(鄂尔多斯新精英教育)句子基本结构及句子种类

(鄂尔多斯新精英教育)句子基本结构及句子种类 新精英教育VIP学员 讲义 第一讲:句子基本结构及句子种类 (一)句子成分 主语,主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词等示。 例: We often speak English in class.(代词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式) 谓语,谓语说明主语所做的动作。只有动词可以作谓语。一般放在主语之后。 表语,它一般位于be (is, am, are)之后,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态的词。表语一般由名词、形容 词充当。 例, Alex is a boy. Shappy is very clever. 宾语,宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 例, I hate you. Gus does the chores everyday. 状语,用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 状语包括以下种类: I will go there tomor. row( ) The meeting will be held in the meeting room. ( ) er. ( ) The meat went bad because of the hot weath He studies hard to learn English well. ( ) Hedidn’tstudy hard so that he failed in the exam. ( ) I like some of the pictures very much. ( ) If you study hard, you will pass the exam. ( ) He goes to school by bike. ( ) Though he is young, he is reall‎‎y good at ancient Chinese. ( ) 定语,修饰______的成分叫定语。定语可以由_______ ,_______, _______, _______等充当。 Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. (代词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. (二)句子的基本结构 1，主 + 谓 You jump. I jump. He died. I am leaving. 2，主 + 谓 + 宾 A snake bit the cook. He has caught a bad cold. 3，主 + 系,动， + 表 The sky is blue 1 新精英教育VIP学员讲义 Fields are green Laughter is the language of the world. 【Reading and Practice 】 Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. "I can't hear a word!" I said angrily. "It's none of your business," the young man said rudely. "This is a private conversation!" 4) 双宾语结构 主语+ 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 I’ll make my brother a cake. Mom is going to buy her a new one. Can you write me one? ?间接宾语往往由人充当(“贱”人)，直接宾语由物充当(“植物”)。 ?直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者，间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向(对谁做)或动作的目标(为谁做) 这一结构往往可以改写为: 主语+ 谓语 + 直接宾语 +(for/to)+ 间接宾语 to 表示动作方向，“对谁做”，可译为“给” for 表示动作目标, “为谁做”，可以翻译为:给:、:替:、:为: Exercises: I’ll make a cake ______ my brother. I’ll write it ______ you. Pass it ______ me. 到底用哪种结构表达更好, 1. 通常如果直接宾语和间接宾语都是名词，用两种结构都可以。 2(当间接宾语(人)用代词表示时，把间接宾语(人)放前面，用第一种结构。 3. 如果直接宾语(物)、间接宾语(人)都用代词时，把直接宾语(物)放前面，用第二种结构。 4. 可以跟双宾语的动词常见的有: (借助to 的有) :bring, take, give ,tell, lend , hand(传递), pass, pay, show, send, ask, write (借助for 的有) :buy, call, cook, choose, find, get, make, sing 【Reading and Practice】 Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Everyday I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card! 5) 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补) 2 新精英教育VIP学员讲义 I saw the kite up and down. (up and down是副词做宾补) Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式) (三)句子的种类 1. 按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如: Light travels faster than sound. (说明事实) The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法) 2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问。有以下四种: a. 一般疑问句(yes-no question): Can you finish the work in time? b. 特殊疑问句: Where do you live? c. 选择疑问句: Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑问句: He doesn't know her, does he? 3)祈使句:提出请求，建议或发出命令。 Don't be nervous! 4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如: What good news it is! 多好的消息啊～ 2. 句子按其结构可以分为以下三类: 1)简单句(Simple Sentences): 只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。例如: She likes collecting stamps. She is fond of collecting stamps. 2)并列句(Compound Sentences): 包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句。英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在 分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有: 以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词 以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词 以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词 以for表示原因的并列连词。 并列句分为以下四种 第一种 and型, ( and, both A and B, not only A but also B, neither A nor B ) 1.The camera takes good pictures, and the price is reasonable. 2.He doesn’tcareformoney, nor does he care for fame. 第二种 or型 ( or, either ... or ) 1.The children can go with us , or they can stay at home. 2.Take a map with you, or you will be lost. 第三种 but型 ( but, while…) 3 新精英教育VIP学员讲义 He doesn’tearnmuch, but he spends money freely. Some people waste food, while others have none. 第四种 for型 1. He must have done something wrong, for the teacher called him to the office. 2. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 3)复合句(Complex Sentences):(主从复合句/从句) 主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。 包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如: The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。 认识复合句 1. They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings. 2. He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. ( 3. He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. 4. If it doesn’traintomorrow, we shall go hiking. 5. Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. 6. I can never forget the day when I first saw you. 4