1990—1997考研英语真题(标准版)

1990—1997考研英语真(版) 说明: 1.标准版是指～由于考研英语自2005年已经改革～原有的一些题型～如单项选择、改错等已经不再考～所以与现有题型不一样的全部删去。 2.所以试题与解析均来源与网络 3.之所以选择1990——1997～是因为1998年及以后的～市场上都可以买到～故不再整理范围内。而1990年之前的～个人觉得太遥远了～所以亦不在整理范围之类。 4.我已经尽可能对排版进行了调整～如果你认为有不必要的～可以再自行处理。但是～一张纸打印出来真不值多少钱。你要知道～你现在多花的一毛钱,我们这打印一毛,～是为了你的考研英语多加一分。 5.如有疑问～请联系:806121266 试题部分 1990年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案 Text 1 In May 1989, space shuttle "Atlantis" released in outer space the space probe "Megallan," which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. A new phase in space exploration has begun. The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system, in fact, that even comes close to earth's size. Venus has a similar density, so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. It is also the closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of "earth's twin." The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth's: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passes for air is a layer of clouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Water is all but nonexistent. Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth. It has no earth's oceans, so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. In addition, the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely, observable pace. 16. Venus is similar to Earth in ________. [A] size and density [B] distance from the sun [C] having atmosphere [D] all of the above 17. The greatest value in studying Venus should be to ________. [A] allow us to visit there [B] understand Earth better [C] find a new source of energy [D] promote a new space program 18. The main idea of this passage is about ________. [A] problems of space travel [B] scientific methods in space exploration [C] the importance of Venus to Earth [D] conditions on Venus Text 2 Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome's main avenues. Italy's political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome. Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women had come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for "a job for each of us, a different type of job, and a society without violence." So far, action to improve women's opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining. "But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough," says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers. Women, who constitute 52 per cent of Italy's population, today represent only 35 per cent of Italy's total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs. However, their presence in the workplace is growing. The employment of women is expanding considerably in services, next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace. Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment. More and more women are going into business for themselves. Many young women are turning to business because of the growing overall in employment. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman. Such changes are occurring in the professions too. The number of women doctors, dentists, lawyers, engineers and university professors increased two to three fold. Some of the changes are immediately visible. For example, women have appeared on the scene for the first time as state police, railway workers and street cleaner. However, the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made. A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded. 19. The expression "snake through central Rome" probably means "to move ________ [A] quietly through central Rome." [B] violently through central Rome." [C] in a long winding line through central Rome." [D] at a leisurely pace through central Rome." 20. Which of the following statements is NOT true? [A] There are more women than men in Italy. [B] In Italy, women are chiefly employed in services. [C] In Italy, women are still at a disadvantage in employment. [D] In Italy, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men. 21. About 200,000 women in Rome demonstrated for ________. [A] more job opportunities [B] a greater variety of jobs [C] "equal job, equal pay" [D] both A and B 22. The best title for this passage would be ________. [A] The Role of Women is Society [B] Women Demonstrate for Equality in Employment [C] Women as Self-employed Professionals [D] Women and the Jobs Market Text 3 The old idea that talented children "burn themselves out" in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults. To find this out, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results: On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives. About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations. The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents. In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth. In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality. 23. The old idea that talented children "burn themselves out" in the early years is ________. [A] true in all senses [B] refuted by the author [C] medically proven [D] a belief of the author 24. The survey of bright children was made to ________. [A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults [B] prove that talented children "burn themselves out" in the early years [C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted [D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out 25. Intelligence tests showed that ________. [A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy [B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence [C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults [D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores Section III Close Test No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001. Many books have been written __26__ the future. But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest __27__ of the word. In his fantastic novels "A Trip to the Moon" and "80 Days Around the World," he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter. These novels still have a great attraction __28__ young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy. Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a __29__ writer. In 2001, in the home, cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch. Television will provide information on prices at the __30__ shops as well as news and entertainment. Videophones will bring pictures as well as __31__ to telephone conversations. Machines will control temperature, lighting, entertainment, security alarms, laundry and gardening. Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper. At work, robots will take __32__ most jobs in the manufacturing industries. Working hours will fall to under 30 hours a week. Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normal annual holiday. Men and women will retire at the same age. Our leisure will be different too. The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games. More people will eat out in restaurants __33__ they do today; also they will have a much wider variety of food available. There will be a change of taste towards a more savoury-flavored menu. New synthetic foods will form a __34__ part of people's diets. Foreign travel will __35__; winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones. Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and much cheaper. Education will become increasingly more important than ever before. 26. [A] in[B] of[C] about[D] for 27. [A] sense[B] meaning[C] detail[D] implication 28. [A] for[B] of[C] on[D] towards 29. [A] today[B] nowadays[C] present-day[D] present 30. [A] near[B] nearby[C] nearly[D] nearer 31. [A] noise[B] sound[C] tone[D] tune 32. [A] to[B] away[C] off[D] over 33. [A] than[B] as[C] when[D] while 34. [A] usual[B] popular[C] daily[D] regular 35. [A] add[B] increase[C] raise[D] arise Section VII English-Chinese Translation People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs. nurture." (62) Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the "nurture" theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (65) Supporters of the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don't believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991年英语试题及答案 Text 1 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn?t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people?s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!” Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it?s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn?t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn?t provide a stable home. I don?t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it. 31. What the wise man said suggests that ________. [A] it?s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil [B] it?s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it [C] it?s only natural for virtue to defeat evil [D] it?s desirable for good men to keep away from evil 32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________. [A] society is to be held responsible [B] modern civilization is responsible for it [C] the criminal himself should bear the blame [D] the standards of living should be improved 33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________. [A] less self-discipline [B] better sense of discipline [C] more mutual respect [D] less effective government 34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________. [A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals [B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards [C] today?s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty [D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities 35. The key point of the passage is that ________. [A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families [B] more good examples should be set for people to follow [C] more restrictions should be imposed on people?s behavior [D] more people should accept the value of accountability Text 2 The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society?s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one?s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society. In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver?s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter int0 financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence. 36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________. [A] the definition of maturity has changed [B] the industrialized society is more developed [C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made [D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance 37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________. [A] graduations from schools and colleges [B] social recognition [C] socio-economic status [D] certain behavioral changes 38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________. [A] eleven years old [B] sixteen years old [C] twenty-one years old [D] between twelve and twenty-one years old 39. Starting from 22, ________. [A] one will obtain more basic rights [B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have [C] one won?t get more basic rights than when he is 21 [D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society 40. According to the passage, it is true that ________. [A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed [B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one [C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver?s license [D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army Text 3 Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken int0 the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built int0 essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80?, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized int0 carbohydrates (碳水化合物). 41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________. [A] forming sugars [B] sustaining woody stems [C] keeping green [D] producing carbon dioxide 42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________. [A] to form sugars [B] to derive energy from light [C] to preserve water [D] to combine carbon dioxide with water 43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________. [A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs [B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development [C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition [D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss 44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? [A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root. [B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves. [C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated. [D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized. 45. This passage is mainly about ________. [A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water [B] the role of water in a growing plant [C] the process of simple sugar formation [D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide Section III Cloze Test When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to (46) themselves to the new medium were technical. When working (47) radio, for example, they had become (48) to seeing on behalf of the listener. This (49) of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. (50) all, he has to be able to (51) a continuous sequence of visual images which (52) meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the (53) of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is (54) different. He is there to make (55) that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him (56) on particular things, and to (57) the images on the television screen. (58) his radio colleague, he must know the (59) of silence and how to use it at those moments (60) the pictures speak for themselves. 46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify 47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind 48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed 49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance 50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In 51. [A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive 52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect 53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case 54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly 55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear 56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist 57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret 58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For 59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention 60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] as Section V English-Chinese Translation The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world?s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading int0 a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this int0 account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home. In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. 1992年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案 1 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the mst of petrol and the quick pace of modem life, but manners on the roads are beaoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is aU vvy well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is arnother matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a 'Be Kind to Other Drivers' campaign, otherwise it may get com- pletely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized be- havior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem tralfic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it. However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at solne hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always a- mazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies. A veteran driver, whose mallners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists leamt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can' t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-owrner-ship explo- sion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart. 31 . According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by A. people' s attitude towards the road-hog B. the rhythm of modem life C. the behavior of the driver D. traffic conditions 32. The sentence "You might tolerate the odd road-hog . . . the rule. " (Para. I ) implies that A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists B. rude drivers can be met only occasionally C. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog D. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists 33. By "good sense" , the writer means A. the driver' s ability to understand and react reasonably B. the driver' s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions C. the driver' s tolerance of nlde or even savage behavior D. the driver' s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations 34. Experts have long pointed out that in the faoe of car-owner-ship explosion, A. road users should make more sacrifice B. drlvers should be ready to yield to each other C. drivers should have more communication among themselves d. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others 35. In the writer's opinion, A. strict traffic regulations are badly needed B. drivers should apply road politeness properly C. rude drivers should be punished D. drivers should avoid traffic jams 2 In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror--the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping. According to a weather expert' s prediction, the annosphere will be 3C warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present tate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the nonthern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of earth's chief food-growing zones. In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degress of warming, in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels. Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already dispappearing. The evi- dence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth. However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude , therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather? One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27. 5 days, it presents hotter or "colder" faces to the earth, and different as- pects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward. Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, "including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar ef- fects overcome the inenia (惯性) of the earth's climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun's diminishing heat . 36. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would A. prevent the sun's rays from leeching the earth's surface B. mean a warming up in the Arctic C. account for great changes in the climate in the noHhem hemisphere D. raise the temperature of the earth' s surface 37. The article was written to explain A. the greenhouse effect B. the solar effects on the earth C. the models of solar-weather interactions D. the causes affecting weather 38. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northem hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be faILing. This is A. mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising B. possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting C. exclusively due to the effect of the inenia of the earth' s climate D. partly due to variations in the output of solar energy 39. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that A. the climate of the world should be becoming cooler B. it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth's climate to take effect C. the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects D. the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect 40. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, A. the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to bum more fuels B. ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere C. the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly D. the greenhouse effect oould work to the advantage of the earth 3 Some people believe that intemational sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will leam to live together. Others say that the opposite is true : that intemational contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding 8nd hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic games have done little to support the view that sports encourages intenational brotherhood. Not only, was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser inci- dents caused principally bv minor national contests. One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the horkey ( 曲 棍球 ) final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said : "This wasn' t hockey. Hockey and the Intenational Hockey Federatior are finished. " The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years . The Anlerican basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, af- ter a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before an- nouncing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals . Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams , might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism. 41. According to the author, recent Olympic Games have__ A. created goodwill between the nations B. bred only false national pride C. barely showed any intemational friendship D. led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred 42. What did the manager mean by saying, " . . . Hockey and the International Hockey Federa- tion are finished" ? A. His team would no longer take part in international games. B. Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions. C. There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation. D. The Federation should be dissolved. 43. The basketball example implied that A. too much patriotism was displayed in the incident B. the announcement to prolong the match was wrong C. the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision D. the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals 44 . The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show A. how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games B. that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be C. that competitiveness in the games discourages intenrational friendship D. that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games 45. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved. B. Athletes should oompete as individuak in the Olympic Games. C. Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game. D. International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations The key to the industrialization of space is the U. S. space shuttle.(46) it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle (47) of flying into space and returning many tiems. (48) _ by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65 ,OOO pounds, the shuttle will carry devices for si- entific inquiry , as (49) as a variety of military hardware. (50) more significantly, it will (51) materials and machines into space for industrial purposes (52) two decades ago when "sputnik" ( artificial satellite) was (53) to vocabulary. In short, the (54) im- portance of the shuttle lies in its (55) as an economic tool. What makes the space shuttle (56) is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an air- plane. (57), when it has accomplished its (58), it can be ready for (59) trip in about two weeks. The space shuttle, the world' s first true spaceship, is a magnificent step (60) making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man. 46. A. In B. On C. By D. With 47. A. capable B. suitable C. efficient D. fit 48. A. Served B. Powered C. Forced D Reinforced 49. A. far B. well C. much D. long . 50. A. Then B. Or C. But D. So 51 . A. supply B. introduce C. deliver D. transfer 52. A. unimagined B. unsettled C. uncovered D. unsolved 53. A. attributed B. contributed C. applied D. added 54. A. general B. essential C. prevailing D. ultimate 55. A. promise B. prosperity C. popularity D. priority 56. A. exceptional B. strange C. unique D. rare 57. A. Thus B. Whereas C. Nevertheless D. Yet 58. A. venture B. mission C. commission D. responsibility 59. A. new B. another C. certain D. subsequent 60. A. for B. by C. in D. through 翻译 Intelligence' at best is an assumptive construct-the meaning of the word has never been clear. (71 ) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior refeued to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. Art intelligence test is a rough measure of a child's ca- pacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to-it was not designed for such purposes. (72) To criticise it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticising a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity . The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. (73) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a 'valid' or 'fair' comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one's best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. (74) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared , if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable , and the value of intelligence test- ing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child win do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require 'general intelligence' . (75) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed . 1993年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案 1 Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick ? in the thir- teenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected , the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventuaLly turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak sim- ple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l ,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, if the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattem "toy-bear" . And even more incredible is the young brain' s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child' s babbling ( 咿呀学语) , grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child ' s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. 31 . The purpose of Frederick II's experiment was__ A. to prove that children are born with the ability to speak B. to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech C. to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak D. to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language 32. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__ A. they are incapable of learning language rapidly B. they are exposed to too much language at once C. their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak D. their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them 33 . What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that A. he is born with the capacity to speak B. he has a brain more complex than an animal's C. he can produce his own sentences D. he owes his speech ability to good nursing 34. Which of the fonowing can NOT be inferred from the passage? A. The faculty of speech is inborn in man. B. Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning. C. The child' s brain is highly selective. D. Most children learn their language in definite stages. 35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will A. have a high IQ B. be less intelligent C. be insensitive to verbal signals D. not necessarily be backward 2 In general , our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic ( 官僚主 义的)management in which man becomes a small , well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become power- less, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact , the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of au- tomated machines and bureaucratic management . The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human exis- tence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested a- gain and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along , etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one' s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production'or to nine- teenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bu- reaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities- those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man. 36. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is A. a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligible B. working in complete harmony with the rest of the society C. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly D. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly 37 . The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that A. they are likely to lose their jobs B. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life C. they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence D. they are deprtved of their individuality and independence 38. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those A. who are at the bottom of the society B. who are higher up in their social status C. who prove better than their fellow-competitors D. who could keep far away from this competitive world 39. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should A. resort to the production mode of our ancestors B. offer higher wages to the workers and employees C. enable man to fully develop his potentialities D. take the fundamental realities for granted 40 . The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __ A. approval B. dissatisfaction C. suspicion D. tolerance 3 When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his in- vention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV re- ceiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent' s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the li- brary attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for any- one to use and , if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts of- ten advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor' s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise , because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern techno- logical advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication , or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. 4t . The passage is mainly about A. an approach to patents B. the application for patents C. the use of patents D. the access to patents 42. Which of the following is TRUE acoording to the passage? A. When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary. B. It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public. C. A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legaL period is over. D. One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent of- fice . 43 . George Valensi's patent lasted until 1971 because A. nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time B. his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time C. there were not enough TV stations to provide colour programmes D. the colour TV receiver was not available until that time 44. The word "plagiarize" (line 8 , Para. 5) most probably means "_" A. steal and use B. give reward to C. make public D. take and change 45. From the passage we learn that A. an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice B. products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago C. it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one D. patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents ?完形填空 Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture , its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (46) in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes (47) when we realize how much time we (48) surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be ( 49) attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (50 ) place to be appropri- ate to its use. You would be (51 ) if the inside of your bedroom were suddenLy changed to look (52) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn' t feel (53 ) in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer' s most important basic (54) . is the func- tion of the particular (55 ) . For example , a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping aualitles , and (56) few entries and exits will not work for ( 57) purpose , no matter how beautifully it might be ( 58) . Nevertheless, (59) for any kind of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. (60) addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture , according to the functions that need to be served. 46. A. consisted B. contained C. composed D. comprised 47. A. obscure B. attractive C. appropriate D. evident 48. A. spend B. require C. settle D. retain 49. A. so B. as C. thus D. such 50. A. some B. any C. this D. each 51 . A. amused B. interested C. shocked D. frightened 52. A. like B. for C. at D. into 53. A. correct B. proper C. right D. suitable 54. A. care B. concern C. attention D. intention 55. A. circumstance B. environment C. surroundings D. space 56. A. too B. quite C. a D. far 57. A. their B. its C. those D. that 58. A. painted B. covered C. ornamented D. decorated 59 . A. solutions B. conclusions C. decisions D. determinations 60. A. For B. In C. As D. With 翻译 71 ) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact expianation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordi- nary person , as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and com- plex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (72) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (73) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduc- tion, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they buiLd up their theories. (74) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special train- ing. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong , and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. There is a well-known incident in one of Motiere's plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (75)Plobably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. 1994真题及参考答案 完形填空 The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down . 46 , inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener to under- stand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be un-derstood by his listeners. 41. A. of B. at C. for D. on 42. A. inaccessible B. timely C. likely D. invalid 43. A. encourages B. prevents C. destroys D. offers 44. A. pass out B. take away C. back up D. stir up 45. A. who B. as C. which D. what 46 . A. Moreover B. However C. Preliminarily D. Unexpectedly 47. A. that B. It C. so D. this 48. A. speech B. sense C. message D. meaning 49. A. obscure B. difficult C. impossible D. unable 50. A. case B. means C. method D. way 阅读理解 Passage I The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen , striving to make profits , produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen ;and the profit motive , operating under competitive pressures , largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American eoonomic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individu - als to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer de- mands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mecha- nism is provided bv a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in tum will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the Amer- ican economic system . The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private propeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual . 51 . In Line 11 , Para 1 , "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means__. A. Americans are never satisfied with their incomes B. Americans tend to oventate their incomes C. Americans want to have their incomes increased D. Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes 52. The first two &ntences in the second paragraph tell us that__. A. producers can satisfy the oonsumers by mechanized production B. consumers can express their demands through producers C. producers decide the prices of products D. supply and demand regulate prices 53 . According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__. A. private property and rights concerned B. manpower and natural resources control C. ownership of productive resources D. free contracts and prices 54. The passage is mainly about__. A. how American goods are produced B. how American consumers buy their goods C. how American economic system works D. how American businessmen make their profits Passage 2 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the coun- try, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon-it's already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers , they have many advantages for sell- ers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers reoord which hours are busiest and which employees are the most effi- cient , allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional canlpaigns. Computers are relied on bv manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed nlarketing reports can help to decide which products to em- phasize now, which to develop for the future , and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises , from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors , bring better and more efficialt services to consumers through the use of computers. 55 . According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__. A. withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes B. obtain more convenient services than other people do C. enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper D. cash money wherever he wishes to 56. From the ast sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __. A. in the future all the Americans will use credit cards B. credit cards are mainly used in the United States today C. nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash D. it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before 57. The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means "__". A. make an order of goods B. record sales on a cash register C. call the sales manager D. keep track of the goods in stock 58. What is this passage mainly about? A. Approaches to the commercial use of computers. B. Conveniences brought about by computers in business. C. Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. D. Advantages of credit cards in business. Passage 3 Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential , their education must be adapted to those dif- ferences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environnlent as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society' s understanding--the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens , whatever their special conditions , deserve the oppor- tunity to fully develop their capabllities. "All men are created equal. " We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country' s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children-disabled or not-to an appropriate education , and have ordered that pubLic schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In re- sponse , schools are modifying their programs , adapting instruction to children who are exception- al , to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 59. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that A. the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their famiLy and the society B. exceptional children are more influenced by their families than nomlal children are C. exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society D. the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children 60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__. A. they are expected to be leaders of the society B. they might become a burden of the society C. they should fully develop their potentials D. disabled children deserve special consideration 61 . This passage mainly deals with__. A. the differences of children in their learning capabilities B. the definition of exceptional children in modern society C. the special educational programs for exceptional children D. the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children 62 . From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___. A. is now enjoying legal support B. disagrees with the tradition of the country C. was clearly stated by the country' s founders D. will exert great influence over court decisions Passage 4 "I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise, " says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But, " he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. " This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000 , the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survivaL statistics are still discouraging-----13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pan- creas (胰腺) . With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they disoovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因) , are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radi- ation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a nor- mal part of the evoLutionary process , " says oncologist William Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out , "We can' t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays. " The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. "First , we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to deter- mine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at leasl part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action. " 63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__. A. predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade B. indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright C. prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years D. warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered 64. The author implies that bv the year 2000 ,__. A. there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients B. 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living C. the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers D. there won' t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients 65 . Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__. A. that are always in operation in a healthy person B. which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated C. that can be driven out of normal cells D. which normal cells can' t turn off 66 . The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__. A. dead B. ever-present C. inactive D. potential Passage 5 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inven- tions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and enor. Innovation is like soc- cer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions , professional innovators see as solid possibilities. "Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there' s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flexh, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient : "How come nobody thought of that before?" The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the av erage person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparentLy simplest route. The in- novator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph? A. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. B. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. C. A person who has had no education. D. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. 68 . According to the author , what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators? A. The variety of ideas they have. B. The intelligence they possess. C. The way they deal with problems. D. The way they present their findings. 69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__. A. Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity B. the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things . C. the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch' s point of view D. the quotation adds a new idea to the informatlon previously presented 70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__. A. diligent in pursuing their goals B. reluctant to follow common ways of doing things C. devoted to the progress of science D. concemed about the advance of society 翻译 According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71 ) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. " (73 )Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerhiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Gialileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglass- es . Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Govemment should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice ver- sa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 1995年真题及参考答案 完形填空 Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep . For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems--the self-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed. 41 . (A)Either (B)Ndther (C)Each tn)Any 42 . (A) intended ( B)required ( C) assumed ( D) inferred 43 . (A) subtle (B)obvious (C)mysterious (D)doubtful 44 . (A) maintained ( B) described (C)settled (D)afforded 45. (A)in the light (B)by virtue (C)with the exception (D)for the purpose 46 . (A) reduction ( B) destruction (C) deprivation (D) restriction 47. (A)upon (B)by (C)through (D)with 48. (A)paid attention to (B)caught sight of tc)laid emphasis on (D)cast light on 49 . (A) develop (B)produce (c)stimulate (D)induce 50. (A)if (B)as if (C)only if (D)if only 阅读理解 Passage l Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament gov- ern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive----advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants. 51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__. (A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising (B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming (C) advertising costs money like everything else (D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising 52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? (A) Securing greater fame. (C) Enhancing living standards. (B) Providing more jobs. (D) Reducing newspaper cost. 53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_. (A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising (B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention (C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information (D) obviously partial in his views on advertising 54. In the author's opinton,__. (A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing (B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over (C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer (D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisement Passage 2 There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept . In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making . 55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__. (A) he has given up his smoking habit (B) he has made great efforts in his work (C) he is keen on leaming anything new (D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey 56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__. (A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder (B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements (C) face difficulties and take up challenges (D) aim high and reach his goal each time 57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__. (A) a new approach to experiencing the world (C) a new method of perceiving ourselves (B) a new way of taking risks (D) a new system of adaptation to change 58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_. (A) curiosity about more chances ( C) open-mindedness to new experiences (B) promptness in self-adaptation (D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubts Passage 3 In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War ?. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned . Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming . Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people. 59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__. (A) the lack of stable communities (B) the breakdown of informal information channels (C) the increased mobility of families (D) the growing number of people moving from place to place 60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__. (A) they have to learn new things consciously (B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information (C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily (D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family. 61 . From the passage we can infer that__. (A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages (B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era (C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences (D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites 62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __. (A) it is necessary to obtain as much (B) people should make the best use of the information (C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information . (D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently Passage 4 Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! ' By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management . If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged. 63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__. (A) impatient ( B) considerate ( C) aggressive (D) agreeable 64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__. (A) the pressure is too great on the students (B) some students are bound to fail (C) failure rates are too high (D) the results of exarninations are doubtful 65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__. (A) candidates' sensitivity (C) competitive spirit (B) academic acbievements (D) surer values 66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__. (A) the personality of a child is well established at birth (B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics . (C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors (D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society Passage 5 That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences . Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. 67. From the evolutionary point of view,__. (A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive . (B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive (C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability (D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences 68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__. (A) he would survive best (C) his ability to learn would be enhanced (B) he would have a lot of trouble (D) the evolution of memory would stop 69. From the last paragraph we know that__. (A) forgetfulness is a response to learning (B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl (C) memory is a compensation for forgetting (D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs 70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__. (A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencing 翻译 The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user . All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 1996真题及参考答案 完形填空 Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements-usually carbon, hydrogen , oxygen , and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body. 48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well- balanced diet will usually meet all the body' s vitamin needs. 41. (A) either (B) so (C) nor (D) never 42. (A) shifting (B) transfening (C) altering (D) transforming 43. (A) any (B) some (C) anything (D) something 44. (A) serious (B) apparent (C) severe (D) fatal 45. (A) mostly (B) partially (C) sometimes (D) rarely 46. (A) in that (B) so that (C) such that (D) except that 47. (A) undertakes (B) holds (C) plays (D) performs 48. (A) Supplying (B) Getting (C) Providing (D) Furnishing 49. (A) exceptional (B) exceeding (C) excess (D) external 50. (A) nevertheless (B) therefore (C) moreover (D) meanwhile 阅读理解 Passage l Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get. "Psych- ology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things. You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served. Likewise, If you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services. This acoount of yourself is actuaLly a sketch of your working life and should include alucation, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.While talking to you,your could-be employer is deciding whether your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now. 51. What do the elders mean when they say, "It's not what yau want in this world, but what you get. "? (A) You'll certainly get what you want. (B) It's no use dreaming. (C) You should be dissatisfied with what you have. (D) It's essential to set a goal for yourself. 52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as__. (A) an illustration of how to write an application for a job (B) an indication of how to secure a good job (C) a guideline for job description (D) a principle for job evaluation 53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because __. (A) that is the first step to please the employer (B) that is the requirement of the employer (C) it enables him to know when to sell his services (D) it forces him to become clearly aware of himself 54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have some- thing__. (A) definite to offer (B) imaginary to provide (C) practical to supply (D) desirable to present Passage 2 With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport , comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs , education , religion , parliamentary coverage, children ' s pragrammes and films for an annual licence fee of 83 pounds per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years--yet the BBC' s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government , which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers--to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC' s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporation-of whom there are many---are fond of quoting the American slogan "If it ain't broke, don't fix it. " The BBC "ain' t broke" ,they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word 'broke' , meaning having no money) , so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels---TV and Channel 4-were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the anival of new satellite channels--funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term . 55 . The world famous BBC now faces__ . (A) the problem of new coverage (B) an uncertain prospect ( C) inquiries by the general public (D) shrinkage of audience 56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue? (A) Extension of its TV service to Far East. (B) Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate. (C) Potentials for further intemational co-operations. (D) Its existence as a broadcasting organization. 57. The BBC's "royal charter" (Llne 4, Paragraph 3) stands for__ (A) the financial support from the roval family (B) the privileges granted by the Queen (C) a contract with the Queen (D) a unique relationship with the royal family 58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than__ (A) the emergence of commercial TV channels (B) the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government (C) the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs (D) the challenge of new satellite channels Passage 3 In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other services to the taxpayers . The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America,Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabLed the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation . 59. It's true of the old family finns that__. (A) they were spoiled by the younger generations (B) they failed for lack of individual initiative (C) they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies (D) they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers 60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in__. (A) the separation of capital from management (B) the ownership of capital by managers (C) the emergence of capital and labour as two classes (D) the participation of shareholders in municipal business 61 . According to the passage, all of the following are true except that__. (A) the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers (B) the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers (C) the limited liability Qompanies were too large to run smoothly (D) the trade unions seemed to play a positive role 62. The author is most critical of___ . (A) family film owners (B) landowners ( C) managers (D) shareholders Passage 4 What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as the telegraph , the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country ' s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors ; and above all the American genius for nonverbal , "spatial"thinking about things technological . Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics ,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and invelltiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. " A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. "fhis approach,originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to thess fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinklng required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out , "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process . . . The designer and the inventor . . . are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist. " This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. " When all these shaping forces--schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic , emulation . Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. 63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to__ (A) elemental'y schools ( B) enthusiastic workers (C) the attractive premium system (D) a special way of thinking 64 . It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics__ (A) benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge (B) shed light on disciplined school management (C) was brought about by privileged home training (D) owed a lot to the technological development 65 . A technologist can be compared to an artist because __ (A) they are both winners of awards (B) they are both experts in spatial thinking (C) they both abandon verbal description (D) they both use various instruments 66. The best title for this passage might be__ (A) Inventive Mind (B) Effective Schooling (B) Ways of Thinking (D) Outpouring of Inventions Passage 5 Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher ' s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology , geology , and biology have provided a consistent , unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are eivel, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At ap- propriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist wiU be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself. "And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creation- ism/evolution debate . 67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to__ (A) evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe (B) a notion of the creation of religion (C) the scientific explanation of the earth formation (D) the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe 68. Kitcher's book is intended to __. (A) recommend the views of the evolutionists (B) expose the true features of creationists (C) curse bitterly at this opponents (D) launch a surprise attack on creationists 69 From the passage we can infer that__ (A) reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate (B) creationists do not base their argument on reasoning (C) evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists (D) creationism is supported by scientific findings 70. This passage appears to be a digest of__ (A) a book review (B) a scientific paper (C) a magazine feature (D) a newspaper editorial 翻译 The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71 )Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , however , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scien- tific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become con- fused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 1997真题及参考答案 完形填空 Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee. 41. A)swarm B)stride C)separate D)slip 42. A)For B)Because C)As D)Since 43. A)from B)in C)on D)by 44. A)Even though B)Now that C)If only D)Provided that 45. A)durable B)disposable C)available D)transferable 46. A)approach B)flow C)fashion D)trend 47. A)instantly B)reversely C)fundamentally D)sufficiently 48. A)but B)while C)and D)whereas 49. A)imposed B)restricted C)illustrated D)confined 50. A)excitement B)conviction C)enthusiasm D)importance 阅读理解 Passage 1 It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.” The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says. 51.From the second paragraph we learn that _____ . A)the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries B)physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia C)changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law D)it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage 52.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means _____. A)observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia B)similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries C)observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes D)the effecttaking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 53.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will _____. A)face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia B)experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient C)have an intense fear of terrible suffering D)undergo a cooling off period of seven days 54.The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of _____. A)opposition B)suspicion C)approval D)indifference Passage 2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and illmannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meant that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 55.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____. A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US B)small minded officials deserve a serious comment C)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors D)most Americans are ready to offer help 56.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____. A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship B)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated C)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends D)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 57.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____. A)to improve their hard life B)in view of their long distance travel C)to add some flavor to their own daily life D)out of a charitable impulse 58.The tradition of hospitality to strangers _____. A)tends to be superficial and artificial B)is generally well kept up in the United States C)is always understood properly D)was something to do with the busy tourist trails Passage 3 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mindmanifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness. 59.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that _____. A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used B)“drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers C)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine D)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 60.The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean _____. A)widespread B)overwhelming C)piercing D)fashionable 61Physical dependence on certain substances results from _____. A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time B)exclusive use of them for social purposes C)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases D)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 62.From the last paragraph we can infer that _____. A)stimulants function positively on the mind B)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health C)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances D)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups Passage 4 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a selfexamination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.” Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society's ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.” 63.Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _____. A)its raising of the corporate stock price B)its selfexamination of soul C)its neglect of social responsibility D)its emphasis on creative freedom 64.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A)Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. B)Gerald Levin is liable to compromise. C)Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate. D)Stever Ross is no longer alive 65.In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman _____. A)stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression B)softened his tone and adopted some new policy C)changed his attitude and yielded to objection D)received more support from the 15member board 66.The best title for this passage could be _____. A)A Company under Fire B)A Debate on Moral Decline C)A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture D)A Form of Creative Freedom Passage 5 Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. 67.From the passage we learn that _____. A)there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates B)economy will always follow certain models C)the economic situation is better than expected D)economists had foreseen the present economic situation 68.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A)Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car B)An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation C)A high unemployment rate will result from inflation D)Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy 69.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that _____. A)the low inflation rate will last for some time B)the inflation rate will soon rise C)the inflation will disappear quickly D)there is no inflation at present 70.The passage shows that the author is _____ the present situation. A)critical of B)puzzled by C)disappointed at D)amazed at 翻译 Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, groundclearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 解析部分 1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Close Test 一、文章结构分析 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在一位现代作家眼中，2001年的世界将会变成什么样子。 第一段是文章的引子部分，引出“预测未来世界”的话题。??句先让步指出，没有人能够确信未来的世界是什么样子;以前有过许多描述未来的书。?至?句转折后引出了一个特例，即一位法国小说家在其作品中准确地预测了未来，他的作品对当代年轻人仍然有吸引力。 第二段(?句)是过渡段，转入这位作家对2001年未来人类生活的具体描述。 第三至九段分别从不同侧面阐述这位作家对未来的预测:第三至六段列举了家庭生活设施的变化;第七段介绍了与工作相关的变化;第八段指出休闲方式的变化;第九段介绍了出国旅行和教育的变化。 二、试题具体分析 1. [A] in [B] of [C] about [D] for 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+介词辨析 [快速解题]空格处填入的介词与books…the future搭配，意为“…未来的书”。选项中的介词都可与the future构成介宾搭配，但符合上下文语义的只有about。它带入文中，意为“关于未来，(人们)写过很多书”。其他项的搭配in the future“今后”，of the future“未来的”，for the future“为了将来”代入文中均无法说通，应排除。 [篇章分析]??句引出全文要论述的话题:书中关于2001年的世界的描述。?句的主干结构为No one knows，what引导宾语从句。 [空格设置]本题考查介词about表示“关于，对于”的用法，例句:I?ve read about the incident.关于这一事件的情况我读到过。 [干扰项设置]其他项均为常用介词，含义和用法都非常丰富，考生需要正确理解上下文语义才能排除干扰。 2. [A] sense感觉;理解;意义 [B]meaning 意义;价值 [C]detail细节;详情 [D]implication 影响;含意;牵连 本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配+名词辨析 [快速解题] in the … sense of是固定短语，意为“从…的意义上讲”，文中空格所在部分意为“从‘未来学家’这个词语最为 完整的意义上讲”，符合文意。其他项代入后均不符合逻辑，所以排除。 [篇章分析] ?句与??句是转折关系，??句指出没有人能够准确预测未来是什么样子，?句提出特例——法国小说家儒勒?凡尔纳在其作品中准确描述了未来的世界。 [空格设置] ?句是一个简单句，固定搭配in …sense of the word是该句的唯一难点。例句如:He was a true friend, in every sense of the word.无论从哪个角度讲，他都是个真正的朋友。 [干扰项设置]其他项都是抽象名词，且都有与sense相近的含义，其中implication难度较大，例句:They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions.他们没有考虑到他们的行动会产生更广泛的影响。He criticized the Director and, by implication, the whole of the organization.他抨击主管，其实是间接批评了整个机构。He resigned after his implication in a scandal.他在涉及一桩丑闻之后辞职了。 3. ,A, for ,B, of ,C, on ,D, towards 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+介词搭配 [快速解题]空格所在部分为have a great attraction 3 young readers，空格处填入的介词引出“吸引”的对象，这部分的含义为:对年轻读者有强烈的吸引力。have attraction for sb 是固定搭配，意为“对…有吸引力”，因此[A]为正确选项。 [篇章分析]?句与??句是解说关系，?句指出儒勒?凡尔纳是一位未来学家，??句揭示了这样说的原因。 [空格设置]本题考查了名词与介词的搭配用法，for的用法很多，需要考生正确理解上下文语义作出正确判断。 [干扰项设置]其他项都是常用介词，其中of也常与attraction进行搭配，意为“…的吸引力”，如:I can?t see the attraction of sitting on the beach all day.我看不出整天坐在海滩上有什么乐趣。towards可表示“对，对于”，但常指对……的态度，如:He was warm and tender towards her.他对她既热情又温柔。our attitude towards death我们对死亡的态度。 4.,A,today(在)今天;当今 ,B,nowadays现今，现在 ,C,present-day现代的 ,D,present现存的，当前的 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义+词汇辨析 [快速解题]空格处填入的词做定语，修饰writer，意为“…作家”。首先从语义上排除present，它指现在存在或发生的，它修饰“作家”语义不通。从语法结构上说，today与nowadays表示“当今，现今”含义时是副词，都不能作定语修饰名词，应排除。present-day代入文中意为“现代作家”，符合文意，所以选[A]。 [篇章分析]?句单句成段，由上文前人对未来的预测过渡到下文介绍一位现代作家对未来的具体描述。句间存在总分关系，?句总起，下文?句至文末分述。 [空格设置]本题既考查了基本的语法知识，也考查了考生对于文意的理解。 [干扰项设置]其他项都是简单词，在词义和用法上对present-day进行干扰。present例句:in the present situation/case在当前形势/情况下;the present owner of the house现在的房主。 5.,A,near接近，靠近 ,B,nearby附近的，在附近 ,C,nearly几乎，将近 ,D,nearer更近的 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义+词义辨析 [快速解题]空格所在部分at the 5 shops意为“在…的商店”。首先在语法搭配上排除副词nearly;near做形容词表示“距离近”时通常不用于名词前;文中也没有涉及距离远近的比较，排除nearer。因此本题正确选项为[B]，文中nearby shops意为“附近的商店”。 [篇章分析]?句的主干为Television will provide，宾语是as well as 连接的平行结构，information与news and entertainment 都是电视提供的内容。 [选项设置]本题比较简单，考查了nearby做形容词的用法。 [干扰项设置]其他项都是由near派生出来的词，在词形和词义上都与near有相近之处，考生要理解句意并掌握词的用法，排除干扰。 6.,A,noise噪音 ,B,sound声音 ,C,tone语气，强调 ,D,tune曲调，曲子 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+名词辨析 [快速解题]空格所在部分为pictures as well as 6 并列结构，as well as表明空格处填入的名词与pictures相对，即“……和 声音”。四个选项中，只有sound泛指各种声音，能与pictures相对，且符合文意，其他项都不是文中所要表达的内容，应排除。 [篇章分析]??句是并列关系，分别介绍了电视与电话的发展。as well as 的运用也使两个句子在形式上实现了相互照应。 [空格设置]本题较为简单，考查了sound的基本用法，但需要考生理解上下文做出选择。 [干扰项设置]其他项利用其他表示“声音”的名词对sound进行干扰，比较容易排除。 7.,A,(take) to逃往，躲到;养成…习惯;培养…能力;开始喜欢 ,B,(take) away解除，消除(感情、痛苦等) ,C,(take) off(诙谐地)模仿(某人);换下(某人);脱下;休假;取消;剪掉，截去 ,D,(take) over接替，接任，接管;(通过购买股份)接收 本题考核的知识点是:短语动词。 [快速解题]空格所在部分robots will take 7 most jobs，意为“机器人将会…大部分工作”。四个选项与take搭配符合文意的只有take over，意为“机器人将接管大部分工作”，所以选[D]。 [篇章分析]第七段描述人们工作方面将发生的变化，段内四个短句(12—15句)之间是并列关系，分别讲述了四种变化。 ?? [空格设置]本题考查动词短语take over的用法。例句:to take over the foreign-owned oil fields接收外资油田;The firm has been taken over by an American conglomerate. 该公司已被一家美国企业集团接管。 [干扰项设置]其他项都是脱离上下文，利用take的常用搭配设置的干扰。例句:I?ve taken to waking up very early.我已形成习惯，醒得很早。He hasn?t taken to his new school.他对新学校还没产生兴趣。I was given some pills to take away the pain.我得到了一些止痛药片。He was taken off after 20 minutes.20分钟后他被替换下场。take a few days off休息几天;The show was taken off because of poor audience figures.该剧目因不卖座而停演了。 8.,A,than比(表比较) ,B,as如同(表比较);随着(表时间) ,C,when当…的时候(表时间) ,D,while而(表比较);尽管(表让步) 本题考核的知识点是:句内逻辑关系 [快速解题]空格所在句为More people will eat out in restaurants 8 they do today，其中more people will与they do today明显表示出了空格处填入的词表示当今与未来的比较。more…than…是固定搭配，表示“与…相比，更多…”，代入文中意为“与现今相比，人们将更多地外出去餐馆就餐”，符合句子的语义要求。when一般不表示比较，首先排除。as表比较时常用as…as…结构，意为“像……一样”，强调两者的一致性。while强调两事物的对比，意为“…然而”，也不与more搭配使用，应排除。 [篇章分析] 16句是第八段的主旨句，指出人们在休闲生活方面将发生变化。17句讲娱乐，18——20讲饮食，这两部分????之间是并列关系。 [空格设置]本题借助表示比较关系的关联词than考查了考生对句子内部逻辑关系的理解。 [干扰项设置]其他项都是常用的表示逻辑关系的词，也是知识运用的常考点，需要掌握。 9.,A,usual通常的，寻常的 ,B,popular受欢迎的，大众的 ,C,daily每日的，日常的 ,D,regular有规律的，经常发生的 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+形容词辨析 [快速解题]空格所在的20句仍然在预测饮食上的变化，空格处填入的形容词应该能体现出当今与未来的对比。四个选项中，? 只有regular“经常出现”能够反应这种对比，强调了synthetic foods合成食品的普及。usual，popular与daily都不能体现这种比较，应排除。 [空格设置]regular的含义和用法都很丰富，考生要根据上下文作出正确选择。 [干扰项设置]其他项在用法上都说得通，干扰性较强，其中usual与daily还对regular形成近义干扰，需要辨清词义和理解上下文才能排除干扰。 10. ,A,add增加，添加 ,B,increase增长，增多 ,C,raise提升，举起;增加，提高 ,D,arise产生，出现，(由……)引起 本题考核的知识点是:动词辨析 [快速解题]空格所在部分Foreign travel will 10 意为“国外旅行将…”。由生活常识判断，国外旅游在当时已经产生，不可能到2001年才出现，所以排除arise。由其他三项可知，文中强调的是国外旅行的增多，add与raise表示这一含义时为及物动词，不符合文中语法结构，且add的内涵是“(在原来的基础上)增多”，本身含义也不符合，因此正确选项为[B]increase。 [空格设置]increase本身是一个简单词，此题着重考查考生对动词的及物性这一基本语法知识的掌握。 [干扰项设置]其他项add与raise对increase形成同义干扰，而arise又是利用与raise形近设置的另一个层面上的干扰，需要考生利用常识与基本语法知识排除干扰。例句:Shall I add your name to the list?我可以把你的名字写进名单吗,Several new industries arose in the town.城里出现了好几种新行业。injuries arising out of road accident道路交通事故造成的伤害。to raise salaries/public awareness of the issue提高薪水/公众对这个问题的注意。 三、全文翻译 没有人确切地知道2001年世界会是什么样子。关于未来，(人们)已经写过很多书。但是19世纪的法国小说家儒勒?凡尔纳可以完全被称作一位“未来学家”。在他的幻想小说《环绕月球》和《八十天环游地球》中，他对飞机甚至是直升机都做了详细的描述。由于其大胆的想象力和科学的准确性，这些小说对今天的年轻读者仍然具有很强的吸引力。 下面是一位现代作家对“2001年我们的生活将会是什么样子”所做预言的描述。 在2001年，你可以设定家中的灶具，只要按一个开关就能烹制出一整顿美餐。 电视不仅播出新闻和娱乐节目，还将提供附近商店的价格信息。可视电话使电话交谈不仅有声音，而且有图像。 温度、照明、娱乐、安全警报、洗衣和园艺将全部由机器控制。 灯光不仅可以作为装饰，还将作为墙纸。 工作中，机器人将接管制造业中的大部分工作;工作时间将降至每周低于30个小时;假期将延长:标准的年假将达到六周;男性和女性将在同一年龄退休。 我们的闲暇也将变得不同:通过电视和电子游戏，家庭将变成娱乐的中心;与现今相比，人们将更多地外出去餐馆就餐;人们也将有更为广泛的食物种类可供选择;人们的口味将改变，趋向于更加美味的菜肴;新的合成食品将构成人们常规饮食的一部分。 出国旅行将增多;冬季假期将比夏季假期更受欢迎。从英国到澳大利亚及新西兰的直达航班也将很容易就能搭乘，并且会便宜很多。教育也将比以往任何时候都越来越重要。 词汇补充:savoury a. 咸味的;香的，美味的 Section II Reading Comprehension 一、词汇 1(shuttle n. 返汽车(列车，飞机);航天飞机，航天器 2(release v. 放出，释放 3.probe n. 探测 4.phase n. 阶段 5.density n. 密度 6.approximately ad. 大概，大约 7.stuff n. 材料，东西 8.passes for被当成 9.sulfuric a. 硫的 10. acid n. 酸性物质，酸 11. axis n. 轴(线) 12.leisurely ad. 慢慢地，悠然地 二、长难句 1. In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. 该句主干为space shuttle “Atlantis” released … the space probe “Megallan”，which引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰先行词the space probe “Megallan”。 翻译:1989年5月，“亚特兰蒂斯”号航天飞机将“麦哲伦”号金星探测器释放到外太空，使其开始了前往金星、航行时间十五个月、距离十亿公里的外太空航行。 2. Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth?s: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO) that passes for air is a 2 layer of clouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (HSO). 24 冒号前的句子是倒装句，正常语序为an atmospheric pressure … is added to that，冒号后的部分对也是倒装句，正常语序为a layer of clouds … high overhead in the carbon dioxide。That和whose引导的定语从句分别修饰先行词the carbon dioxide (CO)和a 2layer of clouds。 翻译:此外，其气压约为地球的90倍:高空中被看作是空气的二氧化碳形成了一层厚约10到20 公里的浓云，而浓云的主要成分为硫酸。 三、文章结构分析 本文是一篇有关金星和地球之间物理特性异同的说明文。文章主要从体积、密度、构成物质、大气成分、与太阳间的距离、行星表面温度、气压、空气成分、储水量以及太阳热量吸收和散发方式等方面对二者进行了比较。 第一段:由“麦哲伦”号的升空引入探索金星的话题。 第二段:阐述了金星与地球在体积、密度、构成物质、大气成分、与太阳间的距离等方面的相似之处。 第三段:从行星表面温度、气压、空气成分、储水量等方面探讨了金星与地球之间的差异。 第四段:指出研究金星的目的在于更好地了解地球，并说明能够实现该目的的原因。 四、试题具体分析 11. Venus is similar to Earth in ________. 11. 金星和地球在_______上是相近的。 [A] size and density [A] 体积和密度 [B] distance from the sun [B] 同太阳之间的距离 [C] having atmosphere [C] 拥有大气层 [D] all of the above [D] 以上所有方面 [分析]本题考查的知识点是:具体细节。 文章第二段主要阐述了金星和地球的相似之处。???句分别指出，太阳系中金星是在体积上唯一与地球接近的行星;金星的密度也与地球相近，且金星上也有大气;在同太阳之间的距离上，地球和金星也是接近的。即，二者在体积和密度、同太阳之间的距离和是否拥有大气层方面都是相似的，故[D]选项正确。 [A]、[B]、[C]选项都只片面地概括了二者相似点中的一个方面。 12. The greatest value in studying Venus should be to 12. 研究金星最大的价值应在于________. ________. [A] allow us to visit there [A] 使我们能够游览金星 [B] understand Earth better [B] 更好地了解地球 [C] find a new source of energy [C] 找到新的能量来源 [D] promote a new space program [D] 推出一个新的太空 [分析]本题考查的知识点是:推理引申。 文章第四段?句指出:由于金星所有的极端特性，对于研究地球天气和气候的人们来说它是很重要的实验室。[B]选项是对该句的概括，故正确。 [A]、[C]选项无中生有，文中并未谈及去金星旅游以及探查新的能量来源的话题。[D]选项是利用原文词汇a new phase, space exploration编造的干扰项，对金星的研究的目的却不是为了推出一个新的太空计划。 13. The main idea of this passage is about ________. 13. 本文的主旨是关于________。 [A] problems of space travel [A] 太空旅行的问题 [B] scientific methods in space exploration [B] 太空探索的科学方案 [C] the importance of Venus to Earth [C] 金星对地球的重要性 [D] conditions on Venus [D] 金星上的环境 [分析]本题考查的知识点是:文章主旨。 文章第一段引出金星探测的话题。第二、三段指出了金星和地球在物理特性方面的异同。第四段指出了研究金星的目的。 可见，文章谈及金星同地球之间的异同为了说明其对地球的重要性，故[C]选项正确。 [A]、[B]选项分别是利用第一段词汇space和 space exploration设置的干扰项，文章并未涉及太空旅行的问题和太空发开的科学方案。[D]选项太窄，只是对文章第二、三段的概括，不足以概括全文。 五、全文翻译 1989年5月，“亚特兰蒂斯”号航天飞机将“麦哲伦”号金星探测器释放到外太空，使其开始了前往金星、航行时间十五个月、距离十亿公里的外太空航行。太空探测领域的一个新阶段开始了。 金星只比地球稍小点，事实上，它是太阳系里在体积上唯一与地球接近的行星。金星的密度同地球相似，因此，两者很可能几乎由同种物质构成，而且金星上也有大气层和云层。它也是离地球最近的行星，因而，两者同太阳的距离也是最接近的。简而言之，金星似乎证明了其长久以来的昵称——“地球的孪生姊妹”——是实至名归的。 金星表面温度可达到华氏900 度。此外，其气压约为地球的90倍:高空中被看作是空气的二氧化碳形成了一层厚约10到20 公里的浓云，而浓云的主要成分为硫酸。在金星上液态的水几乎是不存在的。 金星天生就与地球有如此之多的基本相似之处，那金星会怎么与地球貌合神离呢:这不仅仅是一种理论上的问题。由于其所有的极端特性，对于研究地球天气和气候的人们来说金星是很重要的实验室。在金星上找不到地球上的海洋，所以热交换和其他作用过程被大量简化了。另外，金星的自转周期为243个地球日，所以它可以源源不断地吸收来自太阳的热量并以一种更加缓慢且可观察到的的方式散发出去。 Text 2 一、词汇 1(avenue n. 林荫道，大街 2(chief n. 首领 3(parading a. 游行的 4(procession n. 队伍，行列 5(slogan n. 标语,口号 6(demonstrate v. 示威 7(province n.(单数，正式)知识(或兴趣、职责)范围，领域 8(bargaining n. 议价,交易 9(go into business从商、经商 10(bre1akthrough n. 突破 二、长难句 1. Italy?s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome. 该句主干为“be said+不定式完成式”的结构:Italy?s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been puzzled to see…，不定式的核心结构be puzzled to see sth，第一个that引导的宾语从句做see的宾语，该从句中又嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰名词procession。 翻译:据说，当看到这个由200,000名妇女组成的游行队伍跟在这拖拉机后面竟用了三个多小时才蛇行穿过罗马市中心时，意大利的政治领袖们和该国一些男性联盟主席感到更困惑。 2. The employment of women is expanding considerably in services, next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace. 该句的主干The employment of women is expanding，介词短语in services做状语，表示“在服务行业”。形容词短语next to …做后置定语，修饰名词services，相当于一个定语从句which is next to … as their principal workplace，意为“作为她们(女性)的主要工作领域仅次于……”。 翻译:服务行业的女性员工的人数正大幅攀升，仅低于公共管理和商业领域内女性员工的数目。 3. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman. 该句的主干为It is also a fact that …，其中it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。该主语从句是个主从复合句，其中so that引导结果状语从句。该状语从句的主干结构为banks and other financial institutes make judgments，介词短语without caring …做状语。If引导的从句做caring的逻辑宾语。 翻译:事实上，现今许多针对女性的歧视也消失了，银行和其他的金融机构的判断完全是基于商业目的而不关心其员工的 性别。 三、文章结构分析 本文主要介绍了意大利女性就业状况的变化。文章主要采用了列数字，举例子等论证方法。 第一、二段:通过对示威游行画面的描述引出文章论述的话题:意大利的女性正在争取更多的工作机会以及工作性质的改变。 第三、四段:通过数据指出虽然女性在工作机会上虽仍处于劣势，但状况却在不断的改善， 第五段:总结全文，强调女性的就业状况仍不尽人意，需要改革突破。 四、试题具体分析 14. The expression “snake through central Rome” probably 14. “snake through central Rome”表达的含义可能是________。 means “to move ________. [A] quietly through central Rome.” [A] 安静地穿过罗马市中心 [B] violently through central Rome.” [B] 狂怒地穿过罗马市中心 [C] in a long winding line through central Rome.” [C] 以漫长而曲折的路线穿过罗马市中心 [D] at a leisurely pace through central Rome.” [D] 闲庭信步般穿过罗马市中心 [分析]本题考查的知识点是:根据上下文推测词义。 动词snake的意思是由其名词释义 “蛇”的生理特性演变而来，意为to move like a snake, in a long twisting curves，即“曲折前行，蛇行”。[C]选项中的in a long winding line 对应 in a long twisting curves，故正确。 [A]、[D]选项分别错在quietly和at a leisurely pace。由第二段第一句可知，这20万人的游行队伍是喊着口号、挥动着旗子还踏着鼓点穿过罗马市中心的，因此不可能是“安静的”或“闲庭信步的”。文中并未指出游行队伍同任何机构或团体产生冲突，因此谈不上是violently，故排除[B]选项。 15. Which of the following statements is NOT true? 15. 下列哪一项说法是不正确的, [A] There are more women than men in Italy. [A] 在意大利女性人数要多于男性。 [B] In Italy, women are chiefly employed in services. [B] 在意大利，女性主要从事服务行业。 [C] In Italy, women are still at a disadvantage in employment. [C] 在意大利，女性在就业方面仍处于劣势。 [D] In Italy, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men. [D] 在意大利，大约三分之二的工作被男性把持着。 [分析] 本题考查的知识点是:事实细节。 文章第三段?句指出，服务行业的女性员工的人数正大幅攀升，仅低于公共管理和商业领域内女性员工数目。可知，在意大利，女性员工数目最多的三个领域分别是公共管理、商业、服务业，即服务行业的女性员工的数目排在第三位。故[B]选项错误。 文章第三段?句指出，在意大利，女性人口占全国总人口的52%但却只占意大利工人总数的35%。可知，在意大利女性确实要比男性多但全国三分之二的工作被男性把持着。第五段?句指出，虽然女性就业情况得到了改善但状况还远不尽人意，即，在意大利女性在就业方面仍处于劣势。故[A]、[C]、[D]都是正确的。 16. About 200,000 women in Rome demonstrated for 16.约200，000名在罗马示威争取________。 ________. [A] more job opportunities [A] 更多的工作机会 [B] a greater variety of jobs [B] 更多类型的工作 [C] “equal job, equal pay” [C]“同工同酬” [D] both A and B [D] [A]和[B]选项的内容 [分析] 本题考查的知识点是:具体细节。 文章第二段?句指出了20万女性从全国各地聚集到意大利首都，他们示威的口号是“人人有工作，工作多样化，以及社会无暴力。”即她们争取的是更多的工作机会、更多类型的工作以及一个没有暴力的社会。[D]选项是对示威口号前两句的概括，故正确。 [A]、[B]选项都只概括了示威口号的一部分。[C]选项无中生有，“同工同酬”并非是这次示威的口号。 17. The best title for this passage would be ________. 17. 本文最好的标题是______。 [A] The Role of Women in Society [A] 女性在社会中的作用 [B] Women Demonstrate for Equality in Employment [B] 女性争取就业平等 [C] Women as Self-employed Professionals [C] 作为自由职业者的女性们 [D] Women and the Jobs Market [D] 女性与工作市场 [分析]本题考查的知识点是:文章主旨。 文章前两段指出了意大利20万女性的示威游行活动，目的是要争取更多的工作机会、工作性质的改变以及一个没有暴力的社会。第三、四段通过数据指出了虽然女性在工作机会上处于劣势，但状况却在不断的改善。第五段总结全文，指出女性的就业状况虽有所改善，但结果却不尽人意，仍需要改革突破。可见，全文主要是围绕意大利女性争取就业平等而展开的，故[B]选项正确。 [A]选项无中生有。文章只涉及了意大利女性就业情况的变化并未涉及其在社会中的作用。[C]是根据原文词汇self-employment和professions编造的干扰项。[D]选项无中生有。文章并未谈及工作市场，故可排除。 五、全文翻译 当看到一个女人驾着一辆橙色的巨型拖拉机沿着罗马的一条主街行驶时，游客们都感到很诧异。据说，当看到这个由200,000名妇女组成的游行队伍跟在这拖拉机后面竟用了三个多小时才蛇行穿过罗马市中心时，意大利的政治领袖们和该国一些男性联盟主席感到更困惑。 这些喊着口号，挥动着旗子还踏着鼓点前行的女性是从意大利各地聚集到首都的，她们游行示威以争取“人人有工作，工作多样化，以及社会无暴力。”到目前为止，提高妇女的就业机会已成为企业劳资谈判的话题。一位在政府资助的“劳工专业培训发展机构”中女性劳工部门工作的研究人员表示“光是认识上的不断提高还是不够的。” 如今，女性人口占了意大利人口总数的52%，却只占全国工人总数的35%，占意大利就业总人数的33%。但是，女性员工的人数却不断上升。服务行业的女性员工的人数正大幅攀升，仅低于公共管理和商业领域内女性员工的数目。官方数据也表明了自主经营的女性人数也有了大幅的上升。越来越多的女性正在开创自己的事业。许多年轻的女性开始进入工商企业，因为这个领域雇佣人数越来越多。事实上，现今许多针对女性的歧视也消失了，银行和其他的金融机构的判断完全是基于商业目的而不关心其员工的性别。 这种变化也正发生在专业领域里。女医生、女牙医、女律师、女工程师和女教授的数量增加了两到三倍。一些变化是立竿见影的。例如，女性第一次出现在了国家警察、铁路工人和街道清洁人员的行列之中。 然而，女性的就业状况虽有所改善但还远不尽人意。如今仍需要在女性就业机会平等方面取得突破性的进展。 一、词汇 1(subjected to容易遭受 2(unfounded a. 无理由的 3(follow up跟踪,监督 4(drop out退学 5(patent n. 专利权,专利品 6(comparative a. 比较的,相当的 7(promise n. 获得成功的迹象 二、长难句 1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. 该句的主干为The old idea that …is unfounded，其中that引导的从句做主语名词The old idea的同位语。该从句的主干为talented children “burn themselves out” … and are subjected to failure and … mental illness。 翻译:聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”从而变得一事无成甚至患有精神疾病，这种旧有的说法是没有根据的。 2. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults. 该句的主干为the outstanding thing that … is that …。第一个that引导定语从句，修饰主语名词the outstanding thing，第二个that引导表语从句。 翻译:事实上，聪明的孩子的杰出之处在于他们很可能在成年后还是很聪明的。 3. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth. 该句主干为Average income was considerably higher … than (that) for the country as a whole，短语among the gifted people, especially the men和 for the country as a whole是相比较的范围。介词短语despite …做让步状语。 翻译:这群天资禀赋之人，尤其是其中的男人，虽然比较年轻，但与全国其他人相比，他们的平均收入却高得多。 三、文章结构分析 本文是一篇先驳后立的文章，批驳了天才儿童在年少时就“江郎才尽”的说法，指出聪明的孩子在成年后仍然是很有才华的。 第一段:开篇驳斥有关天才儿童早期才尽的旧有说法，并提出新的观点，即聪明的孩子成年后仍然很聪明。 第二至六段:用实验结果证明了表明了绝大多数的天儿童成年后仍取得了很大的成就，从而证明了作者观点的正确性。 第七段:总结全文，重申文章主旨:大多数天才儿童都能将其年少时的梦想变为现实。 四、试题具体分析 18. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in 18. 聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽“这种旧有的说法______。 the early years is ________. [A] true in all senses [A] 在任何意义上来说都是正确的 [B] refuted by the author [B] 被作者驳斥了 [C] medically proven [C] 是有医学根据的 [D] a belief of the author [D] 是作者的一种信仰 [分析]本题考查的知识点是:文章主旨。 作者开篇表明自己的观点:聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”从而变得一事无成甚至变得精神失常，这种旧有的说法是没有根据的。并在下文通过对1500名天才的检测调查证明了该观点的正确性。unfounded即表明作者是否定这种说法的，故[B]选项正确。 [A]选项反向干扰。[C]选项反向干扰，文章开篇即指出聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”的说法是没有根据的。[D]选项反向干扰，根据上面的分析可知作者是批驳这种说法的，因此其不可能是作者的信仰，故排除。 19. The survey of bright children was made to ________. 19. 对聪明的孩子进行调查是为了________. [A] find out what had happened to talented children when they [A] 查明这些有天赋的孩子成年后的状况如何 became adults [B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early [B] 证明聪明的孩子年少时就会“江郎才尽” years [C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted [C] 得到这些天才儿童中患精神疾病的人的比例 [D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out [D] 证明天才儿童永远都不会“江郎才尽” [分析]本题考查的知识点是:写作目的。 文章第二至五段详述了对1500名天才儿童进行跟踪检测，得到他们成年后在生活、学习、工作、成就和薪酬等方面的具体 情况，从而证明聪明的孩子很可能在成年后还是很聪明的。可知，调查的直接目的就是为了查明天才儿童成年之后的状况如何，故[A]选项正确。 [B]选项反向干扰。作者在第一段就驳斥了这种说法，引用实验的目的是为了证明这种说法的错误性。[C]选项是根据原文词汇gifted, mental illness , percentage编造的干扰项，且文章第三段?句(They were,„ in good health, physically and mentally.)也否定了这一说法。[D]选项过于绝对且无法推知。实验并没有指出所有的天才儿童长大之后都会很有才华，另外对实验对象的跟踪测试一直进行到他们35岁为止，因此对于天资禀赋之人35岁后的情况无法推知。 20. Intelligence tests showed that ________. 20. 智力测试表明_______。 [A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy [A] 聪明的孩子是不可能精神正常的 [B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss [B] 从孩提到成年智力丧失很严重的 of intelligence [C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults [C] 天才儿童成年后最可能成为有才华的人 [D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores [D] 当天才儿童成年后很难取得成就 [分析]本题考查的知识点是:具体细节。 根据关键词定位到文章第三段。该段?句指出，在成人智力测试上，孩提时智商很高的人在成年后同样会取得很高的分数。紧接着在下文指出这些孩子成年后在生活，学习，工作以及所取得的成就等方面也是十分突出的。由此可知，智力测试表明了天才儿童成年后也最可能成为有才华的人，[C]选项正确。 [A]选项反向干扰。智力测试无法对精神状态进行测试，且第三段?句指出了这些孩子成年后身心状况都是良好的。文章主要论述了天才儿童在成年之后仍然是很有才华的，因此他们从孩提到成年智力并没有丧失而且他们也是很有成就的，故可排除[B]、[D]选项。 五、全文翻译 聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”从而变得一事无成甚至患有精神疾病，这种旧有的说法是没有根据的。事实上，聪明的孩子的杰出之处在于他们很可能在成年后还是很聪明的。 为了验证这一结论，实验跟踪监测了1,500名有天赋的人，这个实验一直进行到他们35岁为止，结果发现: 在成人智力测试上，他们的得分同他们孩提时的得分一样高。作为一个群体，他们身心状况良好。在这个群体中，有84%的人已经结婚了而且似乎对自己的生活感到满意。 虽然只有30%的人是优秀毕业生，但大学毕业的人数约为70%。虽然有几个人曾中途退学，但是其中将近一半的人又重新返回了学校并毕业。其中男性中的80%的人在专业领域、企业管理或是半专业领域里从事工作。而其中仍为单身的女性也在办事处、企业或专业领域工作。 这群人已经编著了90本书并在科学、学术以及文学杂志上发表了1500篇文章以及拥有100多项专利权。 在现实生活中，他们也表现良好。这群天资禀赋之人，尤其是其中的男人，虽然比较年轻，但与全国其他人相比，他们的平均收入却高得多。 事实上，不足为奇，大多数的天才都会将其早年的迹象转化为现实。 Section III English-Chinese Translation 一、试题结构分析 本文先引出了关于人类的性格和行为是怎样形成的两种截然不同的理论。接着分别介绍了“天性”论和“培养”论的不同观点。最后举例说明了这两种理论的社会和政治影响。 二、试题具体解析 21. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句 [句子结构] 该句的主干为They want to explain …，why引导的从句做explain的宾语。 [词义确定]possess意为“拥有”;characteristic“特性，特征”;exhibit“呈现，展现”。 [翻译]他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。 22. 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句，宾语从句 [句子结构] 该句的主干为Those … believe that …，who引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰主语those，that引导的从句做believe的宾语。 [词义确定]side意为“一方”;conflict意为“冲突”;pattern意为“模式，式样”。 [翻译]在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。 23. 本题考核的知识点是:主语从句，插入语。 [句子结构] 该句的主干为That … is central to this theory，其中主语由that引导的从句担当，从句的主干为our environment has little to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior。 [词义确定]if anything意为“如果有什么的话”;have … to do with意为“与„有关”。 [翻译]这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 24. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句 [句子结构] 该句的主干为The behaviorists maintain that …，其中that引导宾语从句。 [词义确定]maintain意为“主张”;respond to意为“对...反应”。 [翻译]行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。 25. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句，后置定语 [句子结构] 该句的主干为Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that …，that引导宾语从句。从句的主干为we are born with a certain capacity，介词短语for learning和定语从句that is biologically determined都做后置定语，修饰名词capacity。 [词义确定]insist意为“坚持,强调”;capacity意为“能力”;determine意为“决定”。 [翻译]支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。 26. 本题考核的知识点是:多重从句的嵌套 [句子结构] 该句的特点是多重从句的嵌套。句子主干为Behaviorists suggest that …，that引导的从句做suggest的宾语。该从句的主干为the child … will experience greater intellectual development，其中who引导的定语从句(who is raised in an environment … responses)做后置定语，修饰主语名词the child。其中environment后又接有where引导的定语从句(where there are many stimuli …responses)修饰它。其中名词stimuli后又接有which引导的定语从句修饰它(which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses)。 [词义确定]raise意为“抚养”;stimuli意为“刺激”。 [翻译]行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。 27. 本题考核的知识点是:简单句 [句子结构] 该句为简单句，其主干为blacks often score below whites，介词短语on standardized intelligence tests做状语。 [词义确定]score意为“得分”;standardized意为“标准的”。 [翻译]在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。 28. 本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句，同位语从句，定语从句 [句子结构]该句的插入语in contrast表明它和上文之间的转折关系。句子的主干为Behaviorists say that …，that引导宾语从句。从句的主干为differences in scores are due to the fact that …，其中that引导的从句做the fact的同位语。该同位语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句that whites enjoy修饰名词advantages。 [词义确定]due to意为“因为”;deprive sb of sth意为“剥夺”;advantage意为“优势,有利条件”。 [翻译]相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。 三、全文翻译 很长时间以来人们一直想知道他们的性格和行为是怎样形成的。很难解释为什么一个人聪明，而另一个人愚笨或者为什么 一个人善于合作，而另一个人酷爱竞争。 当然，社会科学家对这几类问题极其感兴趣。(21)他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。对此还没有清晰的答案，但是关于这一点已经形成了两个不同的思想流派。正如人们所预计的，这两种思想方式是截然不同的。这一分歧通常被简称为“天性与培养”。 (22)在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。(23)这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 该理论的极致观点是:我们的行为是先天注定的，以至于我们几乎完全受本能的控制。 那些支持“培养”论的人，即提倡教育者，经常被称之为“行为主义者”。他们声称，在决定我们会有怎样的行为上，环境比生物决定的本能更重要。行为主义学家伯尔赫斯?弗雷德里克?斯金纳将人类看作其行为几乎完全受到环境影响的生物。(24)行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。 让我们检验一下这两种理论提出的对人类特点、智商的不同解释。(25)支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。不用说，他们不相信环境因素对基本上由先天决定的特点有很大影响。另外一方面，行为主义者认为我们的智商水平是经验的产物。(26)行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。 这两种理论的社会和政治影响是深刻的。(27)在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。这使得一些“天性”提倡者得出在生物学上黑人比白人低劣的观点。(28)相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。 大多数人认为这两种理论都未能充分解释人类的行为。 1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section ?Use of English 1.,A, turn ,B, adapt ,C, alter ,D, modify [解析]本题考核知识点:动词的搭配 本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to + 名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change one?s behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)适应，(使)适合(新情况)”。代入adapt之后，空格所在句大意为:他们(收音机评论员)努力去适应(电视机)这种新媒体的时候，遇到了一些技术方面的困难。[B]符合文义。 [A] turn to sb/sth意为ask help from“求助于”，如:I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。[C] Alter意为cause to change; make different; cause a transformation 改变，如:He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom. 他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。[D] Modify 意为to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective “(略微地)修改，更改，改进”，如:Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的观念和想象。 2. ,A, on ,B, at ,C, with ,D, behind [解析]本题考核知识点:介词辨析 [A]On可意为by means of sth, using sth通过，使用，借助于，如:on TV/the internet在电视/互联网上。代入文中，on radio指收音机评论员通过收音机工作，作状语修饰work., 既符合文义，又能构成搭配。[B]at、[C] with、 [D] behind构不成搭配。 3. ,A, experienced 有经验的 ,B, determined 有决心的 ,C, established 已经确立的，获确认的 ,D, accustomed 习惯于 [解析]本题考核知识点:固定搭配 四个选项中，只有accustomed 可以形成 be /become accustomed to doing sth的形式。如, My eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark.我的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。而且，空格所在句大意为“在广播电台工作时，评论员已经习惯了代表公众看实况”，[D]accustomed 既符合内容要求又符合语法结构的要求。 Experienced 后面介词一般用in. 如，He is very experienced in looking after animals. 他对于照看动物很有经验。Determined后面跟动词不定式。如，I am determined to succeed.我决心要获得成功。Established“已确立的，已获确认的”，一般放在名词前做定语，如they are an established company with good reputation.他们是一家地位稳固，信誉良好的公司。 4. ,A, efficiency ,B, technology ,C, art ,D, performance [解析] 本题考核知识点:上下文语义+ 名词意思辨析。 本句和下一句共同说明，评论员代替听众观看是一门技巧、本事。即，评论员必须擅长表达，同时还必须能够通过语言在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。art意为“技艺，技巧，本领”，符合文义。所以，[D]为正确选项。 Technology多指工业技术。 Efficiency指“效率”。Performance“演出，表现”。这三个词都和原文的意思不符。 5. ,A, Of ,B, For ,C,Above ,D, In [解析]本题考核知识点:固定用法。 四个选项中，[B]、[C]、[D]都可以和all 搭配，但意义不同。above all意为“above and beyond all other consideration首先，尤其是”，如: What a child should do, above all, is to do well in his studies. 小孩子该做的最重要的事是学好功课。for all意为 “尽管，虽然”，如:He never stopped trying for all his failures. 尽管失败, 但他从没放弃努力。In all 意为 “总共，总计”，如:He visited, in all, ten hospitals in China. 他在中国共参观了10家医院。 空格处填入的短语应体现空格所在句子与上文之间的逻辑关系。由于本句空格较多，可以先做完第6和7题，再回来做5题。上文提到，代替听众观看要求评论员必须擅长表达。本句指出，评论员必须能够通过语言在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。根据含义选择[C]。从泛泛的“擅长表达”到具体的“通过语言在观众脑海里生成一系列图像”。 6. ,A, inspire 激起，鼓舞，激励 ,B, create 产生，生成 ,C, cause 引起，导致 ,D, perceive 注意到，领悟到 [解析] 本题考核知识点:动词词义辨析。 空格处填入动词，其主语是he(the commentator)，宾语是visual images，所在句子的大意为:评论员必须能够……一系列连续的图片。 [A]inspire 意为to make sb have a particular feeling or react in a particular way“使(某人)产生(某种感情或反应);激起”，如:Gandhi?s quiet dignity inspired respect even among his enemies.甘地沉静威严的气质使他的敌人都肃然起敬。[B]create意为“bring into existence造成，形成，生成”，如，This decision creates a dangerous precedent. 这个决定开创了一个危险的先例。[C]cause意为 “make sth happen引起，导致”，如:deaths caused by dangerous driving危险驾驶造成的死亡。[D]perceive意为“to notice something that is difficult to notice察觉，注意到，发觉”，如:I perceived a change in his behaviour. 我发觉他的行为有些变化。或“to understand or think of something in a particular way(以某种方式)理解，领悟”。如，People now perceive that green issues are important to our future. 人们现在认识到环境问题对我们未来的重要性。 宾语“视觉图像”不是“感情或反应”，排除inspire;主语和宾语之间不存在因果关系，排除cause;评论员通过语言让听众产生图像，而不是自己发现，排除perceive;只有[B]create符合文义，表示“评论员在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像”。 7. ,A, add 添加 ,B, apply 应用 [C] affect 影响 [D]reflect反映 [解析]本题考核知识点:动词和介词的搭配 Add…to…“给……添加”是固定搭配。如，A new wing was added to the building。这栋大楼新添了一座配楼。而且，空格所在句大意为:(评论员的描绘所生成的图像)为听众听到的声音增添了意思”。[A]add填入空格处既结构合理，又符合文义。 其他三项都不能接sth to sth的结构，[B]apply直接加to，意为“适用于”如:The questions on this part of the form only apply to married men.表格中这部分问题只适用于已婚男士。[C]affect意为“影响”，直接加宾语，如:The climate affected his health气候影响了他的健康。[D]reflect 意为“反射:反映”，直接加宾语，如:The low value of the dollar reflects growing concern about the US economy.美元币值低反映出人们对美国经济的忧虑日益增加。 8. ,A, occasion ,B, event ,C, fact ,D, case [解析]本题考核知识点:固定结构 上文是关于收音机评论员的工作，从这句开始，话锋一转，提到电视评论员的工作方式。 In the case of …意为“至于……，就……来说”，表示由一种情况或话题转入另一种情况或话题。符合文义。所以，[D]为正确选项。 th[A]occasion 指“(发生特殊事情)的情况”，与 on 连用。如，on the occasion of her 50 birthday 在她50岁生日之际。[B]event 意为“事件”，常用搭配为in the event of …,意为“假如发生…”。如，In the event of rain, the party will be held indoors 加入下雨，晚会就在室内举行。[C]Fact 指“事实，已经发生的事”，词组in fact意为“实际上”，没有冠词，也不与of 连用。 9. ,A, equally 同样的 ,B, completely 完全的 ,C, initially起始地 ,D, hardly几乎不 [解析]本题考核知识点:副词词义辨析。 本句是对电视节评论员和收音机评论员工作性质的对比。从上下文来看，特别是前句的however表明，这两种工作是完全不同的，因而completely 为正确选项。 Equally 意为“同样的”，equally different 用于说明两个对比组之间的差异大小相同，Different species of trees thrive in equally different habitats.不同种类的树在同样不同的栖息地很好地生长。而本文中只存在一组对比(电视节评论员和收音机评论员)。Initially different意为 “开始时不同”，暗含后来相同的可能。Hardly意为“几乎不”，同文中意思相反。 10. ,A, definite 确定的 ,B, possible可能的 ,C, sure确实的 ,D, clear 清楚的，明白的 [解析] 本题考核知识点:形容词词义辨析及搭配。 空格所在句子提到，电视评论员的作用是:确保观众不错过某些有趣之处，make sure that是习惯用法，意为“确保”如，Make sure that you put down every word she says. 确保记下她说的每一个字。 所以，[C ]为正确选项。 [A]definite不用在make definite that结构中。[B]possible，[C] clear和make只能形成make it possible/clear that 的形式，如，His diligence made it possible that he could win the game.他的勤奋使得他比赛获胜成为可能。She makes it clear to us that she wants to be master in her own house.她使我们很清楚地了解到，她要自主处理自己的事情。 11. [A, focus 集中，聚集 ,B, attend 参加，注意，照料 ,C, follow 跟随，遵循 ,D, insist 坚持 [解析]本题考核知识点:动词和介词的搭配。 空格处填入的动词应与on 搭配。focus on… 意为“将注意力集中于”，如，I can't focus on my work when I'm tired. 我累了就无法集中精力工作。空格所在句大意为:电视评论员的作用是帮助观众将注意力集中在某些内容上。focus on切合题意。[A]为正确选项。 [B]Attend需要与to 连用，意为“留意，专心于”。如，She didn?t attend to what I was saying. 她没有注意我所说的话。[C] Follow on 意为“继续下去”，但后面不能接宾语，如:He followed on after. 他在后面跟着。[D]Insist on意为“坚持”，如:I insist on your taking/insist that you take immediate action to put this right. 我坚决要求你立刻采取行动把事情处理好。该选项与文义不符。 12. ,A, exhibit 展示，陈列 ,B, demonstrate 演示，说明 ,C, expose 暴露，揭示 ,D, interpret解释 [解析]本题考核知识点:动词词义辨析。 本题空格处填入动词，其宾语是the images，主语是上文he，因此该部分的含义是:电视评论员……电视屏幕上的图像，所以，[D] interpret最符合文义，表示“解释电视屏幕上的图像”。 13. ,A, Like像 ,B, Unlike不像，和...不同,C, As作为 ,D, For为了 [解析]本题考核知识点:介词的用法+上下文的理解。 先做14题再来解答13题。空格所在句大意为，……收音机评论员，电视评论员必须知道沉默的价值。根据常识及上文可知，收音机评论员绝大部分时间都在说。因此二者截然不同，[B] unlike为最合适选项。 14. ,A, purpose 目的,B, goal 目标 ,C, value 价值,D, intention 意图 [解析]本题考核知识点:名词词义辨析。 空格所在部分指出，电视评论员他们必须知道沉默的……;下文给出了线索:即在电视图像一目了然的时候如何利用沉默。 所以，[C]value最符合文义。 15. ,A, if ,B, when ,C, which ,D, as [解析]本题考核知识点:连词、关系代词、关系副词的运用。 从选项来看，空格处填入连词，和后面的部分构成状语从句。根据句意，这里应该是一个时间状语从句，即:电视评 论员必须知道在电视图像一目了然的时候如何保持沉默。when是引导时间状语从句的常用连词，符合上下文意。as也可 以引导时间状语从句，但它指while sth else is happening，一般用于指一个动作伴随着另一个动作发生，如:He sat watching her as she got ready.他一直坐着看她准备停当。因此本题最佳答案为,B,when。 which是关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语，而此处的宾语从句不缺主语或宾语，所以显然不合适。if 引导条件状语 从句。 全文翻译 电视刚刚普及时，那些已经成名的收音机评论员，鲜有能够在电视上同样出色的。当他们努力去适应这种新媒体的时候，他们遇到的一些困难是技术方面的。比如，通过收音机进行播音时，他们早已习惯于代表观众去看。 这种替别人看实况的技能意味着评论员必须擅长“说”。最重要的是，他必须能够通过语言在观众脑海里生成一系列图像。这些图像使听众听到的声音具有更多的意义。然而，电视评论员和观众一起观看(图像)，因此，他的作用迥然不同。他要确保观众不错过有趣的地方，并帮助观众将注意力放在某些值得注意的地方，还要解释电视屏幕上的图像。和收音机评论员不同的是，他必须知道沉默的作用，知道在电视图像一目了然的时候如何保持沉默。 Section ?Reading Comprehension 文章总体结构分析 本文从一名警察的角度分析了美国社会中犯罪活动猖獗的原因。指出:将犯罪行为归咎于外部环境因素是犯罪活动猖獗的主要原因，从而提出，更多的人应该认识到，真正该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。 第一到四段为第一部分:指出责任感对社会的重要性。 第五到九段为第二部分:指出现在大城市中正在忽略的自律恰恰是抑制犯罪的最有效方法。而人们为将犯罪行为归结于社会环境等外部因素恰恰是助长了罪犯拒绝承担责任的现象，从而导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。 第十段为第三部分:作者指出:更多的人应该认识到该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。 16. 智者的话表明_________。 [A] 面对邪恶，好人什么都不必做 B] 若好人无动于衷，邪恶就会猖獗 [[C] 善自然会战胜恶 [D] 好人应该远离邪恶 [分析]本题考核知识点:根据文章内容理解句子。 本文以一句智者的话“邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为”引入主题。从下文来看，作者主要论述的内容是:人们对罪犯不应该再采取纵容的态度，为他们的犯罪行为寻找借口，而应该认识到真正对犯罪行为负责的应该是罪犯本人。[B]和文中内容一致，为正确选项。 [A]、[D]与智者的话意思相反。[C]文中未提到。 17. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a 17. 作者认为，若有人被发现有罪，则__________. crime,_____________. [A] society is to be held responsible [A] 社会应该对此负责 [B] modern civilization is responsible for it [B] 现代文明应该对此负责 [C] the criminal himself should bear the blame [C] 罪犯本人应该为此负责 [D] the standards of living should be improved [D] 生活水平应该提高 [分析] 本题考核知识点:因果细节题。 解本题的信息主要在本文最后三段(第八到十段);第八段对过去和现在人们看待犯罪的态度进行了比较。第九段作者对现在将犯罪行为归结于外部因素的观点提出质疑;最后一段中作者指出，罪犯本人应该对自己的犯罪行为负责。所以[C]为正确选项。 [A]、[B]、[D]都是外部原因归结论，是作者所批判的观点。第八、九段指出，把犯罪行为归因于父母、社会、生活水平的态度恰恰导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。 18. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities 18. 和小城镇相比，大城市的人________。 have________. [A] less self-discipline [A] 缺少自我约束 [B] better sense of discipline [B] 有更好的自律精神 [C] more mutual respect [C] 更互相尊重 [D] less effective government [D] 缺少一个有效的政府 [分析] 本题考核内容:事实细节题。 第六、七段对比了大城市和小城市人们的自我约束性，指出，生活在小城镇(smaller towns)还在强调纪律(schools maintain discipline，parents hold up standard)，而大城市里自我约束力非常松散(inner restraints are loosening)。所以，[A]符合原文内容。 [B]和原文内容相反。[C]、[D]本文未提及。 19. The writer is sorry to have noticed that_______. 19.作者感到遗憾是因为看到_____________。 [A, people in large cities tend to excuse criminals [A]大城市的人常常为罪犯找借口 [B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards [B]小城镇的人坚守老的纪律和标准 [C] today?s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty [C]现代社会缺少对于困境中的人的同情 [D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal [D]环境不好的人会进行犯罪活动 activities [分析]本题考核知识点:细节理解推理题。 第八段指出:导致犯罪活动猖獗的原因(The main cause of this break-down)是人们对罪犯态度的改变。三十年前，社会被认为是犯罪活动的受害者，而三十年后的今天，罪犯反倒被认为是受害者:教育环境不好，家庭环境不利于成长等。这说明，令作者感到遗憾的是人们为罪犯找借口的态度。[A]为正确选项。 第六段介绍小镇的人对纪律和标准的坚持是作者所赞赏的，排除[B]。[C]在本文中未提及。[D]和作者的观点相反:第八、九段的内容说明，作者不认为成长环境恶劣是走向犯罪的理由。 20. The key point of the passage is that______. 20. 文章主要说明_____________。 [A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families [A] 学校和家庭中应该保持更严格的纪律 [B] more good examples should be set for people to follow [B] 应该为人们树立更多学习榜样 [C] more restrictions should be imposed on people?s behavior [C] 对人们的行为应该加以更多控制 [D] more people should accept the value of accountability [D] 更多人应该接受“责任感”这一价值观 [分析]本题考核知识点:文章主旨题。 文章第二段指出，责任感在人们价值观念中的淡化是非常错误的(Something has gone terribly wron)。第三、四段给出责任感的定义并指出，没有责任感也就没有社会的存在。第五段作者以警察的身份指出自我约束的重要行。第六、七段比较了人们对犯罪的态度的变化。第八段指出:人们将犯罪归咎于外部因素的态度导致人们责任感的降低，从而导致犯罪活动的猖獗。最后两段中指出，不让罪犯为自己的犯罪行为负责会导致所有的人都拒绝承担责任。更多的人应该相信:该为犯罪活动承担责任的是罪犯本人。综合作者观点，可以得出，本文旨在说明，更多的人应该接受责任感。因此[D]正确。 [A]虽然在第六段中提及，但不是文章的主要观点。[C]和原文内容不符:第五段指出，作者认为对控制人们行为真正有效的 是内部约束力，而不是来自于外界的控制。[B]文中未提及。 全文翻译 一位智者曾说过，邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。所以，所为一名警察，我有一些话急需告诉善良的人们。 日复一日，我和我的同事尽力控制犯罪的蔓延。我们曾经引以为荣的美国生活方式出现了可怕的问题。这个问题处在我们的价值观方面。一个关键的成分正在消失，我想，我知道它是什么——责任感。 责任感不难定义。它指的是人人要对其行为负责，并承担其行为造成的后果。 责任感可能是形成文明的众多观价值观 (善良，仁慈等)中最重要的一个。没有它，就没有尊重、信任、法律——最终也就没有社会的存在。 作为一名警察，我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。但正如每一位警察都知道的，对人行为的外部控制远不如自我约束(如罪恶感，羞耻心和难为情)有效。 幸运的是，在一些区域——通常是小城镇里，学校还维护纪律，父母还坚持原则，称“有些事情在我们家是不能容忍的——你们绝不能去那样做～” 但在越来越多的地方，尤其是大城市和郊区，这些自我约束力日渐松懈。抢劫犯不再是你认为的抢劫犯。他认为你的财产就是他的财产;他拿走他想要的一切，当你触怒他时，他甚至会拿走你的生命。 人们态度的根本变化造成了局面的完全崩溃。30年前，若有罪行发生，人们认为受害者是社会。现在，人们的态度发生了惊人的变化:最犯被认为是受害者——童年饱受贫困折磨，学校没有教他读书，教堂没有给他以道德上的引导，父母没有给他提供一个安定的家。 我不相信这些。同样不利的环境中长大的另外一些人为什么没有选择去犯罪,不让罪犯承担责任，甚至降低他们应承的责任，都会让我们的社会变成一个满是借口的社会，没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任。 美国急待更多的人相信:应该为犯罪行为负责的人是罪犯自己。 Passage 2 文章总体结构分析 本文分析了工业社会青春期变长的现象及其原因 第一段:介绍青春期延长的现象。 第二段:详细介绍了青春期不同阶段带来的变化。 21. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies 21. 工业社会中的青春期变长许多的原因是____。 because_______. [A] the definition of maturity has changed [A] 成熟的定义发生了改变 [B] the industrialized society is more developed [B] 工业化社会更加发达。 [C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are [C] 人们所受的教育增多以及反童工法的制定 made [D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition [D] 青春期的各种仪式已不再得到正式承认，且失去了其象征and symbolic significance 意义。 [分析]本题考核知识点:因果细节题。 根据题干直接定位到第一段第二句while…部分，它指出，(相对原始社会)，工业社会中青春期变长有两方面的原因:教育期的延长和反童工法的制定。所以，正确选项为[C]。 [A]的干扰来自于第一段第一句。它提到，“青春期的长短取决于不同社会对成熟和成年的定义”。接着第二句就比较了原始 社会和工业化社会。从这两句其实我们可以推出这两种社会对成熟的定义必定不同。但第二句已经明确指出了具体原因，因此[C]为最佳答案。[B]文中未提。[D]是工业社会中关于青春期变化的现象，而非青春期变长的原因。 22. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have 22. 先前用于标志青春期的社会仪式已经被________所取代。 given place to_________. [A] graduations from schools and colleges [A] 从各类学校毕业 [B] social recognition [B] 社会认可 [C] socio-economic status [C] 社会经济地位 [D] certain behavioral changes [D] 某些行为变化 [分析]本题考核知识点:文中事实细节题。 第二段第二句指出:青春期的社会仪式(social ones)已经被一系列阶段(a sequence of steps)所取代。第三句说明了“一系列阶段”的具体所指—?各阶段学习的毕业。所以，[A]为正确选项。 [B]、[C]、[D]的错误在于:social recognition、certain behavioral change 和socio-economic status本身都不是青春期仪式的替代品，而只是和其替代品紧密相连的因素。第三句提到，行为变化和社会认可度是伴随“阶段”而存在的，而一个人的社会经济地位会影响各阶段对他的重要性。 23. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until 23. 若要享受完全的成年人特权，必须达到________。 he is_______. [A] eleven years old [A] 11岁 [B] sixteen years old [B] 16岁 [C] twenty-one years old [C] 21岁 [D] between twelve and twenty-one years old [D]12到21岁之间。 [分析]本题考核知识点:事实细节题。 第二段后面部分从It is during the nine years到倒数第二句列举了青春期各阶段的权利。其中，第十句(at the age of twenty-one… public office)指出，21岁是开始享有完全成人权利的年龄。所以[C]为正确选项。 11岁不属于该部分介绍的范围;16岁时只能享有部分成人权利;12到21岁期间是一个从儿童向成人转变的过程，个人享有权利逐渐增加，但若享有完全成人权利，需要达到21岁。因此其他项排除。 24. Starting from 22, _______. 24. 从22岁开始，_____________。 [A] one will obtain more basic rights [A] 个人会得到更多的基本权利 [B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have [B] 一个人越老，拥有的基本权利越多 [C] one won?t get more basic rights than when he is 21 [C] 个人的基本权利将不会比21岁时有所增加。 [D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society [D] 人们将享有社会赋予的更多的权利 [分析]本题考核知识点:文中细节推理题。 文中倒数第二句说明，一旦达到成人阶段(21岁)，将不再继续获得其他额外的基本权利。所以，本题的正确选项应为[C]。其他项与原文内容相反。 25. According to the passage, it is true that___. 25. 根据文章内容，____________。 [A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line [A] 19世纪晚期，美国已不再有青春期和成年期的划分 between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed [B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until [B] 直到21岁，人们才可以在不得到父母的情况下结婚 the age of twenty-one [C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a [C] 获得驾照的人就可以算是成人了 driver?s license [D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he [D] 直到参军后才可以不受反童工法的限制 can join the army [分析]本题考核内容:文中细节理解题。 第一段末句指出，到了19世纪晚期，美国的青春期和成年期的分界线消失。Frontier意为dividing line。所以，[A]为正确选项。 第二段倒数第五句指出，18岁后，可以不经父母的同意结婚。所以[B]错在“21岁”。第二段四、六、七句说明:16岁青少年可以获得驾照，但只有到了21岁，他们才称为法律意义上的成年人。所以[C]错误。第二段倒数第六、七句说明:16岁就可以不受童工法限制，而18岁后他们才可以参军。所以[D]错误。 全文翻译 青春期，也就是童年与成年之间的这段时期，可长可短。其长短取决于社会期望值和社会对成熟和成年的定义。原始社会中，青春期通常是相当短的一段时期。而在工业化社会里，由于人们接受教育时间的延长以及反童工法的制定，青春期要长很多，它包含了人生中第二个十年(十岁到二十岁)的大部分时间。另外，在某一社会中，青春期的长度和成年地位的定义可能会随社会经济条件的改变而改变。这种变化譬如:19世纪后期，美国乃至所有由农业化走向工业化的国家里不再存在青春期和成年期的界限。 现代社会中，青春期的各种仪式已不被正式认可，也不再具有象征意义，人们对其“开始仪式”也不再有统一的认识。社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”所取代，这些“阶段”将使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。例如，小学毕业，中学毕业，大学毕业就形成了这样一个系列。每一个“阶段”都意味着某些行为变化和一定的社会认可度，其意义大小则取决于个人的社会经济地位和受教育的目标。青春期的各种仪式也已经被法律意义上的地位、权利、特权、和责任所取代。从12岁生日起到21岁生日这九年之间，逐渐去除了儿童时代受到的保护和限制和较低的社会地位，同时又逐渐被赋予成年人的权利和责任。人到了12岁就不再被看作孩子，乘火车、飞机、或去剧院、电影院时必须买全票。基本上可以这样说，这一年龄的个人失去了儿童的特权，却没有得到明显的成年人权利。16岁的青少年会得到某些成人的权利，通过得到更多的自由和选择而提高社会地位。他可以获得驾照;可以离开公立学校;可以不再受童工法的限制。18岁时，他可以得到法律认可的成人权利和义务;可以参军，可以在不得到父母的允许的情况下结婚。21岁时，他会得到成年人完全的法律权利。他可以投票，可以买酒，可以签署商业，可以有权竞选公职。进入成年状态后，就不再因为年龄的增长而享受到更多的权利。所有法律条款都没有决定到底什么年龄算是进入成年，但它们的确表明青春期延长了。 Passage 3 文章总体结构分析 本文说明了水对于生长的植物的重要作用。 第一段:通过水对于植物生长的各种重要作用。 第二段:用事实说明，尽管植物含水量很高，但其含水量只是其生长所需水的很小一部分，从而说明水对植物生长的重要性。 26. A growing plant needs water for all of the following 26. 生长中的植物在_________时不需要水。 except_________. [A] forming sugars [A] 生成糖 [B] sustaining woody stems [B] 维持木质茎 [C] keeping green [C] 保持绿色 [D] producing carbon dioxide [D] 生成二氧化碳 [分析] 本题考核知识点:事实细节题。 第一段第六句(the carbon dioxide…mainly built)和第二段第二句说明:二氧化碳可以直接从空气中进入植物的叶子里，所以不需要水。[D]选项正确。同时这两句还说明:生成糖的过程需要二氧化碳先溶于水，然后和水结合，所以[A]不是正确选项。 第一段最后一句说明:(尽管木质茎比活跃组织需要的水少得多)，但还是需要一定量的水。所以，[B]非正确选项。[C]文中未提及。 27. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs 27. 光合作用对于满足植物需求的基本功能是_______。 is______. [A] to form sugars [A] 生成糖 [B] to derive energy from light [B] 从光中取得能量 [C] to preserve water [C] 保持水分 [D] to combine carbon dioxide with water [D] 使水和二氧化碳结合 [分析]本题考核知识点:文中细节推理题。 第一段第五句说明:二氧化的作用主要是生成植物体最需要的材料——单糖。第二段第二句说明:植物的光合作用(二氧化碳和水结合)形成单糖。所以，光合作用能够提供植物需要的(单)糖。[A]为正确选项。 [B]的干扰来自于第二段第二句，但该句提到的是从光中获取能量是光合作用的条件之一，而不是反过来通过光合作用去获取能量。[C]文中未提及。[D]是光合作用的过程，而不是作用。 28. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea 28. 第二段用事实说明的基本观点是___。 that________. [A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs [A] 植物能有效地利用其吸收的大部分水 [B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant [B]二氧化碳是植物生长需要的基本物质 development [C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition [C] 植物含水量只是其所需水量的一小部分 [D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss [D] 风越大，损失的水蒸汽越多 [分析] 本题考核知识点:段落主旨题。 解此题需要分析第二段的结构。本段第一句为段落主题句:植物的含水量只是其需水量很小的一部分。然后用事实说明为什么会出现这种情况(植物叶子允许二氧化碳进入，却让水蒸气散失。再加上风和其他因素的作用，大部分的水都损失掉了)。所以，[C]为正确选项。 [A]“有效利用水”不是本文涉及的内容;[B]只在第一段有所提及。第二段提到风等因素造成水的损失，但并未提到风的大小与损失的水蒸汽的量相关。所以，[D]排除。 29. According to the passage, which of the following statements is 29. 下面哪个表达符合文中内容, true? [A]The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless [A] 矿物质只有溶解于植物的根部才能被植物吸收。 they are dissolved in its root. [B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves. [B] 木质茎含水量大于叶子。 [C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated. [C] 叶子周围空气处于饱和状态。 [D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plant is synthesized. [D] 植物中只有部分二氧化碳被合成(碳水化合物) [分析] 本题考核知识点:文中多处细节理解题。 文章第二段最后一句指出:并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都被合成了碳水化合物。这说明[D]选项正确。 [A]的干扰来自于第一段第四句。该句说明，来自于土壤中的矿物质元素只有先溶于“土壤溶液”才能被“根部”吸收，而非溶解于“根部”。[B]与原文内容相反:从第一段最后一句可知，生长不活跃的木质茎含水量可能远远小于生长活跃的叶子。[C]与文中内容不符:第二段第五句给出的信息是:“叶子内部”空气中的水蒸气含量“接近”饱和状态，而非“叶子周围”的空气“处于”饱和状态。 30. This passage is mainly about________. 30. 本文主要关于___________。 [A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water [A] 二氧化碳和水的功能 [B] the role of water in a growing plant [B] 水对于生长中的植物的作用 [C] the process of simple sugar formation [C] 单糖的形成过程 [D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide [D] 水和二氧化碳的合成 [分析] 本题考核知识点:文章主旨题。 本文第一段首先通过类比开门见山地说明水对于生长中植物的重要作用。然后通过水对植物生长的各种功能(溶解矿物质元素、溶解二氧化碳并和二氧化碳结合生成单糖)说明植物生长中的一切重要过程都离不开水。第二段用事实说明:(尽管植物含水量相当高)，但植物生长所需要的水远远大于其本身所所含有的水。所以，整篇文章说围绕的中心是:水对于植物生长的重要作用。[B]为正确选项。 考生误选[A]、[C]、[D]都是因为对光合作用在全文中作用的理解错误:文中提到关于二氧化碳(光合作用)是为了用事实说明水对植物生长的重要作用，而并非为了说明二氧化碳本身或光合作用(生成单糖)的作用，所以[A]、[C]都不正确;同样也不是为了说明光合作用的过程，所以[D]错误。 全文翻译 大部分生长的植物，其水的含量超过其他所有物质的含量总和。C?R?巴恩斯认为，把植物叫做水结构就如同把主要用砖盖成的房子叫做砖建筑一样恰当。当然，植物生长的一切必要过程都发生于水中。来自于土壤的矿物质在被植物根茎吸收之前，必须先溶解于水。它们在溶解状态被输送到植物的全身并构成基本的植物材料。空气中的二氧化碳能以气体的形式进入叶子，但在和一部分水结合生成单糖(构成植物体最基本的材料)之前也必须先溶于水。植物生长活跃部分的含水量一般高达75-90%。植物的结构部分(如生长不活跃的木质茎)的含水量可能大大少于生长活跃的组织。 但是，植物任何时候的实际含水量都只是其生长期间通过它全身水量的很小一部分。借助叶绿素和光能量发生光合作用(二氧化碳和水结合)以形成单糖的过程要求二氧化碳从空气中进入植物。这一过程主要发生在叶子上。叶子表面并非固体，而是有大量的小口。二氧化碳通过这些小口进入植物。这些允许二氧化碳进入叶子的小口却让另一种气体——水蒸气散失。由于二氧化碳在空气中的含量非常少(3-4?)，且叶子内部空气空间的水蒸气含量接近饱和状态(80ºF时，饱和状态下的每10000份空气中含186份水汽)，所以，植物失去的水蒸气的量是吸收的二氧化碳量的许多倍。实际上，因为风和其他因素的影响，损失掉的水和吸入二氧化碳的比甚至可能大于这两种气体的相对浓度。