庄子林语堂翻译

..PAGE优选LinYutang'sIntroductiontoChuangtse:MysticandHumoristJesuswasfollowedbySt.Paul,SocratesbyPlato,ConfuciusbyMencius,andLaotsebyChuangtse.Inallfourcases,thefirstwastherealteacherandeitherwrotenobooksorwroteverylittle,andthesecondbegantodevelopthedoctrinesandwrotelongandprofounddiscourses.Chuangtse,whodiedabout275B.C.,wasseparatedfromLaotse'sdeathbynotquitetwohundredyears,andwasstrictlyacontemporaryofMencius.Yetthemostcuriousthingisthatalthoughboththesewritersmentionedtheotherphilosophersofthetime,neitherwasmentionedbytheotherinhisworks.Onthewhole,ChuangtsemustbeconsideredthegreatestprosewriteroftheChouDynasty,asCh'u:Yu:anmustbeconsideredthegreatestpoet.Hisclaimtothispositionrestsbothuponthebrillianceofhisstyleandthedepthofhisthought.ThatexplainsthefactthatalthoughhewasprobablythegreatestslandererofConfucius,andwithMotse,thegreatestantagonistofConfucianideas,noConfucianscholarhasnotopenlyorsecretlyadmiredhim.Peoplewhowouldnotopenlyagreewithhisideaswouldneverthelessreadhimasliterature.Norcanitbesaidtrulythatapure-bloodedChinesecouldeverquitedisagreewithChuangtse'sideas.TaoismisnotaschoolofthoughtinChina,itisadeep,fundamentaltraitofChinesethinking,andoftheChineseattitudetowardlifeandtowardsociety.Ithasdepth,whileConfucianismhasonlyapracticalsenseofproportions;itenrichesChinesepoetryandimaginationinanimmeasurablemanner,anditgivesaphilosophicsanctiontowhateverisintheidle,freedom-loving,poetic,vagabondChinesesoul.Itprovidestheonlysafe,romanticreleasefromthesevereConfucianclassicrestraint,andhumanizestheveryhumaniststhemselves;thereforewhenaChinesesucceeds,heisalwaysaConfucianist,andwhenhefails,heisalwaysaTaoist.Asmorepeoplefailthansucceedinthisworld,andasallwhosucceedknowthattheysucceedbutinalameandhaltingmannerwhentheyexaminethemselvesinthedarkhoursofthenight,IbelieveTaoistideasaremoreoftenatworkthanConfucianism.EvenaConfucianistsucceedsonlywhenheknowsheneverreallysucceeds,thatis,byfollowingTaoistwisdom.TsengKuofan,thegreatConfuciangeneralwhosuppressedtheTaipingRebellion,hadfailedinhisearlycampaignandbegantosucceedonlyonemorningwhenherealizedwithtrueTaoisthumilitythathewas"nogood,"andgavepowertohisassistantgenerals.ChuangtseisthereforeimportantasthefirstonewhofullydevelopedtheTaoisticthesisoftherhythmoflife,containedintheepigramsofLaotse.UnlikeotherChinesephilosophersprincipallyoccupiedwithpracticalquestionsofgovernmentandpersonalmorality,hegivestheonlymetaphysicsexistinginChineseliteraturebeforethecomingofBuddhism.Iamsurehismysticismwillcharmsomereadersandrepelothers.Certaintraitsinit,likeweedingouttheideaoftheegoandquietcontemplationand"seeingtheSolitary"explainhowthesenativeChineseideaswerebackofthedevelopmentoftheCh'an(JapaneseZen)Buddhism.Anybranchofhumanknowledge,eventhestudyoftherocksoftheearthandthecosmicraysofheaven,strikesmysticismwhenisreachesanydepthatall,anditseemsChineseTaoismskippedthescientificstudyofnaturetoreachthesameintuitiveconclusionbyinsightalone.ThereforeitisnotsurprisingthatAlbertEinsteinandChuangtseagree,asagreetheymust,ontherelativityofallstandards.TheonlydifferenceisthatEinsteintakesonthemoredifficultand,toaChinese,morestupidworkofmathematicalproof,whileChuangtsefurnishesthephilosophicimportofthistheoryofrelativity,whichmustbesoonerorlaterdevelopedbyWesternphilosophersinthenextdecades.AwordmustbeaddedaboutChuangtse'sattitudetowardConfucius.Itwillbeevidenttoanyreaderthathewasoneofthegreatestromanticizersofhistory,andthatanyoftheanecdoteshetellsaboutConfucius,orLaotseortheYellowEmperormustbeacceptedonaparwiththoseanecdoteshetellsabouttheconversationofGeneralCloudsandGreatNebulous,orbetweentheSpiritoftheRiverandtheSpiritoftheOcean.Itmustbealsoplainlyunderstoodthathewasahumoristwithawildandratherluxuriantfantasy,withanAmericanloveforexaggerationandforthebig.Oneshouldthereforereadhimasonewouldahumoristwriterknowingthatheisfrivolouswhenheisprofoundandprofoundwhenheisfrivolous.TheextanttextofChuangtseconsistsofthirty-threechapters,allofthemamixtureofphilosophicdisquisitionandanecdotesorparables.ThechapterscontainingthemostvirulentattacksonConfucianism(notincludedhere)havebeenconsideredforgery,andafewChinese"textualcritics"haveevenconsideredallofthemforgeryexceptthefirstsevenchapters.ThisiseasytounderstandbecauseitisthemodernChinesefashiontotalkofforgery.Onecanrestassuredthatthese"textualcritics"areunscientificbecauseverylittleofitisphilologicalcriticism,butconsistsofopinionsastostyleandwhetherChuangtsehadorhadnotenoughculturetoattackConfuciusonlyinamildandpolishedmanner.(Seesamplesofthistypeof"criticism"inmylongintroductiontoTheBookofHistory.)Onlyoneortwoanachronismsarepointedout,whichcouldbeduetolaterinterpolationsandtherestisasubjectiveassertionofopinion.Eventheevaluationsofstylearefaulty,andatleastadistinctionshouldbemadebetweeninterpolationsandwholesaleforgery.SomeofthebestpiecesofChuangtsearedecidedlyoutsidethefirstsevenchapters,andithasnotevenoccurredtothecriticstoprovideananswerastowhoelsecouldhavewrittenthem.Thereisnoreasontobesurethateventhemosteloquentexpositionofthethieves'philosophy,regardedbymostasforgery,wasnottheworkofChuangtse,whohadsolittletodowiththe"gentlemen."Ontheotherhand,Ibelievevariousanecdoteshavebeenfreelyaddedbylatergenerationsintotheextremelyloosestructureofthechapters.Ihavechosenhereelevenchapters,includingallbutoneofthefirstbestsevenchapters.Withoneminorexception,thesechaptersaretranslatedcomplete.Thephilosophicallymostimportantarethechapterson"LevellingAllThings"and"AutumnFloods."Thechapters,"JoinedToes,""Horses'Hooves,""OpeningTrunks"and"Tolerance"belonginonegroupwiththemainthemeofprotestagainstcivilization.Themosteloquentprotestiscontainedin"OpeningTrunks,"whilethemostcharacteristicallyTaoisticisthechapteron"Tolerance."Themostmysticanddeeplyreligiouspieceis"TheGreatSupreme."Themostbeautifullywrittenis"AutumnFloods."Thequeerestisthechapteron"Deformities"(atypically"romanticist"theme).Themostdelightfulisprobably"Horses'Hooves,"andthemostfantasticisthefirstchapter,"AHappyExcursion."SomeofChuangtse'sparablesintheotherchapterswillbefoundunder"ParablesofAncientPhilosophers"elsewhereinthisvolume.IhavebasedmytranslationonthatofHerbertA.Giles.ItsoonbecameapparentinmyworkthatGileswasfreeinhistranslationwhereexactnesswaseasyandpossible,andthathehadaglib,colloquialstylewhichmightbeconsideredablemish.Theresultisthathardlyalinehasbeenleftuntouched,andIhavehadtomakemyowntranslation,takingadvantageofwhateverisgoodinhisEnglishrendering.ButstillIoweagreatdebttomypredecessor,andhehasnotablysucceededinthisdifficulttaskinmanypassages.Wherehisrenderingisgood,Ihavenotchosentobedifferent.Inthissense,thetranslationmayberegardedasmyown.Itshouldbenotedthatthroughoutthetext,Gilestranslates"Heaven"as"God"whereitmeansGod.Ontheotherhand,theterm"Creator"isanexactrenderingofchao-wu,or"hewhocreatesthings."Iwillnotgointodetailsoftranslationofotherphilosophictermshere."