D of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 29 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感30 谢～ :-D made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 30 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感31 谢～ :-D expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 31 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感32 谢～ :-D organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 32 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感33 谢～ :-D processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 33 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感34 谢～ :-D the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 34 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感35 谢～ :-D the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 35 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感36 谢～ :-D of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 36 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感37 谢～ :-D around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 37 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感38 谢～ :-D size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 38 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感39 谢～ :-D relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 39 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感40 谢～ :-D new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 40 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感41 谢～ :-D comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 41 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感42 谢～ :-D of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 42 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感43 谢～ :-D about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 43 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感44 谢～ :-D blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 44 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感45 谢～ :-D should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 45 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感46 谢～ :-D with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 46 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感47 谢～ :-D with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 47 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感48 谢～ :-D the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 48 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感49 谢～ :-D must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 49 本笔记由黎林烽同学整理，特此感50 谢～ :-D held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 50