另外，并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都可以被合成碳水化合物。 Part B翻译 31. [解析] 本题考核知识点:并列句的处理，短语、被动句的译法。 本句由两个并列分句组成:The supply of oil can be shut off…, and …, the oil wells will all run dry…。第一个分句中unexpectedly和at any time为shut off的状语;第二个分句中in thirty years or so 和at the present rate of use为run dry的状语。Run dry 相当于become dry。well意思为“井”。in any case“无论如何”是修饰整个第二个分句的状语。 译文:石油供应可能随时会被切断;不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。 32. [解析]本题考核知识点:嵌套式定语从句、嵌套式并列结构的译法。 本句主干是but连接的并列分句。在第一个分句中还嵌入一个and 连接的并列句。That will ever restore …..past为定语从句，修饰名词situation。此定语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句we have had in the times past，修饰先行词sense。 对于此类“从句套从句”的复杂句，翻译时需根据语法分析理清句中各部分的关系，然后用地道的汉语表达进行翻译。切忌过分直译造成修饰成分的堆积，从而使得表达混乱。 译文:必须找到新的能源，这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。 33.[解析]本题考核知识点:非限制性定语从句的译法。 本句主干为 The food supply will not increase…，enough to… 结构做结果状语，意为“足以……”。which …food 为非限制性定语从句，其中which指代整个主句的内容，因此可以用“这”来重复翻译前文的内容。 译文:食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。 34. [解析] 本题考核知识点:状语从句中嵌套定语从句的翻译处理。 本句主干为:This will be particularly true… 。since…为 原因状语从句。状语从句的主干是since energy pinch will make it difficult to…，其中不定是结构to continue agriculture in the … fashion是动词make的真实宾语。定语从句that makes …high yields 修饰先行词fashion。 译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。 35. [解析] 本题考核知识点:时间状语从句、定语从句的译法。 此句的主干为:People will have to accept more “unnatural food”，句首Until such time as …for all为时间状语从句，其中where…for all为定语从句，修饰先行词the point，where相当于in which(the point)，译为“到这样的程度”。 译文:(除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。 参考译文 事实是，虽然官方突然宣布能源危机的存在，然而长期以来我们一直面临着能源危机，而且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不断地流出，人人都清楚，再也不能让世界工业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础了。(31)石油供应可能随时会被突然切断;不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。 (32)必须找到新的能源，这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。在今后的漫长的时间内，人类将谨慎前进，而且应该对自己能够继续前进感到非常幸运。 使目前状况更糟的是，至今尚无迹象表明，世界人口的增长在近期内会减慢。虽然包括美国在内的一些国家的出生率已经下降，但是在21世纪初世界人口似乎肯定会超过60亿，或许甚至超过70亿。 (33)食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。 考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以适当地估计一下2001年的超级市场将会是什么样子呢? 首先，今后的30年内，世界的食品供应日益紧张，甚至美国这里也不例外。到2001年美国人口将至少达到2亿5千万，也可能是2亿7千万。那时，美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。(34)这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了，而按照这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。 几乎可以肯定，到2001年美国将不再是一个食品输出国;如果必须出口的话，那么其代价就是美国国内人民将勒紧裤带。 实际上，由于各种食品往往会质量下降、品种减少，这就非常有可能更多地使用调味添加物。(35)除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。 1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section ?Use of English [解析] 本题考核知识点:介词的用法。 空格所在句中，it指代前一句提到的space shuttle。句子大意为:“……航天飞机，宇航员可以实现地面和太空之间的多次往返”。根据介词与space shuttle的搭配，首先排除[B]。in the space shuttle搭配本身并没有错误，但代入句子中，其含义成了:在航天飞机里，宇航员有了实验室飞行器。此句显然不合逻辑，排除[A]。by 和with都可以表示“通过…，用…”的意思。但by表示动作、行为的方式，如:to pay by cheque用支票付款;to travel by plane乘飞机旅行。而文章显然不能说“宇航员获得实验室飞行器的方式是(乘坐)航天飞机”。with除了表示“(为做某事)借助工具或手段”之外，它还可意为having or carrying sth有，具有，带有，如:With your help, I might finish the work ahead of time.有了你的帮助，我也许可以提前完成工作。with带入文中表示“有了航天 飞机，宇航员就有了实验室飞行器”，符合逻辑，所以[D]为最合适选项。 2. ,A, capable 有能力的，能够 ,B, suitable 适合的，适宜的 ,C, efficient 效率高的，有能力的,D, fit(质量、素质或技能)适合的，合格的 [解析] 本题考核知识点:固定搭配 从语法上看，只有[A]capable能够形成capable of doing…的结构。如:Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below one part in one million. 即使把人类气味的浓度稀释到不及原来的百万分之一，我们的鼻子仍然能够察觉到它的存在。它代入文中，形容词短语capable of …做后置定语，修饰名词a workhouse vehicle，表示“能够……的实验室飞行器”。 suitable和fit一般与for 连用，如:This program is not suitable for children. 这个节目儿童不宜。It was a meal fit for a king. 这饭菜够得上御膳。efficient通常跟at，如:He's efficient at his job. 他胜任工作。 3. ,A, Served 由…提供服务 ,B, Powered 由…提供动力 ,C, Forced 被…强迫 ,D, Reinforced 被…加强，加固 [解析]此题考核知识点:上下文意思+ 动词词义辨析 空格所在部分是过去分词短语做状语… by reusable rockets，由于句子的主语是the shuttle，因此空格处填入的过去分词与主语(即，其逻辑主语)之间存在被动关系。因此该部分的含义是:“航天飞机被可重复使用的火箭……”。从选项的含义来看，只有powered符合逻辑，表示“可重复使用的火箭为航天飞机提供动力”。因此[B]正确。 4. ,A, far,B, well,C, much,D, long [解析]本题考核知识点:句意理解+ 短语含义辨析 四个词都可以形成as…as的结构，仅从语法无法做出选择。从短语意思来看，as far as 意为“最多”，用来表示所能到达的最远范围或距离，如:I?ll drive you to as far as the theatre. 我最远把你载到剧院。as well as意为in addition to“除….也…”，如:She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她既是个摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。as much as意为“最多”，表示量，如:He doesn?t earn as much as I do.他挣的钱不如我多。as long as意为only if“只要”或since“由于”，如:We?ll go as long as the weather is good. 只要天气好我们就去。As long as there is a demand for these drugs, the financial incentive for drug dealers will be there. 只要对这些毒品有需求，就存在对贩毒者的经济诱因。 空格所在句大意为:航天飞机除了运送多种军用设备外，也要运送科学考察仪器，所以，[B]为合适选项。 5. ,A, Then ,B, Or,C, But,D, So [解析] 本题考核知识点:逻辑关系 对此题的解答需要正确理解空格前后句子的逻辑关系。上文提出了航天飞机的作用(携带科学探索设备、军事设备往返于太空)，下文仍然指出它的其他作用(把材料和机器送入太空，以实现工业目的)。more significantly说明下文指出的是最重要的作用。所以，此处所用连词应该表示递进的关系。四个选项中只有but能够表示转折递进的关系。正确选项为[C]。 [A]then表示顺接、追加、或因果关系，如，First cook the onions, then add the mushrooms. 先炒洋葱，然后放进蘑菇。She „s been very busy at work and then there was all that trouble with her son.她工作一直很忙，另外还有儿子的一大堆麻烦事。Why don?t you hire a car? Then you ?ll be able to visit more of the area.你怎么不租辆车，那样你可以多参观些地方。[B]or连接句子时表示“如果不…，则会出现…(不好的)结果”，如:Hurry up or you'll be late. 快，否则你就要来不及了。[D]so表示因果关系，如:It was snowing, and so I could not go out.天在下雪，所以我无法外出。 6. ,A, supply补给,供给 ,B, introduce 介绍，推出 ,C, deliver 运送，输送 ,D, transfer 转移，调转 [解析] 本题考核知识点:句子内部逻辑+动词词义辨析 解此题的关键在于弄清楚航天飞机(it)、材料和机器(materials and machines)、和太空 (space)之间的联系。显然，三者之间联系应为“航天飞机把材料和机器送到太空”。 [C]符合语义。 7. ,A, unimagined 无法想象的 ,B, unsettled 未解决的，未定的 ,C, uncovered 被揭露的 ,D,unsolved 未解决的 [解析] 本题考核知识点:分词形容词辨析 空格处填入过去分词形容词，做后置定语，修饰industrial purposes，相当于一个定语从句:(which are) …two decades ago。空格 所在句旨在说明航天飞机在工业方面的巨大作用。[A]代入后表示“航天飞机将会实现的工业目的在20年前是无法想象的，符合文意，为正确选项。[C]“20年前被揭露的目的”无法表达这一含义。其他项与purposes不搭配。 8. ,A, attributed,B, contributed,C, applied,D, added [解析]本题考核知识点:动词词义辨析+搭配 本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与介词to搭配，并符合文义。四个选项都可以和to 搭配。所以，需要从语义方面考虑。add… to…意为“添加，增加”，如:Shall I add your name to the list? 我可以把你的名字写进名单吗,空格所在句大意为:20年前sputnik(人造卫星)作为新词被添加到原有的词汇中，所以，[D]add既符合语法，又符合上下文内容，为正确选项。 [A]attribute sth to sth意为“认为……属于，把……归因于……”，如:Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snowbelt, census officials say.人口普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。[B] contribute sth to sth意为 “有助于，对……做出贡献”，如:Her work has contributed much to our understanding of this difficult subject.她的著作十分有助于我们对这个困难问题的了解。[C]apply sth to sth意为“使用，应用”，如:The new technology was applied to farming.这项新技术已应用于农业。 9. ,A, general 总体的，一般的 ,B, essential 极其重要的，必不可少的 ,C, prevailing 流行的，蔓延的 ,D, ultimate 根本的，最高的 [解析]本题考核知识点:形容词的词义辨析及搭配 空格所在句是对该段的总结，它指出，航天飞机……的重要性在于它能作为经济工具的……。题目要求考生判断哪个形容词能够importance连用，并符合文意。只有[D]ultimate可以与importance搭配，表示“最大的作用” 10. ,A, promise (有成功或良好结果的)希望，前景 ,B, prosperity 繁荣，昌盛 ,C, popularity流行，普及 ,D, priority 优先权 [解析]本题考核知识点:上下文内容理解+名词词义辨析 空格所在句的大意为:航天飞机的重大作用在于其作为经济工具的……。代入后只有[A]promise符合句意，为正确选项。 11. ,A, exceptional 例外的 ,B, strange 奇怪的 ,C, unique 独特的 ,D, rare稀有的，罕见的 [解析] 本题考核知识点:近义词辨析 四个词都有“与众不同”的意思，但侧重点不同。exceptional意为unusual and likely not to happen often，侧重“例外”。strange 侧重“奇怪”。unique 意为very special or unusual，强调“独特”。rare侧重“罕见，稀有”。而文中的“起飞时像火箭，降落时似飞机”显然是航天飞机的“独特之处”，所以[C]为正确选项。 12. ,A, Thus 因此，于是 ,B, Whereas 然而，却 ,C, Nevertheless 尽管如此，还是…,D, Yet 然而 本题考核知识点:逻辑关系。 本题空格处填入连词，体现本句与前一后之间的逻辑关系。可以先完成13、14题，使所在句子含义完整后再来做本题。上文提到，航天飞机的独特之处在于它“起飞时像火箭，降落时似飞机”，本句提到，航天飞机在完成任务后就可以准备开始两周后的旅程。 thus表示因果关系，如:It was already rather late, thus we decide to go home.已经相当晚了，所以我们决定回家。whereas表示对比，如:Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.智者热爱真理，愚者回避真理。nevertheless表示让步，如:The experiment failed. It was, nevertheless, worth making. 试验没有成功，尽管如此，还是值得做的。yet表示转折，如:She is vain and foolish, and yet people like her. 她自负而愚蠢，然而人们喜欢她。根据文意，[A]更恰当，两句之间为因果关系:因为有这个特点，所以能很快开始新的旅程。 13. ,A, venture 冒险，可能遭受危险或损失的事业 ,B,mission 任务，使命 ,C, commission委托，托办之事 ,D, responsibility 责任 本题考核知识点:近义名词辨析。 空格所在句大意为:航天飞机在完成……后就可以做好准备开始两周后的新旅程。用[B]mission“任务”一词来形容航天飞机所完成的工作最恰当，而且accomplish a mission为常用搭配。 14. ,A, new,B, another,C, certain,D, subsequent [本题考核知识点] 可数名词和修饰语的搭配 本题中的四个选项从意义上都可行。但是，语法结构上看，只有[B]another可直接接可数名词，trip若和其他项的形容词搭配，可数名词trip之前应加冠词，如:a new trip, a certain trip, a subsequent trip。 15. ,A, for,B, by,C, in,D, through [解析] 本题考核知识点:介词的搭配 从词义来看，[A]for表示目的，“为了”。[B]by和[D]through表示通过某种方法、手段。[C]in+doing表示“在某一方面…”。本句大意为:宇宙飞船是在把不可能变为可能这一方面迈出的重要的一步。所以，只有[C]符合上下文意。a big/magnificent step in doing 经常被用来表示“在…方面取得了重大突破”。 全文翻译 美国的航天飞机是太空实现工业化的关键。有了航天飞机，宇航员有了可以多次往返于太空和地球之间的实验室飞行器。由载重65，000磅的可重复使用的火箭提供动力，航天飞机将携带科学探索设备，还有各种各样的军事设备往返于太空。更重要的是，它将把一些材料和机器送入太空，以实现某些工业目的，而这些目的在20年前“人造卫星”这个字眼刚刚出现时还无法想象。总之，航天飞机的重要性在于其作为经济工具所带来的美好前景。 航天飞机的独特之处在于它起飞时像火箭，降落时如飞机。正因如此，航天飞机在完成任务后就可以准备开始两周后的旅程。 航天飞机是世界上第一艘真正的宇宙飞船。它是为了人类的生存和利益而变不可能为可能的道路上迈出的辉煌的一步。 Passage 1 文章结构总体分析 本文主要讲述了交通问题的缘起(司机的不恰当行为)及解决办法。 第一段为第一部分:司机缺乏礼貌是马路问题的罪魁祸首。 第二、三段为第二部分:文明驾驶有助于改善交通状况，但滥用礼貌同样会带来灾难。 第四段为第三部分:恰当的开车技巧和相互理解的态度有助于解决交通问题。 试题具体分析 16. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by________. 16. 根据本文内容，道路问题的主要原因在于_______。 [A] people?s attitude towards the road-hog [A] 人们对于鲁莽驾驶员的态度 [B] the rhythm of modern life [B] 现代生活的节奏 [C] the behavior of the driver [C] 司机的行为 [D] traffic conditions [D] 交通条件 [分析] 本题考核知识点:第一段主旨题。 第一段第二句至段末的内容指出:好人一旦驾车也可能成为伤人的妖怪;过分大胆的司机(tiger)会造成很大的麻烦;鉴于文明驾车的司机太少的现状，为了不至于情况完全失控，有必要发起名为“对其他司机好点”的运动。这说明，形成道路问题的主要原因是司机的行为。 另外，本文其余部分全部是围绕“司机如何正确运用礼貌(politeness)，以减少道路问题”进行讨论。所以，[C]为正确选项。 误选[A]是因为没有正确理解You might tolerate…rule，本句旨在说明:文明驾驶的司机并不常见;而并非说明人们对于鲁莽司机的态度。[B]、 [D]舍本逐末:文章第一段提到现代生活的节奏和交通状况是为了引出道路问题的主要原因??司机的行为。 17.The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule.”(Para.1) implies that___. 17. 第一段的句子You might tolerate the odd road-hog… the rule说明________。 [A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists [A] 我们的社会对待有礼貌的驾车人有失公平。 [B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally [B] 粗鲁的司机很少碰到 [C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog [C] 礼貌的驾车人不能容忍野蛮司机。 [D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists [D] 现在不礼貌的司机占大多数。 [分析] 本题考核知识点:根据上下文理解句意。 本句大意:你可以容忍古怪、粗鲁、不体谅人的司机，但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。exception to the rule 意为“例外”。[D] 是the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule的改写，表达相同的意思，所以为正确选项。 [B]与事实相反。[A]、[C]文中未提及。 18. By “good sense”, the writer means_____. 18. 作者用“good sense”指________。 [A] the driver?s ability to understand and react reasonably [A] 司机理解(他人的行为)并做出合理反应的能力 [B] the driver?s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions [B] 司机对于困难且严峻的条件做出的迅速反应 [C] the driver?s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior [C] 司机对于粗鲁甚至野蛮的行为的容忍 [D] the driver?s acknowledgment of politeness and regulations [D] 司机对于礼貌和规则的认可 [分析] 本题考核知识点:根据上下文理解短语。 根据题干关键词good sense锁定第二段第一句。由于该句是段落主题句，所以对它的理解必然基于对本段内容的把握。本段第一句指出:马路文明不仅是good manners，还是good sense。下文开始对good sense进行具体阐述。第二句说明如何对待他人不礼貌的行为:克制住自己不进行报复;第三句到段末说明如何对待他人的礼貌行为:表示理解并做出认可的反应。所以，[A]是这两方面内容的概括。[C]和[D]都只涉及一个方面的内容，不全面，[B]中“困难且严峻的条件”太笼统，“快速反应”在该段也没有提到。 19. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, __________. 19. 专家早就指出:面对汽车拥有者的突增，_____________。 [A] road users should make more sacrifice [A] 马路使用者应该做出更多的牺牲 [B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other [B] 司机应该准备彼此让步 [C]drivers should have more communication among themselves [C] 司机之间应该有更多的交流 [D]drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others [D] 司机之间若不互相尊重，他们会遭受巨大损失 [分析]:本题考核知识点:细节题。 根据题干中出现的关键词Experts，car-ownership explosion锁定全文倒数第二句。对本题进行判断的主要依据来自于对短语give-and-take 的理解。考生根据本合成词的构成很容易猜测出give-and-take 意为:互相让步,互相迁就(make mutual concessions)，[B]中的yield to each other即为此意，所以为正确选项。 20. In the writer?s opinion, ___________. 20. 作者认为________________。 [A]strict traffic regulations are badly needed [A] 急需严格的交通规则 [B]drivers should apply road politeness properly [B] 司机应该有适当的马路礼貌 [C] rude drivers should be punished [C] 野蛮的司机应该受到惩罚 [D] drivers should avoid traffic jams [D] 司机应该避免交通阻塞 [分析] 本题考核知识点:作者观点题。 理解作者的观点需要纵观全文。本文第二段说明司机应该礼貌驾驶并对同行的礼貌行为做出合理反应。第三段说明司机误用礼貌(misplaced politeness ) 同样危险。所以，本文是从正反两方面分析了politeness对减少道路问题的作用。properly对于作者的观点最具有概括力，所以[B]为正确选项。 本文并没有从利用交通法规减少交通问题方面进行讨论，所以[A]非本文论述内容。本文也没有提及对野蛮司机的惩罚，所以[C]非正确选项。文章只在开头作为马路问题产生原因之一提及traffic jam，而并没有提到司机应该避免交通高峰以减少交通问题，所以[D]非正确选项。 长难句分析 1. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. 本句主干为:A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledge…helps to create and atmosphere of…. 介词短语in response to …politeness 是wave of acknowledgment的后置定语，形容词短语so necessary…conditions 是an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance的后置定语。 译文:一个友好的颔首、一个轻轻的挥手，既表达了对对方礼貌行为的认可，又可以形成友好宽容的氛围，而这种氛围在当前的交通条件下是如此必要。 2. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. 本句主干为:typical examples are the driver…or the man…，两个名词the driver 和the man之后分别接有定语从句who brakes…be clear anyway和who waves…stop in time做后置定语。第一个定语从句中嵌套了一个状语从句:when a few seconds later…clear anyway;第二个定语从句中嵌套了另外一个定语从句that…stop in time，为oncoming vehicles 的后置定语。 译文:典型的事例为:司机为了让过从边路上突然出现的车而采取急刹车，却对后面的交通造成了危险。(而若不出现这种情况)，本来只需几秒钟的等待，道路就会畅通无阻;或者，有人会为一个穿过斑马线的孩子让路，示意其进入车辆通道，但随后驶来的车辆却无法及时停车。 词汇: road hog 驾车乱抢路的人 go a long way:to help very much in achieving sth(对做某事)大有帮助 Passage 2 文章结构分析 本文对地球气候的变化从自然气候和人为因素两方面的影响进行了分析。 第一到四段为第一部分:介绍人为因素(二氧化碳的温室效应)对地球气候的影响。其中分析了二氧化碳会带来温室效应的原理(第一段)，带来的恶果(第二、三段)以及存在的证明(第四段)。 第五到六段为第二部分:分析自然因素对地球气候的影响。首先指出，自然作用对气候的影响大于人为因素的影响;接着介绍太阳行为的变化这一影响气候的主要自然因素。 第七段为第三部分:自然因素和人为因素对地球气候的共同作用。 21.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would_____. 21. 从文中可以得出:二氧化碳在大气中的聚积________。 [A] prevent the sun?s rays from reaching the earth?s surface [A] 会阻止太阳光线到达地表 [B] mean a warming up in the Arctic [B] 意味着北极圈变暖 [C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere [C] 会造成北半球气候的巨大变化 [D] raise the temperature of the earth?s surface [D] 会提高地表的温度 [分析] 本题考核知识点:细节推理题。 第一段将二氧化碳在大气中的作用类比温室的玻璃屋顶:允许阳光进入，并阻止内部热量的逃逸，(其结果是地球表面温度上升)。第二段首句则直接指出燃烧产生的二氧化碳会使大气温度上升。第四段指出:南极气候变化证明了二氧化碳使地球变暖的理论。所以，[D]为正确选项。 [A]和第一段内容相反。第五段说明，北半球(包括北极圈)的气温在下降，所以，从文中无法推知[B]。[C]的错误在于其片面性。第五段指出:产生二氧化碳最多的北半球温度不升反降是因为:自然因素对北半球气候的影响大于人为因素，所以，北半球气候的变化是自然因素和人为因素作用的共同结果。 22. The article was written to explain________. 22. 作者利用本文解释了___________。 [A] the greenhouse effect [A] 温室效应 [B] the solar effects on the earth [B] 太阳对地球的影响 [C] the models of solar-weather interactions [C] 太阳——天气互动模式 [D] the causes affecting weather [D] 影响气候的原因 [分析] 本题考核知识点:文章主旨题。 解答文章主旨题需要对全文的综合理解。本文第一到四段为人为因素(温室效应)对天气的影响。第五至六段为自然因素(太阳行为的变化)对天气的影响。最后一段为人为因素和自然因素对地球气候的共同作用。所以，[D]为最恰当选项。 [A]、[B]、[C] 的错误在于其片面性。[A]只是影响气候的人为因素，而[B]、[C]只涉及了影响气候的自然因素。 23. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is___________. 23.北半球虽然燃料消耗量较大，但温度却在下降。这__________。 [A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising [A] 主要是因为二氧化碳含量在上升 [B] possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting [B] 可能是因为极地冰盖在融化 [C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth?s climate [C] 完全是由于地球气候的惯性效应 [D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy [D] 部分原因是太阳能释放的变化 [分析] 本题考核知识点:因果细节题。 第五段第二句指出，北半球燃料燃烧产生二氧化碳最多，气温却不升反降是因为:迄今为止，自然因素的影响胜过人为因素。第六段进一步指出，对地球气候变化影响最大的“自然因素”是太阳行为的变化:太阳的运转影响风流(wind circulaltion);太阳能量释放呈周期性变化。所以，太阳能释放的变化是北半球气温下降的原因之一，[D]为正确选项。 二氧化碳含量上升导致的结果是气温上升，所以[A]不正确。[B]无中生有:文中没有提及极地冰盖融化和北半球气温下降之间的联系，而且根据常识也可排除。[C]的错误在于:误把抑制因素当成了形成因素。从第五、六段可知，北半球温度下降的原因是自然因素(尤其是太阳行为)的影响。而最后一段倒数第二句指出:地球气候的惯性与太阳效应是相反的过程，因此它应对地球变冷起抑制作用。另外，exclusively 的过于绝对也暗示这不是正确选项。但近年的考题已经在避免留给考生这样的线索。 24. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that________. 24. 科学家们基于自己的模式得出的观点为______。 [A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler [A] 世界气候应该是正在变冷 [B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth?s climate to take effect [B] 地球气候的惯性若发挥效应需要几千年时间 [C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects [C] 人为造成的变暖效应有助于增加太阳效应 [D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect [D] 温室效应会延缓新冰川时代(的出现) [分析]本题考核知识点:文中人物观点推理题。 第七段第二句说明:科学家们基于太阳——天气互动模式，预测出世界现在应该正在进入冰川时代，所以[A]为正确选项。 [B]的错误在于对第七段第三句的理解错误。该句说明的是“太阳效应克服地球气候的惯性效应”，而非“地球气候的惯性发生效应”。[C]和原文内容相反。本文最后一句说明:目前二氧化碳的温室效应在对太阳效应产生抵消作用(counterbalance)。第七段第三句说明:延迟新的冰川时代的主要因素是地球气候的惯性作用，因此[D]不正确。 25. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ___________. 25. 若“新冰川时代延迟”假定成立，则____。 [A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels [A] 克服变冷效应的最好方法是烧更多的燃料 [B]ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere [B] 北半球很快会被冰覆盖 [C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly [C]大气中二氧化碳含量的升高会使地球变暖的速度加快 [D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth [D] 温室效应会对地球有利 [分析]本题考核知识点:文中细节推理题。 文中最后一句说明:若此假说(关于冰川时代的延迟)正确，则温室效应可以对地球进入新的冰川时代起到遏制作用，这无疑是有利于地球的一面。所以，[D]为正确选项。 [A]过度引申，文中仅仅提到大气温度上升有助于抵消太阳热量的减少，但燃烧燃料是否最好文中未提。[B]错误在于:北半球被冰覆盖不是冰川时代延迟的结果，而是冰川时代到来的后果。[C]属逻辑错误:冰川时代的延迟虽然与二氧化碳的温室效有关，但地球是否会“更快(even more)”变暖则文中未提。 Passage 3文章总体结构分析 本文指出国际体育赛事中存在着太多令人不快的事件，并在对其原因进行分析的基础上提出了建议。 第一段为第一部分:通过两种截然不同的观点引出作者对“奥运会是否促进了国际友谊”的看法。 第二、三段为第二部分:举出了曲棍球比赛和篮球比赛中出现的令人不快的情况的两个例子。 第四段为第三部分:分析国际体育赛事中出现事件的原因:比赛是出于竞争而不是出于对运动的热爱;奥运会的组织方式过分强调攻击性的爱国精神。 26. According to the author, recent Olympic Games have _______. 26. 作者认为，近来的奥运会________。 [A] created goodwill between the nations [A] 形成了国家之间的友好(关系) [B] bred only false national pride [B] 只是滋生了虚假的国家自豪感 [C] barely showed any international friendship [C] 几乎没有表现出国际友谊 [D] led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred [D] 导致了越来越多的误解和憎恨 [分析] 本题考核知识点:对文中细节的理解。 解此题需要正确理解第一段。本段中作者首先通过some people believe和 others say that摆出了两种对立的观点。然后才引出了自己的观点，接着用事实进一步证明自己的观点。所以，本题的正确选项应该来自于本段的第三、四句。第三句指出:近来的奥运会几乎无法支持“运动能够促进国家之间的兄弟情谊”这一观点。[C]是该句的另一种表达，所以，为正确选项。brotherhood即指friendship。 [A]、 [B]、[D] 来源于第一段第一、二句，并非作者的观点，而是some people 和others 的观点。 27.What did the manager mean by saying, “...Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”? 27. 那位经理人说“...Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”是想表达什么意思, [A] His team would no longer take part in international games. [A] 他的队伍将再也不会参加国际比赛。 [B]Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions. [B] 不公正的决定不仅毁了曲棍球，也毁了国际曲棍球联盟 [C]There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation. [C] 国际曲棍球联盟不应该再组织曲棍球比赛。 [D] The Federation should be dissolved. [D] 曲棍球联盟应该解散。 [分析] 本题考核知识点:根据上下文理解文中人物话语的意思。 理解此句的关键是对“are finished” 的正确理解。其在文中的意思为 “被毁了，完蛋了”。 “This wasn?t hockey” 也说明，该经理人认为这场比赛已经不能称其为真正的曲棍球比赛，不公正的决定已经毁了曲棍球。另外，句子的结构说明:曲棍球和国际曲棍球联盟在are finished这一点上是完全相同的。选项中只有[B]把二者放在了并列的位置。所以，[B]为正确选项。 该经理人的话语中并没有提及international games，和no more hockey matches，所以，排除[A] 、[C]。根据上面对句子结构的分析，若[D]正确，则 hockey should be dissolved也应该正确。但此句显然不合逻辑。所以，排除[D]。 28. The basketball example implied that______. 28. 篮球的事例说明__________。 [A] too much patriotism was displayed in the incident [A] 事件中表现出了过多的爱国主义 [B] the announcement to prolong the match was wrong [B] 宣布比赛延时是错误的 [C] the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision [C] 裁判委员会在做决定时过分犹豫 [D] the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals [D] 美国队拒绝接受银牌的做法是对的 [分析]本题考核知识点:写作目的题。 理解文中事例的写作目的要看作者的观点。最后一段中指出，作者认为目前奥运会的组织方式过多地鼓励了爱国主义情绪，而这也恰恰是造成国际体育赛事中麻烦不断的根源。[A]选项符合作者的观点。另外，也可以从事件本身细节中找线索。描写本事件的第三段第一句指出:结果出来之后，美国篮球队表示他们不会向俄国队服输。第五句指出:这是第一次“美国”在奥运会篮球赛中输球。本段最后一句指出:队员投票的结果是拒绝接受银牌。这些细节都表明:队员过分看重比赛的胜负并非源于个人原因，而是把篮球队看作了国家的代表。所以，无论从作者观点来看，还是从事件细节分析，[A]都是正确选项。 [B]的错误在于prolong一词的使用:文中并没有说明是裁判宣布延长比赛，还是真的只剩三分钟。[C]、[D]的错误在于:文中对裁判委员会的决定和美国篮球队的做法只是进行客观描述，并没有进行评论。 29. The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show____________. 29. 作者利用第二、三段的两个例子表明___________。 [A] how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games [A] 虚假的民族自豪感如何导致国际比赛中不良事件的产生 [B] that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be [B] 运动员已经比以前有服从性了 [C] that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship [C] 比赛中的竞争阻碍了国际友谊(的形成) [D] that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games [D] 奥运会中不公平的决定非常普遍 [分析]本题考核知识点:写作目的题。 认识两个例子在文中的作用需要理解文章主旨。由本文的第一、第四段可知，作者的观点是:比赛中所表现出的竞争性不利于国际友谊的形成。这也正是第二、三段举的两个例子所要说明的。所以，[C]为正确选项。 [A]的错误在于偏离文章内容。文中并没有通过讨论运动员的心理，或分析事件形成的具体过程，以说明虚假的民族自尊心如何 导致国际比赛中出现不良事件。相反，本文从不良事件出发，对产生事件的原因进行分析。[B]明显与文中内容相反。作者举例想要说明的是“竞争性”，而不是“不公平的决定”。排除[D]。 另外需要指出的是，28题和29题之间存在很强的关联性，这会在一定程度上影响试题的效度。近年的考题中已经尽量避免了这种情况。 30. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? 30. 从本文中可以得到哪一项结论, [A]The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved. [A] 必须对奥运会的组织方式加以改善。 [B]Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games. [B] 奥运会中运动员应该作为个人参赛。 [C] Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game. [C] 参加运动应该是出于竞争而不是出于对运动的热爱。 [D]International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations. [D] 国际比赛易于形成国家之间的误解。 [分析] 本题考核知识点:最后一段理解推理题。 文章最后一句指出，作者认为，目前奥运会的组织方式过多地鼓励了进攻性的爱国主义(从而导致比赛中经常出现不良事件)。由此可以推出:(为了减少此类事件的发生)，必须对其进行改进。[A]为正确选项。 最后一段倒数第二句…might be too much to hope for说明作者认为要求运动员以个人名义参加比赛不太现实。所以，[B]不正确。 [C]和原文内容相反。文章最后一段第一句说明:“比赛的目的是出于竞争而不是出于对运动的热爱”是造成体育比赛中不良事件的根源，所以，作者对[C]持否定态度。[D]的错误在于其没有意识到:国际比赛本身是好的，造成国家之间误解的原因是国际比赛的组织方式存在问题。 全文翻译 有些人认为，国际性的体育赛事能够促进国家之间的友谊。如果各国一起参与比赛，那么他们能够学会彼此和平共处。另外一些人则持相反的观点:国际比赛鼓动虚假的民族自豪感，生成(国家之间的)误解和仇恨。这两种观点可能都有道理，但近年的奥运会几乎无法支持“运动能够促进国际友谊”的观点。奥运会中不仅出现了谋杀运动员的悲剧事件，还有损坏奥运会形象的小事件发生。后者主要是由参赛国家之间在其他方面的相互较劲引起。 曲棍球决赛后，某国带着明显的愤怒情绪接受了银牌。这场曲棍球结束的时候，赛场一度非常嘈杂，失败方拒绝接受最终裁决。他们认为(裁判)不应该判自己的一个进球无效，判对方获胜是不公平的。其经理人大发脾气，说:“这根本不是曲棍球。曲棍球和国际曲棍球协会都完蛋了。”国际曲棍球协会主席后来说，这种行为能使该队被禁赛三年。 一场有争议的比赛结束后，美国篮球队宣布他们不会把第一名的位置让给俄国。该比赛在混乱中结束。开始(人们都)认为美国队以1分的优势获胜了，但(裁判)宣布还有三秒比赛才结束。俄国队一球员即刻把球从场地的一端抛向另一端，随后，另一球员将其扣入篮中。这是有史以来美国队第一次没能在奥运会篮球比赛中夺冠。裁判委员会在进行了为时四个半小时的争论之后宣布维持原结果。美国队员投票决定拒绝接受银牌。 只要是出于竞争的目的而非出于对体育的热爱进行比赛，这类事件就会继续发生。(有人)建议队员以个人名义或以非国家队的形式组队参赛，但该建议不太可能现实。但目前的奥运会组织方式确实过多地鼓励了攻击性爱国情绪。 Part B 31. [解析] 本题考核知识点:比较句、过去分词做后置定语的译法。 该句主干为 there is more agreement on…than there is (agreement) on… 比较双方为the agreement on the kinds of behavior 和the agreement on how to interpret or classify them。referred to by the term为过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰behavior。How to interpret or classify them为代疑问词的不定式结构，做介词on 的宾语。 