庄子"十一篇英译译者：林语堂Table:HYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"HAPPY"AHappyExcursionHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"LEVEL"LevellingAllThingsHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"PRESERVE"PreservationofLifeHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"HUMAN"ThisHumanWorldHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"FULL"DeformitiesHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"GREAT"TheGreatSupremeHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"TOES"JoinedToesHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"HOOVES"Horses'HoovesHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"TRUNKS"OpeningTrunksHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"ON"OnToleranceHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"FLOODS"AutumnFloodsHYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"NOTES"Translator'sNotesAHappyExcursionInthenorthernoceanthereisafish,calledthek'un,Idonotknowhowmanythousandliinsize.Thisk'unchangesintoabird,calledthep'eng.ItsbackisIdonotknowhowmanythousandliinbreadth.Whenitismoved,itflies,itswingsobscuringtheskylikeclouds.Whenonavoyage,thisbirdpreparestostartfortheSouthernOcean,theCelestialLake.AndintheRecordsofMarvelswereadthatwhenthep'engfliessouthwards,thewaterissmittenforaspaceofthreethousandliaround,whilethebirditselfmountsuponagreatwindtoaheightofninetythousandli,foraflightofsixmonths'duration.Theremountingaloft,thebirdsawthemovingwhitemistsofspring,thedust-clouds,andthelivingthingsblowingtheirbreathsamongthem.Itwonderedwhethertheblueoftheskywasitsrealcolor,oronlytheresultofdistancewithoutend,andsawthatthethingsonearthappearedthesametoit.Ifthereisnotsufficientdepth,waterwillnotfloatlargeships.Upsetacupfulintoaholeintheyard,andamustard-seedwillbeyourboat.Trytofloatthecup,anditwillbegrounded,duetothedisproportionbetweenwaterandvessel.Sowithair.Ifthereisnotsufficientadepth,itcannotsupportlargewings.Andforthisbird,adepthofninetythousandliisnecessarytobearitup.Then,glidinguponthewind,withnothingsavetheclearskyabove,andnoobstaclesintheway,itstartsuponitsjourneytothesouth.Acicadaandayoungdovelaughed,saying,"Now,whenIflywithallmymight,'tisasmuchasIcandotogetfromtreetotree.AndsometimesIdonotreach,butfalltothegroundmidway.Whatthencanbetheuseofgoingupninetythousandlitostartforthesouth"Hewhogoestothecountrysidetakingthreemealswithhimcomesbackwithhisstomachasfullaswhenhestarted.Buthewhotravelsahundredlimusttakegroundriceenoughforanovernightstay.Andhewhotravelsathousandlimustsupplyhimselfwithprovisionsforthreemonths.Thosetwolittlecreatures,whatshouldtheyknow"Smallknowledgehasnotthecompassofgreatknowledgeanymorethanashortyearhasthelengthofalongyear.Howcanwetellthatthisisso"Thefungusplantofamorningknowsnotthealternationofdayandnight.Thecicadaknowsnotthealternationofspringandautumn.Theirsareshortyears.ButinthesouthofCh'uthereisamingling(tree)whosespringandautumnareeachoffivehundredyears'duration.Andinformerdaystherewasalargetreewhichhadaspringandautumneachofeightthousandyears.Yet,P'engTsu{1}isknownforreachingagreatageandisstill,alas!anobjectofenvytoall!ItwasonthisverysubjectthattheEmperorT'ang{2}spoketoChi,asfollows:"AtthenorthofCh'iungta,thereisaDarkSea,theCelestialLake.Initthereisafishseveralthousandliinbreadth,andIknownothowmanyinlength.Itiscalledthek'un.Thereisalsoabird,calledthep'eng,withabacklikeMountT'ai,andwingslikecloudsacrossthesky.Itsoarsupuponawhirlwindtoaheightofninetythousandli,farabovetheregionoftheclouds,withonlytheclearskyaboveit.AndthenitdirectsitsflighttowardstheSouthernOcean."Andalakesparrowlaughed,andsaid:Pray,whatmaythatcreaturebegoingtodo"Irisebutafewyardsintheairandsettledownagain,afterflyingaroundamongthereeds.Thatisasmuchasanyonewouldwanttofly.Now,wherevercanthiscreaturebegoingto"Such,indeed,isthedifferencebetweensmallandgreat.Take,forinstance,amanwhocreditablyfillssomesmalloffice,orwhoseinfluencespreadsoveravillage,orwhosecharacterpleasesacertainprince.Hisopinionofhimselfwillbemuchthesameasthatlakesparrow's.ThephilosopherYungofSungwouldlaughatsuchaone.Ifthewholeworldflatteredhim,hewouldnotbeaffectedthereby,norifthewholeworldblamedhimwouldhebedissuadedfromwhathewasdoing.ForYungcandistinguishbetweenessenceandsuperficialities,andunderstandwhatistruehonorandshame.Suchmenarerareintheirgeneration.Butevenhehasnotestablishedhimself.NowLiehtse{3}couldrideuponthewind.Sailinghappilyinthecoolbreeze,hewouldgoonforfifteendaysbeforehisreturn.Amongmortalswhoattainhappiness,suchamanisrare.YetalthoughLiehtsecoulddispensewithwalking,hewouldstillhavetodependuponsomething.{4}AsforonewhoischariotedupontheeternalfitnessofHeavenandEarth,drivingbeforehimthechangingelementsashisteamtoroamthroughtherealmsoftheInfinite,uponwhat,then,wouldsuchaonehaveneedtodepend"Thusitissaid,"Theperfectmanignoresself;thedivinemanignoresachievement;thetrueSageignoresreputation."TheEmperorYao{5}wishedtoabdicateinfavorofHsu:Yu,saying,"If,whenthesunandmoonareshining,thetorchisstilllighted,woulditbenotdifficultforthelattertoshine"If,whentherainhasfallen,oneshouldstillcontinuetowaterthefields,wouldthisnotbeawasteoflabor"Nowifyouwouldassumethereinsofgovernment,theempirewouldbewellgoverned,andyetIamfillingthisoffice.Iamconsciousofmyowndeficiencies,andIbegtoofferyoutheEmpire.""YouarerulingtheEmpire,andtheEmpireisalreadywellruled,"repliedHsu:Yu."WhyshouldItakeyourplace"ShouldIdothisforthesakeofaname"Anameisbuttheshadowofreality,andshouldItroublemyselfabouttheshadow"Thetit,buildingitsnestinthemightyforest,occupiesbutasingletwig.Thebeaverslakesitsthirstfromtheriver,butdrinksenoughonlytofillitsbelly.Iwouldrathergoback:Ihavenousefortheempire!Ifthecookisunabletopreparethefuneralsacrifices,therepresentativeoftheworshippedspiritandtheofficerofprayermaynotstepoverthewinesandmeatsanddoitforhim."ChienWusaidtoLienShu,"IheardChiehYu:talkonhighandfinesubjectsendlessly.Iwasgreatlystartledatwhathesaid,forhiswordsseemedinterminableastheMilkyWay,buttheyarequitedetachedfromourcommonhumanexperience.""Whatwasit"askedLienShu."Hedeclared,"repliedChienWu,"thatontheMiao-ku-yimountaintherelivesadivineone,whoseskiniswhitelikeiceorsnow,whosegraceandelegancearelikethoseofavirgin,whoeatsnograin,butlivesonairanddew,andwho,ridingoncloudswithflyingdragonsforhisteam,roamsbeyondthelimit'softhemortalregions.Whenhisspiritgravitates,hecanwardoffcorruptionfromallthings,andbringgoodcrops.ThatiswhyIcallitnonsense,anddonotbelieveit.""Well,"answeredLienShu,"youdon'taskablindman'sopinionofbeautifuldesigns,nordoyouinviteadeafmantoaconcert.Andblindnessanddeafnessarenotphysicalonly.Thereisblindnessanddeafnessofthemind.Hiswordsareliketheunspoiledvirgin.Thegoodinfluenceofsuchamanwithsuchacharacterfillsallcreation.Yetbecauseapaltrygenerationcriesforreform,youwouldhavehimbusyhimselfaboutthedetailsofanempire!"Objectiveexistencescannotharm.Inafloodwhichreachedthesky,hewouldnotbedrowned.Inadrought,thoughmetalsranliquidandmountainswerescorchedup,hewouldnotbehot.OutofhisverydustandsiftingsyoumightfashiontwosuchmenasYaoandShun{6}.Andyouwouldhavehimoccupyhimselfwithobjectives!"AmanoftheSungStatecarriedsomeceremonialcapstotheYu:ehtribesforsale.ButthemenofYu:ehusedtocutofftheirhairandpainttheirbodies,sothattheyhadnouseforsuchthings.TheEmperorYaoruledallunderheavenandgovernedtheaffairsoftheentirecountry.AfterhepaidavisittothefoursagesoftheMiao-ku-yiMountain,hefeltonhisreturntohiscapitalatFenyangthattheempireexistedforhimnomore.Hueitse{7}saidtoChuangtse,"ThePrinceofWeigavemeaseedofalarge-sizedkindofgourd.Iplantedit,anditboreafruitasbigasafivebushelmeasure.NowhadIusedthisforholdingliquids,itwouldhavebeentooheavytolift;andhadIcutitinhalfforladles,theladleswouldhavebeentooflatforsuchpurpose.Certainlyitwasahugething,butIhadnouseforitandsobrokeitup.""Itwasratheryoudidnotknowhowtouselargethings,"repliedChuangtse."TherewasamanofSungwhohadarecipeforsalveforchappedhands,hisfamilyhavingbeensilk-washersforgenerations.Astrangerwhohadheardofitcameandofferedhimahundredouncesofsilverforthisrecipe;whereuponhecalledtogetherhisclansmenandsaid,'Wehavenevermademuchmoneybysilk-washing.Now,wecanselltherecipeforahundredouncesinasingleday.Letthestrangerhaveit.'"Thestrangergottherecipe,andwentandhadaninterviewwiththePrinceofWu.TheYu:ehStatewasintrouble,andthePrinceofWusentageneraltofightanavalbattlewithYu:ehatthebeginningofwinter.Thelatterwastotallydefeated,andthestrangerwasrewardedwithapieceoftheKing'sterritory.Thus,whiletheefficacyofthesalvetocurechappedhandswasinbothcasesthesame,itsapplicationsweredifferent.Here,itsecuredatitle;there,thepeopleremainedsilk-washers."Nowastoyourfive-bushelgourd,whydidyounotmakeafloatofit,andfloataboutoverriverandlake"Andyoucomplainofitsbeingtooflatforholdingthings!Ifearyourmindisstuffyinside."HueitsesaidtoChuangtse,"Ihavealargetree,calledtheailanthus.Itstrunkissoirregularandknottythatitcannotbemeasuredoutforplanks;whileitsbranchesaresotwistedthattheycannotbecutoutintodiscsorsquares.Itstandsbytheroadside,butnocarpenterwilllookatit.Yourwordsarelikethattree--biganduseless,ofnoconcerntotheworld.""Haveyouneverseenawildcat,"rejoinedChuangtse,"crouchingdowninwaitforitsprey"Rightandleftandhighandlow,itspringsabout,untilitgetscaughtinatrapordiesinasnare.Ontheotherhand,thereistheyakwithitsgreathugebody.Itisbigenoughinallconscience,butitcannotcatchmice.Nowifyouhaveabigtreeandareatalosswhattodowithit,whynotplantitintheVillageofNowhere,inthegreatwilds,whereyoumightloiteridlybyitsside,andliedowninblissfulreposebeneathitsshade"Thereitwouldbesafefromtheaxeandfromallotherinjury.Forbeingofnousetoothers,whatcouldworryitsmind"HYPERLINK"://clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/"\l"INDEX"UptoIndexOnLevellingAllThingsTsech'iofNankuosatleaningonalowtable.Gazinguptoheaven,hesighedandlookedasthoughhehadlosthismind.Yench'engTseyu,whowasstandingbyhim,exclaimed,"Whatareyouthinkingaboutthatyourbodyshouldbecomethuslikedeadwood,yourmindlikeburnt-outcinders"Surelythemannowleaningonthetableisnothewhowasherejustnow.""Myfriend,"repliedTsech'i,"yourquestionisapposite.TodayIhavelostmySelf....Doyouunderstand"...Perhapsyouonlyknowthemusicofman,andnotthatofEarth.OrevenifyouhaveheardthemusicofEarth,perhapsyouhavenotheardthemusicofHeaven.""Prayexplain,"saidTseyu."Thebreathoftheuniverse,"continuedTsech'i,"iscalledwind.Attimes,itisinactive.Butwhenactive,allcrevicesresoundtoitsblast.Haveyouneverlistenedtoitsdeafeningroar""Cavesanddellsofhillandforest,hollowsinhugetreesofmanyaspaningirth--somearelikenostrils,andsomelikemouths,andotherslikeears,beam-sockets,goblets,mortars,orlikepoolsandpuddles.Andthewindgoesrushingthroughthem,likeswirlingtorrentsorsingingarrows,bellowing,sousing,trilling,wailing,roaring,purling,whistlinginfrontandechoingbehind,nowsoftwiththecoolblow,nowshrillwiththewhirlwind,untilthetempestispastandsilencereignssupreme.Haveyouneverwitnessedhowthetreesandobjectsshakeandquake,andtwistandtwirl""Well,then,"enquiredTseyu,"sincethemusicofEarthconsistsofhollowsandapertures,andthemusicofmanofpipesandflutes,ofwhatconsiststhemusicofHeaven""Theeffectofthewinduponthesevariousapertures,"repliedTsech'i,"isnotuniform,butthesoundsareproducedaccordingtotheirindividualcapacities.Whoisitthatagitatestheirbreasts""Greatwisdomisgenerous;pettywisdomiscontentious.Greatspeechisimpassioned,smallspeechcantankerous."Forwhetherthesoulislockedinsleeporwhetherinwakinghoursthebodymoves,wearestrivingandstrugglingwiththeimmediatecircumstances.Someareeasy-goingandleisurely,somearedeepandcunning,andsomearesecretive.Nowwearefrightenedoverpettyfears,nowdisheartenedanddismayedoversomegreatterror.Nowthemindfliesforthlikeanarrowfromacross-bow,tobethearbiterofrightandwrong.Nowitstaysbehindasifsworntoanoath,toholdontowhatithassecured.Then,asunderautumnandwinter'sblight,comesgradualdecay,andsubmergedinitsownoccupations,itkeepsonrunningitscourse,nevertoreturn.Finally,wornoutandimprisoned,itischokeduplikeanolddrain,andthefailingmindshallnotseelightagain{8}."Joyandanger,sorrowandhappiness,worriesandregrets,indecisionandfears,comeuponusbyturns,witheverchangingmoods,likemusicfromthehollows,orlikemushroomsfromdamp.Dayandnighttheyalternatewithinus,butwecannottellwhencetheyspring.Alas!Alas!CouldweforamomentlayourfingerupontheirveryCause""ButfortheseemotionsIshouldnotbe.Yetbutforme,therewouldbenoonetofeelthem.Sofarwecango;butwedonotknowbywhoseordertheycomeintoplay.Itwouldseemtherewasasoul;{9}butthecluetoitsexistenceiswanting.Thatitfunctionsiscredibleenough,thoughwecannotseeitsform.Perhapsithasinnerrealitywithoutoutwardform."Takethehumanbodywithallitshundredbones,nineexternalcavitiesandsixinternalorgans,allcomplete.WhichpartofitshouldIlovebest"Doyounotcherishallequally,orhaveyouapreference"Dotheseorgansserveasservantsofsomeoneelse"Sinceservantscannotgovernthemselves,dotheyserveasmasterandservantsbyturn"Surelythereissomesoulwhichcontrolsthemall."Butwhetherornotweascertainwhatisthetruenatureofthissoul,itmattersbutlittletothesoulitself.Foroncecomingintothismaterialshape,itrunsitscourseuntilitisexhausted.Tobeharassedbythewearandtearoflife,andtobedrivenalongwithoutpossibilityofarrestingone'scourse,--isnotthispitifulindeed"Tolaborwithoutceasingalllife,andthen,withoutlivingtoenjoythefruit,wornoutwithlabor,todepart,oneknowsnotwhither,--isnotthisajustcauseforgrief""Mensaythereisnodeath--towhat