词汇:interpret 译为“解释”。 Classify 译为“对…进行分类”。 标准译文:人们对智力这个词所指的各种表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现的解释或分类则有不同的看法。 32.[解析] 本题考核知识点:代词的指代、类比句和不定式做主语的译法。 该句主干为 To criticize …for…is comparable to criticizing…for…。Criticize…for…直译为:因为…批评…，为了更符合汉语的表达习惯可译为:批评…的…。it 指上文提到的intelligence test。Such failure指上文提到的the failure to measure character…artistic abilities. be comparable to表示类比，可译为:类似于。 标准译文:批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。 33. [解析]本题考核知识点:原因状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的译法。 本句主干为:we must be sure that…，句首now since….matter为原因状语从句。that the scale …provides a … comparison为be sure 后接的宾语从句。其中，with which引导定语从句修饰主语名词the scale。 标准译文:既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供有效 的或公平的比较。 34. [解析] 本题考核知识点:被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句的翻译。 本句主干为the first two must be equal for all…，if…be made 为条件状语从句。who are being compared为定语从句，修饰先行词 all。 标准译文:如果从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有的被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。 35. [解析] 本题考核知识点:被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句、the same as 形成的对比句的译法。 本句主干为: ….such a conclusion can be drawn….，but only if ….and only if为两个并列条件句，表示主句成立必须满足这两个 前提。两个条件从句中又分别嵌套了定语从句with whom he is being compared,和which they possessed，修饰先行词the other和 information。 标准译文:总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但前提是必须两个假定成立:这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩 子对测试的态度相同;他没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 参考译文 智力充其量只是一个假设性的概念，因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。(31)人们对智力这个词所指的各种表现意见比较一致， 而对这些表现的解释或分类则有不同的看法。但普遍认为，智力高的人是能指那些够迅速领会思想、区分事物、进行逻辑推理 并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习的能力，尤其是学习学校所要求的各种知识的能 力。智力测验并不测定人的个性、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术才能。其设计初衷也并非为了测定这些方面。(32) 批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。 我们要注意的另一件事是，对任何测试对象的智力评估都是比较而言的。 (33)既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供有效 的或公平的比较。正是基于这一点，产生了一些让我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素:尽力考好的意向，理 解考试要求所需要的知识，以及做这件事情所需的智能。(34)如果从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有的被比较者来说， 前两个因素必须是一样的。在我们的文化培养的学生中，上述设想可以公平合理。这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。它的价值 当然就在它对预测提供了令人满意的依据。没有人会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。我们感兴趣的是，我们能否从 他测试的成绩中得出结论:与同龄人相比，这个儿童在完成我们认为需要“一般智力”的任务时，他会做得更好还是更差。(35) 总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但前提是必须两个假定成立:这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子对测试的 态度相同;他没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 1993年试题与分析 Section ?Use of English 1.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:近义动词的区别。 四个选择项都有“包含、构成”之意，但用法不同。句子中有助动词be的存在，因此，这就点明了所选的动词应能够使用被动语态。contain作及物动词时，意为“包含”，可用于主动或被动语态，为正确选项。 consist是一个不及物动词，无被动语态。consist of 表示“由„„组成、构成”，等同于be composed of。例:Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.(水由氢和氧组成)。consist in 表示“以某事物为其主要的或惟一的因素或特征，在于”，如:True patriotism consists in putting the interests of one’s country above everything else, including one’s own life.(真正的爱国主义就是把国家利益置于任何其他利益之上，包括自己的生命);Happiness consists in contentment(知足常乐)。consist with 表示“符合，与„„一致”，例:Theory should consist with practice.(理论应与实践相符合)。 compose意为“(事物的部分或成分)构成”，如:the short scenes that compose the play(组成此剧的各幕)。它用于被动语态时 需与of连用，be composed of 意为“(由某事物)组成或构成”。 comprise意为“包含，组成，构成”，一般指构成整体的全部成分，如:Two small boys and a dog comprised the street entertainer’s only audience.(两个小男孩和一条狗成了街头艺人仅有的观众)。当它用于被动语态时，通常也要与of连用，如:America is comprised of 55 states.(美国由55个州组成)。 2.[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:表语形容词及对文章主旨的把握。 首先，我们可以从词义的搭配上来加以区分。attractive意为“有吸引力的”，如:goods attractive in price and quality(价廉物美的货物)。appropriate意为“合适的”，如:His casual clothes were not appropriate for such a formal occasion.(他的便服不适宜在这样正式的场合穿)。这两个词都不能与作为主语的importance搭配。obscure意为“模糊不清的”。evident意为“明显的”。文章第二段一直强调室内设计的重要性，因此重要性是明显的。 3.[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词搭配。 空格所在部分是how much time+定语从句，surrounded by„是过去分词做主语we的补语，相当于when we are surrounded by„。空格填入的词必须能够与其逻辑宾语time搭配，填入的动词的含义要表示“花费、消耗”这样的词意。 四个选项中，spend表示“度过，花费，消耗”，多用于时间，金钱。spend 与time属于固定的动宾搭配。how much time we spend意为“我们花多少时间”，也就是说“我们花多少时间呆在室内”，因此，spend为正确选项。require表示“要求，需要，命令”;settle意为“安放，定居，解决”;retain意为“保持，保留”。这三个词都不常与time搭配，而且也不符合文意。 4.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:比较结构的固定短语搭配。 本句的后面出现了关键信息词as possible。as„ as possible意为“尽可能”，是固定短语。 as„ as意为“和„„一样”，not so„ as 意为“不如”。 5.[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:代词的用法。 some修饰可数名词复数时，表示“一些”，而句子中的place是单数;当它用在单数可数名词前时表示“某种”，也与题意不符。any表示“任何一个”，与文意不符。this place是特定地指某地，在文中作者是泛指，因此this不符合题意。each意为“每一个”，相当于every, each place在此处指室内的每一个地方，符合题意。 6.[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点:表语形容词的用法以及对全文主旨的把握。 选项中的四个词都可用来表达人的感觉或感情色彩。上文提到，我们也期望房间的每一个地方的设计都与它的用途相适合;空格所在句子指出，如果你的卧室突然变得像饭店一样，你肯定会感到„„。由于“卧室像饭店”显然是不符合房间的用途，因此空格处的形容词应带有贬义。 amused“被逗乐的,感到愉快的”和interested“有兴趣的”不符文意。而shocked表示“震惊，大吃一惊”，程度比surprised要深，更符合原文的意思。frightened表示“被惊吓的”，更强调的是“害怕”之意，不符合逻辑。 7.[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点:介词的搭配。 选项的四个介词都可以与动词look相搭配，但意义差别较大。look like意为“看起来像”;look for 意为“寻找”;look at 意为“看”;look into意为“调查，窥视，观察”。根据句子的结构可知，look的逻辑主语the inside of your bedroom是静止的事物，因而只能选用表示对比意义的动词短语。look like the inside of a restaurant意为“看起来像餐馆店堂一样”。 8.[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义形容词区分。 这个句子要求考生回答:坐在一间装饰得像教室一样的商务办公室，人的感觉会怎样, correct表示“正确的，端正的”，如:make correct decisions(做出正确的决定);a very correct young man (仪态非常端庄的年轻人)。它通常是对一个事物作出的理性的评价，如“正确、错误”之类，用在这里，语义不符。另外，从词义上说，right, proper, suitable都有“合适的，恰当的”之意。proper通常表示“符合某种特定要求的正确作法，如行为是否合理，分寸是否恰当”;suitable 则通与介词to或for连用，意为“适合于某种目的和场合”，两都不符合题意。 right除了表示“正确的、合适的”意义之外，还可表达出人的心理活动，not feel right表示“感觉不太舒服”，正符合题意。 9.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义名词的区分。 从上下文来看，第二段着重阐述的是室内的装饰应与建筑物的空间的不同用途(或功能)相一致，很显然，第三段作者应论述设计师要关注建筑物的室内空间的准确用途是否合理这一问题。 concern与care都表示“关心”。但是care一般用于带感情色彩的事情，有“照料、关切”的意思。concern着重于所关心的问题或对象，例:The managing director’s only concern was how to improve the quality of their products.(总经理心里想的全是如何提高产品质量)。 attention意为“小心、注意(力)、专心”，也有关心之意，但这个词的意义的重点在“注意”，即“集中精力做某事”。如:Your suggestion has come to our attention.(我们已经考虑了你的建议)。intention意为“意图，目的”，如:I began reading with the intention of finishing the book, but I never did. (我开始读这本书时想读完它，可是我从来就没把它读完)。 10.[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义名词的区分以及从上下文获取线索。 继续读下去，我们会发现在后面出现了for any kind of space(对任何空间而言)，与前面相互呼应，所以应选space“空间”。circumstance意为“环境，详情，情况”，多用复数形式，如:The circumstances forced me to accept. (环境迫使我不得不同意)。environment意为“环境”，如:adjust to a new environment(适应新的环境)。surroundings意为“环境”，如:The house is in beautiful surroundings.(这座房屋四周的环境优美)。 11.[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点:程度副词的用法。 本题的语境句是一个双重否定句。with短语中的三点内容，即poor sight lines、poor sound-shaping qualities和few entries and exits中的poor和few都具有否定的意义，正好与剧院内部设计的“不合理”相对应。根据上下文，必须继续保持few的否定意义。 too用于形容词或副词前，表示“太、过于”;它也可用于表示数量的形容词前，表示“太多或太少”，如:too many people (太多人)。too few entries and exits强调太少的进出口，符合文意。quite a few 意为“很多”， 表达的是肯定的意义，一般不用quite few，例:quite a few illustrations(相当多的插图)。far 作副词用时，可以表示“很，非常”，一般用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级，如:She is far better than me at writing(她写作比我好很多)。 12.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点:代词的用法。 解答本题的关键在于弄清楚句子前后的指代关系。该句可简化为a theater will not work for purpose。根据上下文，此处应填入表示所属关系的物主代词，同时，所填入的代词既要与前面的主句的主语a theater(单数，指物)一致，也要与后面从句中的主语it一致。 从四个选项来看，those和that 都是指代词，显然不符合要求。their 虽然是物主代词，但它表示的是一个复数意义，与单数主语相矛盾。也应排除。因此，正确的答案只能是its。 work for its purpose意为“使用起来合乎其目的”。 13.[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义动词的区分。 paint意为“刷油漆”，如:He painted the wall yellow(他把墙漆成黄色)。 cover意为“覆盖”，如:She covered the table with a cloth(她用一块布把桌子罩起来)。这两个词都不符合句意。 ornament和decorate都有“装饰”之意，但具体的含义不一。ornament意为用物件“装饰点缀”、“美化”，如:ornament a hall with paintings(用画装饰大厅)。decorate除有“装饰”之意外，还有对房屋进行“装潢、粉刷”之意。室内设计的职责主要是进行室内的装修设计。因而decorated应为本题的正确选项。 14.[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义名词的区分和上下文的搭配关系。 solution意为“(问题，疑难的)解决办法”，常与achieve, find等动词搭配使用，它不能与make搭配。如:This is the only practicable solution imaginable(这是惟一想得出的切实可行的解决办法)。conclusion表示“结论”，常与draw, reach和come to连用，也不 能与make搭配。decision和determination都表示“决定，决心”，但determination更强调的是“坚定、果断的决心”，在此也不符合，因此只有decision可选，在文中表示“作出同样的决定”。 15.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点:短语的固定搭配。 In addition表示“此外”，属于固定搭配。 Section ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇介绍儿童学习语言关键期的文章。文章指出，学习语言有关键期，过了这个时期学习的进程就会变得缓慢，此外，婴儿天生就具有说话的能力，但说话有赖于母亲与孩子的交流。 第一段:提出讨论的主要议题:没有语言，孩子的成长是否会受到损害。 第二段:Frederick I的实验说明语言缺乏是孩子受损的一个原因，缺少哺育是另一重要原因。 第三段:指出孩子学习语言有关键期，超过关键期，语言学习会有困难。 第四段:给出例子，说明说话晚不一定智商低。 第五段:指出儿童天生就具有说话的能力，他创造自己句子的能力尤其令人吃惊。 第六段:指出孩子说话必须经过引导，但这有赖于母亲与孩子的交流。 二、试题分析 16. The purpose of Frederick?’s experiment was__ Frederick ?实验的目的是______。 [A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak[A ] 证明孩子生来就具有说话的能力 [B] to discover what language a child would speak without [B] 发现孩子在没有听见人类语言的情况下会说哪种语言 hearing any human speech [C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching [C] 研究细心护理在教孩子说话中起什么作用 a child to speak [D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning [D] 证明在没有学习语言的情况下，孩子会受到伤害 a language [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节中的目的。 文章在第一段论述了Frederick I 的实验，并在该段最后一句话的前半句用分词形式引导的目的状语，直接说明该实验的目的:Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he„。由此可见他要求保育员保持沉默，其目的就是为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言。[B]选项是原文的合理改写，为正确答案。 [A]选项与本段内容不符，况且文章第五段第一句Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak 说明[A]选项的内容是现代人的发现，并非十三世纪的这个实验的目的。 [C]选项与实验毫不相干，尽管文中第二段提到此实验中孩子的死亡并不仅仅是因为缺乏语言，还因为缺少细心护理，但这不是Frederick I 实验的目的，而是实验后人们的分析。 [D]选项只是实验的结果，是人们在实验后得到的结论，并不是Frederick I 做这个实验的最初目的。 17. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most 一些孩子在说话上迟钝的主要原因是____。 probably that__ [A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly [A]他们不能迅速学会语言 [B] they are exposed to too much language at once [B]他们同时置身于太多的语言之中 [C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to [C]母亲对孩子要说话的欲望回应不足 speak [D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them [D] 他们的妈妈智力不够，帮不了他们 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:细节中的原因。 第三段第二句提到“一些孩子在说话上迟钝”，随后指出原因:Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant„。[C]选项是原文的改写。respond inadequately与Insensitive相应，their attempts to speak与the signals of the infant一致。因此[C]选项为正确答案。 [A]选项与第三段第三句whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly含义相反。 [B]、[D]这两个选项都是文中没有涉及的内容。注意at once在这里为“同时”之意。 18. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that 儿童最不可思议的方面是__________。 [A] he is born with the capacity to speak [A]他生来就具有说话的能力 [B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s [B]与动物相比，他的大脑更复杂 [C] he can produce his own sentences [C]他能创造自己的句子 [D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing [D]他的说话能力归功于好的照顾 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:细节归纳。 作者在第五段第一句和第二句都分别提到[A]选项和[B]选项。这两个选项都是儿童的普通能力特征，[B]选项更是所有人，包括成人的共有特征，因此都应排除。 第五段是后一句话中的even more incredible 表明后述内容比前述内容重要，即:the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language„, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways为儿童最不可思议的方面。而[C]选项为原文的确切改写，为正确答案。 [D]选项与文章内容不符，文章第六段指出说话能力的引导有赖于母亲对孩子的交流，与“照顾”的概念不同。此外作者也没说它是最难以置信的能力。owe„to意思是“归功于，得感谢。” 19. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? 哪个选项 不能从短文中推论出来, [A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man. [A]人生来具有说话能力 [B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in [B]鼓励在孩子学语言的过程中根本不起什么作用 language learning. [C] The child’ s brain is highly selective. [C]儿童的大脑具有高度选择性 [D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.[D ]绝大多数孩子在确定的阶段学习语言 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申的是非判断。 本题可对选项直接进行排除。 [A]选项与第五段第一句话„ an infant is born with the capacity to speak 相一致。faculty意为“能力”。 [B]选项与最后一段提出的“母亲应对孩子的信号给予回应、进行鼓励”不符。因此[B]为答案。Anything but 意思是“根本不”。 [C]选项中“儿童大脑的高度选择性”在第五段第三句the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him得以说明。 第三段最后一句话以鸟为例说明儿童学习语言有关键期，此外，第四段首句„ speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age也说明了这一点，与[D]选项一致。 20. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will 如果一个孩子开始说话比其他孩子晚，他将来会_______。 [A] have a high IQ [A] 具有高智商 [B] be less intelligent [B] 智商低 [C] be insensitive to verbal signals [C] 对语言信号不敏感 [D] not necessarily be backward [D] 不一定低智商 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申。 文章第四段第一句话举出例子:speech started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ，这说明说话晚的孩子后来也可能具有高智商，也就是说，说话晚并不一定低智商。因此[B]选项不正确，而[D]选项正确。但这并不能说明凡是说话晚的孩子将来智商都高。因此[A]选项也不正确。文章并未涉及[C]选项的内容。 三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析 长难句 ?But clearly there was more than lack of language here. 注意句中more than 的用法，more than意为“超出„„的”。注意more„ than 和more than 的意思不同。前者的意思是“与其说„„倒不如说”。如:The child was more frightened than hurt. (这孩子的伤倒不算什么，只是受惊不小)。原句中lack意为“缺乏”。另外，考生还应知道for lack of 的含义:“因缺乏”。如:For lack of evidence, the prisoner was released(由于证据不足，犯人获释)。 译文:但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。 ?Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. 本句由两个并列分句构成。前半句suggest 后是that引导的宾语从句。后半句中cases后接有定语从句where speech has started late in a child，其中where=in which，即in those cases。a child后是由who 引导的定语从句对其进行修饰，句中turn out意为“最后是，最后成为，成长为”，如:The boy will turn out to be a marvelous man(这个男孩将会成长为一个了不起的人)。 译文:专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。 ?Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. 此句主语是the reason for this，is后是表语从句that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant，接着是修饰infant的非限定性定语从句。句中program的动词形式原意是“编制程序”，引申义为“计划或安排某事物”。insensitive的意思是“不敏感”，是sensitive(敏感的;易受伤害的)的反义词。 译文:通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好安排。 四、词汇注释 (1) starve(v.)使挨饿，使饿死;使因缺乏某物而困苦，如:She’s lonely, and starving for companionship. 她很孤独，渴望友谊。 (2) capacity(n.)容量，生产量;智能，才能，能力，接受力;地位，身份，资格 (3) backward(a./ad.)向后地(的)，相反地(的);落后的，迟钝的，如:This part of the country is still ~.这个国家的这个地区仍很落后。 (4) in a fixed sequence 以固定的顺序;sequence(n.)次序, 顺序, 按时间顺序排列的事物，(数学中的)序列 (5) constant(a.)恒定的，不变的;连续发生的，持续不断的，at a ~ age在一特定的年龄 (6) turn out to be 最后结果时是，最终成为，如:Things turned out to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.事情正如教授所预料的那样。 (7) enable (v.)使能够，如A rabbit’s large ears ~ it to hear the slightest sound.兔子的大耳朵使它能听到极微小的声 音。 en-前缀意思是:使、使成为，使处于„„状态，如:enlarge(v.)扩大，endanger(v.)使处于危险中 (8) induce(vt.)劝诱, 诱导，促使, 导致, 引起感应;inducement(n.)引诱物 (9) dull (a.)感觉或理解迟钝的, 无趣的, 呆滞的, 阴暗的;(v.)使迟钝, 使阴暗, 缓和 五、全文翻译 语言是否如同食物这种人们的基本需求一样，没有了它，在关键期的儿童会饿死和受到损害,从十三世纪弗雷德里克一世的极端实验来看，语言可能会是这样。弗雷德里克一世期望发现如果没有母语，儿童将说什么语言，他叫护士保持沉默。 所有的婴儿在第一年就夭折了。但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。(长难句?)真正缺乏的是良好的哺育。没有良好的哺育，尤其是在生命的第一年，人的生存能力会受到严重的影响。 当今不会再存在如同弗雷德里克那样欠缺的安排了。然而，一些儿童仍然在说话方面滞后。通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好了安排。(长难句?)如果这些敏感的阶段被忽略的话，那么学习技能的最佳时间将被错过，同时人可能再也不会那么容易地学习这些技能了。小鸟在合适的时候能够很快地学会唱歌和飞翔，但一旦关键期错过了，那么学起来就会既慢又难。 专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。(长难句?)十二周的时候，婴儿会笑并且发出类似元音的声音;在十二个月的时候，他会说简单的单词并且听懂简单的指令;在十八个月的时候他有三到五十个词汇量。在三岁的时候，他知道大约一千个能够用来造句的单词，到了四岁的时候，他的语言在风格而不是语法方面与他父母的语言迥异。 最近的研究结果表明，婴儿生来就有说话的能力。与猴子大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词语的声音模式连接起来。更让人难以置信的是这个小脑袋从周围混杂的声音里挑选出语言的顺序，对其对进行分析，再以新的方式对语言的各部分进行组合、再组合的能力。 但是说话需要引导，这依赖于儿童与母亲的交流，在此过程中，母亲识别儿童咿呀学语，抓东西和微笑等的信号并对这些信号做出反应。母亲对这些信号的不敏感性会削弱交流，因为儿童受挫，同时他们仅仅会发出明显的信号。对儿童非语言信号的敏感对语言的产生和发展是必要的。 Passage 2 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇社会生活类型的文章，主要介绍了官僚资本主义给人们带来的焦虑感，使他们失去了独立性。文章末尾作者给出了建议。 第一段:指出人在官僚主义经营下的产业社会中只是上了油的小齿轮，变得无能为力，只能随着自动化机器和官僚化管理的节拍跳动。 第二、三段:分别指出普通工人和领导阶层的雇员都有焦虑感，使他们享受不到生活的幸福，失去了独立性。 第四段:作者又对这样的事实提出建议，即:不是要回到工业化前的生活模式中，而是要建立人本主义的产业社会，充分发挥人的潜力。 二、试题分析 21. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends 作者使用a well-oiled cog in the machinery要表达的意思是to render the idea that man is _____。 [A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s [A] 人虽然作用小，却是社会不可缺少的一部分 function is negligible [B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[B ] 人与社会其他部分处于完全和谐的状况下 [C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the [C] 人虽然正常运转，但与社会其他部相比是不重要的一部分 society, though functioning smoothly [D] a humble component of the society, especially when working [D] 人是社会低下的组成部分，尤其当他正常工作时 smoothly [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义句意 首段第一句中giant enterprises与small, well-oiled cog形成强对比，映补出人的微小。接着作者又对oiling进行了解释，即通过高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等手段使人顺利工作，然后用yet引导的句子指出这些“润滑油”无法改变的事实:man has become powerless。此外，该段最后一句话workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines也强调了人的“无力”。由此可见，人已经变成微不足道的小小齿轮，无能为力，受人摆布。[C]选项与此意相符，为正确答案。 [A]选项是对人的作用的肯定，不符合原文powerless, puppets的否定含义。[B]选项是通过第一段第二句„„higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts„得出的结论，却忽略了yet 对它的否定和对后述内容的强调:man has become powerless。[D]选项错在后面的条件。原文中说人是微不足道，并未有附加条件。 22. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is 工人和雇员焦虑的真正原因是_______。 that [A] they are likely to lose their jobs [A] 他们可能会失业 [B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[ B] 他们对生活没有真正的满足和兴趣 [C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human [C] 他们面临着人类生存的基本现实 existence [D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence[D ] 他们被剥夺了个性和独立性 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:细节的原因 文章第二段第一句话引出工人和雇员焦虑的原因:„ not only because they might find themselves out of a job; „ also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life。 [A]、[B]选项分别指出了其中的一个原因。这两个原因无轻重之分，因此，[A]选项若正确，[B]选项也应为正确选项。通过这样的分析，可将[A]、[B]选项同时排除，因为不可能有两个正确答案。 [C]选项与文章第二段第二句they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence„不相符。因此也排除。 通过they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence„以及第三段第五句When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissive and independence，可以推断出，为了更好的使顺从性和独立性融合，他们会放弃一些独立性。[D]选项确切表达了这一思想。 23. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life 从文中可以推知，生活中真正的幸福属于________。 belongs to those [A] who are at the bottom of the society [A] 社会最底层的人 [B] who are higher up in their social status [B] 社会地位较高的人 [C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors [C] 那些证明自己比同事更优秀的人 [D] who could keep far away from this competitive world [D] 能够远离这个竞争性社会的人 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落推论 文章第三段最后一句话:this constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness sand illness说明造成不快乐的原因就是竞争，反过来说，只有远离竞争，才会体验生活的真正幸福。因此[D]选项为正确答案。 [A]选项与第二段内容不符。二段首句就直接指出the workers and employees are anxious。因此他们得不到真正的幸福。[B]选项又与三段“领导阶层的雇员也有焦虑感”不符。[C]选项与三段最后一句话this constant need to prove that one is„ better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness相悖。 24. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that 作者建议，为了解决目前的社会问题，我们应该 _______。 we should [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors [A] 采取祖先所使用的生产方式 [B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees [B] 为工人和雇员提供高工资 [C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities [C] 使人充分发挥其潜力 [D] take the fundamental realities for granted [D] 对现实听之任之 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:细节理解 在文章最后一段，作者提出了解决现存社会问题的建议。第二、三句对首句所问问题的否定回答Certainly not. Problems are never solved„表明我们不能采取过去的生产方式来解决问题。因此，[A]选项与此文章内容不符，予以排除。[C]选项与该段第四句a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities„ are the aims of all social arrangements 一致，为正确答案。 [B]选项文中未提到。况且，第一段作者就指出增加工资这种“润滑油”无法改变事实。[D]选项与最后一段作者建议(transforming our social system)相悖。 25. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be 作者对工业主义的态度是_______。 summarized as one of __ [A] approval [A] 赞许 [B] dissatisfaction [B] 不满意 [C] suspicion [C] 怀疑 [D] tolerance [D] 宽容 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度 文章二、三段指出目前官僚经营的工业主义给下至普遍工人，上至领导阶层都带来了焦虑，最后一段作者又提出改造工业制度，使其更适合人性发展的建议。由此可见，作者对工业主义是不满意的。故[B]选项为正确答案。 [A]选项明显与作者态度相悖;作者已经指出了现代社会弊端，并提出对其改造，显然作者已不仅仅是怀疑了，[C]选项错误;若宽容，则只会听之任之，不会提建议，[D]选项错。 三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析 长难句 ?Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. 注意句中的those指代的是lives。其中no less„ than„ 意思是“不少于”，如:Our solders fought with no less daring than skills(我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战技)。 译文:他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。 ?When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. 句中as well as 连接两个for引导的介词短语，表示后述内容the right mixture of submissiveness and independence与前面的intelligence为并列关系，意思是二者同样都受到测试。submissiveness意思是“服从”。 译文:当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。 佳句 ?They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. 注意They live and die without doing„(他们平淡得活着、死去，没有做„„)的运用。如:They live and die without knowing what is important to them (他们平淡地活着、死去，不知道什么对自己最重要)。as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings 中as是介词，该部分做状语修饰confronted，意思是“作为情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人”。 译文:他们平淡的活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。 ?To the promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. 该句子是不定式作主语，句子结构是„is not„ but„(„„不是„„而是„„)。如: To be a teacher is not a matte of being respected, but even more a matter of responsibilities(老师不仅仅意味着受人尊敬，更意味着责任)。 译文:升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。 ?Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man. 注意„ should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from„ 的用法。如:Technology should serve only as means to benefit human beings, and should be prevented from being a tool to destroy man(技术只是造福于人类的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具)。句中means意思是“方法手段”(经常用做单数);end意为“目的”。如:Does the end always justify the means (目的正当就可以不择手段吗), 译文:生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。 四、词汇注释 (1)well-ventilated (a.)通风良好的;ventilate(v.)使通风，发表(意见或看法)，表达(感情);ventilation(n.) (2)piped music背景音乐，指商店、餐馆等地连续播放的轻音乐;pipe(n.)管子，笛子，管乐器 (v.)用管道输送，吹奏音乐 (3) dance to sb’s tune(完全)听从某人指挥，服从某人差遣;tune(n.)调子，曲调;和谐，融洽，如:in ~ with the times顺应时势(v.)调音，使和谐 (4) confront (vt.)使面临, 面对，对抗;confrontation(n.)对抗，冲突，~with/between，如:military ~军事冲突 (5) social ladder(n.)社会阶梯 (6) no less正是，正如(表示强调)，如:He was ~the President.他原来就是总统。 其他less 构成的短语: 1)no less than不少于，多达，如:The audience was no less than five thousand. 听众有五千人之多。 2)much/still less更不用说，更谈 不上，如:She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。 3)in less than no time很快地，迅速地 (7) subordinate (a.)次要的, 从属的, 下级的，~to sth.;(n.)下属，下级，从属物;(v.)把„„列入下级，使„„位于较低 级别，使服从 (8) submissiveness (n.)服从，顺从;submissive(a.)服从的，顺从的;submit(v.)使服从，顺从，降服，提出，提交~ sth. to，如:I ~ted my papers to the examiner.我把试卷交给主考老师。 (9) fellow (n.)人, 家伙, 伙伴, 学会, 朋友, 同事;fellow countryman同胞，同乡，fellow traveler同情某一政治运动或政 党的人, 同路人 (10) outgrow (v.)长得比„快(或大、高)，长得太大而使„不再适用;out-前缀意思是:在外、向外;超过、胜过、高于，如: outdoor(a./ad.)(在)户外，outrun跑的比„„快或远，超过 (11) a means to this end达到目的的手段;means(n.)手段，方法 五、全文翻译 总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。 心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。然而这些“润滑油”并 没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌烦工作。事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成 了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。 工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。(佳句?) 那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。(长难句?)在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。(佳句?)当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。(长难句?)从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。 我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗,当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业制度转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。(佳句?) Passage 3 一、文章结构总体分析 本文主要介绍了专利权的期限，是一篇法律范畴内的文章。 第一段:介绍了三种处理发明的方法，以此引出讨论点:专利。 第二、三段:介绍了专利的一些特点，指出专利权有一定的时间限制，到期后发明的所有细节必须公开，只有在极特殊情况下可延期。 第四段:举例说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长。 第五、六段:用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利权。同时指出现代的一些发明也是来自以前的专利。 二、试题分析 26. The passage is mainly about 文章谈论的重点是_____。 [A] an approach to patents [A]申请专利的方法 [B] the application for patents [B]申请专利 [C] the use of patents [C]专利的使用 [D] the access to patents [D]对专利的利用 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨 文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点，又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长，然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利或专利权，也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括，是正确答案。 [A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近(进入，取得)„„的机会或权利”，use只有“使用”之意。 27. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? 根据文章判断哪个选项正确, [A] When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented [A]当专利期限结束时，如果有必要，它可以被重新申请专利或延期 or extended if necessary. [B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before [B]发明者将其发明公布于世前，有必要先申请专利 he makes his invention public. [C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention [C]当专利的法律期限到期后，专利持有者必须公布他的发明细节 when its legal period is over. [D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from [D]人们可以从附属于专利机构的图书馆中获取已申请专利的发明a library attached to the patent office. 的所有细节 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:细节是非判断。 对于是非题，可采取排除法。 [A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。 [B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时，发明者可以有三种选择相悖。 [C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致，为正确答案。 [D]选项错在patented invention，第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。 28. George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because 乔治•瓦伦西的专利延长至1971年的原因是__________。 [A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that [A] 1971年以前，没人愿意买他的专利 time [B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long [B]他的专利在极其长的一段时间内不能被使用 time [C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color [C]没有足够的电视台提供彩色节目 programmes [D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time[D ]直到1971年，彩电接收器才出现 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章细节 文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治•瓦伦西为例，对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是:because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention，也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内，该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符，为正确答案。 [A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward，但原文指的是“不能获利”，而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。 [C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。 [D]选项时间错误，乔治•瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。 29. The word “plagiarize”(line 8 , Para. 5) most probably means 第五段第八行中的plagiarize的含义是 _____。 “_”. [A] steal and use [A]偷并使用 [B] give reward to [B]付给报酬 [C] make public [C]使公开 [D] take and change [D]拿走并改变 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词语释义 第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利(live patent)相比，失效的专利(dead patent)可以节省高额费用，还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃，抄袭”的意思，与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。 30. From the passage we learn that 通过阅读文章能得出的结论是_____。 [A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is [A]发明只有被用于商业实践时，才能使发明者受益 reduced to commercial practice [B] products are actually inventions which were made a long [B]产品实际上是很久以前的发明创造 time ago [C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one[C ]买旧专利比买新专利省钱 [D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by [D]专利专家经常通过对过期专利进行搜寻而向他人推荐专利 conducting a search through dead patents [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申 本题可通过排除法解题。 [A]选项与第六段第二句It is their reduction to commercial practice„ that makes news and money内容一致，是正确选项。 [B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。 [C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。 [D]选项与文章第五段第二句„patent experts often advise anyone „不符，从该句可知，对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人，而不是专家本人，[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者，故不正确。 三、文章长难句解析和佳句赏析 长难句 ?The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. 分号前是一个简单句;分号后的句子中含有because 引导的原因状语从句，其主干结构是there was„and (there was) thus no hope„，thus表明了句中的因果关系，for„是时间状语。 译文:迄令为止批准的最长的延期授给了乔治•瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。 ?Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. 这一句可简化为patent experts advise anyone „ that„也就是“专利专家建议人们„„”。现在分词结构wishing„live patents作anyone的后置定语;that后的从句是advise的直接宾语。 译文:专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。 ?It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication , or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. 此句为强调句型it is„ that。 reduction在这里的意思是“变形”，其动词形式是reduce也有这个含义，如:reduce an equation/argument/statement to its simple form(把一方程式/论据/陈述转化成最简单形式)。either through„ or through„连接并列的名词做状语。 译文:正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。 佳句 ?Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. 句子中过去分词involved„置于主语anyone之后，作它的定语;句子的谓语是learn后面跟的是宾语从句。as old as the hills意思是“像山一样古老”。如:Mrs. Smith is very reserved, and many of her ways to deal with problems are as old as the hills.(史密斯太太非常保守，她的许多处理问题的方法都很陈旧)。 译文:任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人，都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上很陈旧。 四、词汇注释 (1) patent (n.) 专利，专利证书，专利品，专利权，如:take out a ~ on sth.获得某物的专利 (vt.)取得...的专利权, 请准专利 (2) granted(a.)准许的，获准的，承认了的;grant(v.)同意, 准予, 承认(某事为真)，赠予，提供，如:to ~ sb. permission to do sth.准许某人做某事，to ~the truth of what sb. says承认某人所说的是真的;(n.)补助金，助学金，赠款，津贴，给予，授予物 (3) struck strike的过去式和过去分词;strike(vt.)打，击，突然想到，猛然悟到，找到，发现(地方或材料)，罢工，达成(协议);(n.)罢工，on ~;攻击 (4) in the most exceptional circumstances在极端特殊的情况下;exceptional(a.)例外的，异常的，杰出的，非凡的;exception(n.)除外, 例外, 反对, 异议;except (prep.)除了...之外, 若不是, 除非 (5) circuitry (n.)电路, 线路 (6) plagiarize(v.)剽窃，抄袭(亦作plagiarise) (7) likewise(ad.)同样地, 照样地, 又, 也;-wise后缀意思是:1)在特定的方式、方向或位置上，如:clockwise(a./ad.)顺时针方向，lengthwise(ad./a.)纵向地，纵长的:2)与„„有关，关于:price-wise价格方面，time-wise从时间上来看 (8) invalidate(v.)使无效;使作废;in-否定前缀，表示“不，非”，如:indirect(a.)间接的，inability(n)无能，无力 (9) anticipate(v.)预期, 期望, 占先，抢先，预支;提前使用 (10) rear engine后置发动机;rear(n.)后面,背后;(a.)后面的，背面的，后方的;(v.)养育，饲养，举起，抬高，直立 五、全文翻译 当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情:他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。 批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。 只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。 迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治•瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。(长难句?) 由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。 任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。(佳句?)正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。(长难句?)磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。 Part ? English-Chinese Translation 一、文章结构总体分析 文章探讨了科学家的思维活动与常人的思维活动是否存在差异的问题。科学研究方法实际上不过是普遍人了解世界时所用的方法。许多人以为归纳法和演绎法是经过特别训练的科学家所独有的，但其实人们每天都在使用这些思维方法，只是程度不同而已。 二、试题分析 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:含否定词的肯定表示方法，被动句译成主动句 这是一个由分号连接的并列句。主干是The method is nothing but„; it is simply the mode„这个句子从两个方面对the method of scientific investigation(科学研究的方法)进行了论述。分号后面的it即是指第一句的主语The method of scientific investigation。两个分句的主干都是主系表结构。 后半句的mode后有一个介词前置的定语从句by which„修饰，可译作“用以„„的方法”，定语从句中包含有两个被动语态:are reasoned„ and given„, 在这里，我们可以用“对„„进行，对„„给予”的句型翻译这两个被动语态。nothing but和simply所表达的口气相似，都意为“只不过、就是，只是”。 注意nothing but不表示否定。类似的词组短语还有: but that+从句意为“若不是”;anything but意为“根本不”;all but 意为“几乎，差一点”;but for 意为“要不是”等等。 词汇方法:working意为“活动”而不是“工作”。expression在这里意为“表达”。reason作动词时意为“推理”，“思索”。 译文:科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。 32.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文理解 这是一个主从复合句。这句话与前文的联系紧密，因为这句话中的scale和balance都在前文中出现，一种是a baker or a butcher所用，一种是a chemist所用。从常识可以知道面包师或卖肉者所用的一定是磅秤，而化学家所用的是更为精确的天平。 本句中的in the one case, in the other(case)就是指被面包师或卖肉者和被化学家所用两种情况，翻译的时候可以适当作增补，以使意义清楚明了。所以It is not that the that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other可以译成:这不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平。 but后面的句子是一个两者相比较的句子。the former, the latter分别是指前文提到的磅秤和天平。 词汇方面:differ in 是动词词组，可译成“在„„方面存在差别，在„„方面有所不同”。 译文:这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确。 33([解析] 本题考核的知识点是:猜测词义，词语搭配。 这是一个主从复合句。句子的主干是:You(主)+have all heard(谓)+ it(形式宾语)+repeated(宾补)+that„(真正宾语)。真正宾语由三个that引导的从句充当。That从句的表达顺序和中文相近，可以顺着原文的顺序翻译。第二个和第三个that从句当中的they都指scientists。 要注意名词和动词在汉语中的搭配，如extract„ laws, build up„ theories在中文中应该搭配成:“找出规律”，“建立„„理论”。operations实际上就指前面的induction, deduction,因此它的字面意思“操作，运转”不符合句子意思，可以翻译成“方法”，因为induction, deduction本身就是两种方法。 词汇方面:repeated意为“多次”。从induction已给出的中文可以猜出deduction(演绎)的意思，因为它显然是和induction相对的。 In a sort of sense意为“在某种意义上说”;out of these指的是out of these laws，字面意思是“来自这些规律”，这里可译为“从这些规律出发”或“根据这些规律”。 译文:你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。34([解析] 本题考核的知识点是:固定句型的译法，代词指代 这是一个复合句。句子的主干是it is imagined„ that„, and that„。it是形式主语，that引导的是真正的主语。事实上，it is imagined by many that„这样的句型还有许多类似的例子，它们都有约定俗成的译法。本句应当翻译成“许多人认为”。再如:it is reported„(据报道„„);it is said that„(据说„„);it is argued that„(有人争论„„)。many在这指many people, operations当然指其思维的活动。 by no means也是否定的一种形式，can by no means be compared with的意思是“不能与„„相比较”，隐含的意思是“不如„„”。通过上下文可以知道these processes指的是第33题中所描述的科学家们的思维过程。 最后一个分句中的they 指的是前面一分句的复数名processes。被动语态可用“进行„„”或“经过„„”翻译成主动语态。That从句中common mind是指普通人的思维。 词汇方面:imagined与believed, maintained等的意思基本一致，意为“认为”。 译文:许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能管理。 35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:长句的翻译，双重否定，常见词的生僻意思 这个句子有两个not，是一个双重否定句，意思是肯定的;of the same kind, though different in degree, as that„都是说明reasoning的，作reasoning的后置定语。 as 是承接same来的，as后的that代表前面的kind(of reasoning)。这个句子太长，在翻译的时候可以适当断开，用“这些”或重复一个名词的方法另起一句，这样符合汉语短句多的习惯，如在这里可以把“思维活动”重复一遍。 词汇方法:in the course of the day是“在全天中”;have occasion to 意为“有机会做„„”;set in motion意为“使„„运动，发起，进行”;train这个常见词的意思尤其要搞清楚，在这里意为“一系列，一连串”。 译文:在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。 四、全文翻译 (31)科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。他们之间没有其他差别，不过是科学家的思维操作模式与正常人的思维操作模式之间的一样，这种差别有如面包师或卖肉者用普通磅秤称他们物品的重量的操作方法与化学家用天平以及精确度量的重量单位进行一个困难且复杂的分析之间的不同。(32)这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确。 如果我给你一些熟悉的例子，或许，你可以更好地理解这点差异。(33)你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。(34)许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能获得。听了那些夸大的言语，你可能会认为科学家的头脑一定和其他人的大脑构造不同;但是假如你没有被这些言词所吓倒，你会发现，你完全错了;你还会发现，所有这些可怕的仪器你自己每天每时也在使用。 在莫里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲:作者让主人公得知他整个一生中一直在说散文后，表现出无限的喜悦。同样，我认为，当你一旦发现你一生中一直在按归纳法和演绎法的哲理办事时，你也会感到安慰和欣喜的。(35)在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。 1994 年试题与分析 Passage 1 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇介绍美国经济结构的文章，主要论述美国的经济以私营企业为基础、以市场经济为导向。文中反复出现的中心 词组是private-enterprise, market-oriented economy system (in America)。 第一段:首句是全文的主题，即主要讨论美国经济体制的特点是通过私有企业和市场导向起调节作用。末句是该段的主题 ——它将全文中心思想换了一种方式表达，分析和指出消费者的需求、企业家对最大利润的追求和个人对收入取得最大收益的 渴望——这三个因素共同决定着生产什么和如何使用资源进行生产。 第二段:主题词是price system，首句是该段的主题句，说明市场导向型经济的重要特点之一是价格机制。 第三段:说明私营经济的性质和特点，即财产私有，同时还拥有相关权利。 二、试题分析 11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their 第一段第11行的“个人想最大限度地扩大收入”在文中的含义 incomes” means__. 是___________。 [A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes [A] 美国人从来没有对其收入满意过 [B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes [B] 美国人往往夸大自己的收入 [C] Americans want to have their incomes increased [C] 美国人想让自己的收入得到增加 [D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their [D] 美国人想提高自己收入的购买力 incomes [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句题题。 先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列， 作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知，商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大 的利润，这就是maximize的意义。由此可知，消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商 品。而[D]选项恰是此意。 [A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系，而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。 12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__. 第二段前两句告诉我们___________。 [A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production [A] 生产者可以通过机械化生产满足消费者 [B] consumers can express their demands through producers [B] 消费者可以通过生产者表达自己的需求 [C] producers decide the prices of products [C] 生产者决定商品价格 [D] supply and demand regulate prices [D] (商品)供求关系决定(商品)价格 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 [D]选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers”的概括，为正确答案。 [A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”，而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”，二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句，补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by producers”。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by producers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符，也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。 注意:干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。 13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is 根据文章，私营企业经济的特点是____________。 characterized by__. [A] private property and rights concerned 私人财产及相关权利 [B] manpower and natural resources control 劳动力及其自然资源的控制 [C] ownership of productive resources 生产资料的所有权 [D] free contracts and prices 自由合同和价格 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。 题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料(私人财产)、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利，如:产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。[A]选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。 而[B]、[C]和[D]选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是[A]选项下的具体内容，缺乏概括性，不应该入选。 命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。 14. The passage is mainly about__. 文章的主要内容是________________。 [A] how American goods are produced [A] 美国商品的生产过程 [B] how American consumers buy their goods [B] 美国消费者如何购物 [C] how American economic system works [C] 美国经济体制如何运作 [D] how American businessmen make their profits [D] 美国商人如何赚取利润 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。 解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成;第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式;第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见，美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]选项正反映了这一主题。 [A]、[B]和[D]选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细节，比较片面，应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。[A]、[B]和[D]都在文中述及，分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个，而[C]选项概括性强，可以包括[A]、[B]和[D]，故[C]为正确答案。 四、词汇注释 (1) enterprise (n.) 企(事)业单位，事业，事业心，进取心;private ~私人企业，state-owned ~国有企业，commercial ~ 商业企业 (2)orient (v.)为„„定方向，为„„定位，(n.)东方;oriental (a.) 东方的;-oriented后缀意思是:以„„为目标的，如:market ~ 以市场为导向的，test- ~ 以考试为目标的，应试的 (3)strive (v.) 奋斗，争取，~ to/for/against 努力，争取 (4)motive (n.) 动机，目的;(a.)运动的，发动的 (5)coupled with 与„„结合在一起;couple (v.) 连接，结合 (6)mechanism (n.) 机制，机构，机械装置， mechanics(n.)力学，机械学 (7)bid (n. / v.) 出价，投标， ~up 哄抬价格 (8)regulating (a.) 调节的，regulate (v.) regulation (n.) (9)gain control over获得对„„的控制 (10) profit (n.)利润，收益，益处，at a ~ 获得利润地;(v.)获益，得利，有利于， ~by/from sth. 五、全文翻译 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。(长难句?)为了获取利润，私有企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作，追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。因此，在美国的经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。(长难句?) 在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制提供，在价格体系中，价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。(长难句?)如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。(长难句?)另一方面，如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低，这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。(长难句?)因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。 私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料(私有财产)，允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。 Passage 2 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇介绍计算机在经济领域广泛应用的文章。文章首先论述信用卡在美国的使用情况，接着指出计算机在经济领域使用的许多优点，最后谈到商家进一步利用计算机的情况。 第一段:通过列举信用卡给人们带来的好处说明计算机的应用给消费者带来了便利。 第二段:通过电子收银机的多种功效以及计算机的分析、跟踪功能，说明计算机的应用同样给商家带来便利。 第三段:指出许多商业机构通过计算机给消费者带来更好更快捷的服务。 二、试题分析 15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__. 根据文章，信用卡使其持有者可以干什么, [A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes [A] 根据自己的意愿，想要多少钱，就取多少钱 [B] obtain more convenient services than other people do [B] 比别人获得更多的便利服务 [C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper [C] 享受店主的更多信任 [D] cash money wherever he wishes to [D] 可以在任何地方兑换现金 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 本文第一段通过一系列的实例说明信用卡(credit card)给其使用者带来的诸多方便。通过该段第二句“信用卡持有者可以在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至在国外自动刷卡，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务”可以看出，[B]选项全面准确地归纳和概括了原文思想，因此为正确答案。 虽然原文指出信用卡持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制去存钱取钱，但是这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。因此[A]选项不正确。[C]选项是文中未提及的内容，原文中未对持卡者和未持卡者的信誉度进行比较。况且，这也不符合事实。无论是持信用卡还是支付现金，顾客在购物时都享受同等的信誉。[D]选项错在wherever(无论在什么地方)，试问在没有银行的地方或是未开通信用卡的地方怎能够兑取现金呢, 注意:解此题的关键是定位到具体的一句话。 16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __. 从第一段最后一句中我们可以得知________。 [A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards [A] 将来所有美国人都会使用信用卡 [B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today [B] 如今信用卡主要在美国使用 [C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash [C] 现在，许多美国人不用现金支付 [D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before [D] 现在使用信用卡比过去更方便了 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。 本题考查考生对第一段最后一句的理解。该段最后一句指出“对于我们很多人来说，?无现钞的社会?不是即将来临，而是已经到来”。[C]选项是对此句的改写，nowadays与原句时态相符，many Americans与for many of us一致，do not pay in cash与cashless society一致，因此[C]为正确答案。 [A]选项中的in the future与原句时间it is already here不符;况且all the Americans也过于绝对。[B]选项的内容原文未提及;而且它与本段第二句谈到的可以在国外使用信用卡的事实相悖。[D]选项亦无法从该句推论。 命题意图要求考生理解某句话的内涵，弄清楚它的每个单词、表达方式和整句话传达的信息。有时可以借助离得不远的上下文的句子去理解。 17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means 第二段第三行的词语ring up sales的大概意思是________。 “___”. [A] make an order of goods [A] 定货 [B] record sales on a cash register [B] 记录销售额 [C] call the sales manager [C] 呼叫销售经理 [D] keep track of the goods in stock [D] 跟踪库存货物 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 该短语出现在第二段第二句electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales。第二段主要列举了电子收银机(cash register)的用途。第三句提到电子收银机可以进行各种各样的记录。从上下文我们可以知道ring up sales是电子收银机的基本工作，即“将销售情况记入收款机”，这与[B]选项相符。 在不知ring up 意思的情况，也可以通过sales去排除选项。sales为“销售商品”，而不是“商品贸易”、“销售经理”或“库存商品”，因此[B]选项最可能正确，[A]、[C]和[D]选项都相差太远。 命题意图要求考生根据上下文判断生词的含义。 18. What is this passage mainly about? 文章的主要内容是___________。 [A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers. [A] 计算机商业应用的方法 [B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business. [B] 商业中计算机带来的便利 [C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. [C] 商业企业自动化的意义 [D] Advantages of credit cards in business. [D] 商业中信用卡的优势 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。 本题同样要求首先了解各段主旨，以便总结概括文章中心。本文首先从信用卡的应用谈论计算机给消费者带来的便利，随后述及计算机给销售商带来的便利，最后指出计算机的应用范围很广。因此[B]选项是文章主要讨论的话题，为正确答案。 [A]选项和[C]选项中的“应用方法”和“意义”都不是本文探讨的对象。[D]选项仅仅是文章第一段的内容，作者通过它是想说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨，因此[A]不具有概括性。 四、词汇注释 (1) issue (v.) 流出，放出，发行，颁布;(n.)发行物，(报刊)期号，问题，争端;issued (a.) 由„„发行的 如:bank- ~银行发行的 (2) automatic (a.) 自动的，无意识的，机械的;(n.)自动机械;automatically (adv.) (3) available (a.) 可以利用的，可得到的，可见到的，随时可来的;avail (n.)效用，利益，帮助;(v.)有助于 (4) cashless (a.) 无现款的，无钱的;cash (n.)现金;(v.)兑换现金;cashier (n.) 出纳 (5) horizon (n.) 地平线，眼界，见识，on the ~即将来到，已露端倪的;horizontal (a.) (6) accordingly (adv.) 相应地，因此，从而，照着(办);accordance (n.) 一致，in ~ with与„„一致;~ to按照，根据 (7) promotional (a.) 推销的，促销的，提升的，促进的，~campaigns促销活动;promotion (n.)，promote (v.) (8) stock (n.)备料，库存，现货，股票，公债，in~现有 (9) on hand 在手边(随时可用);in hand 在手中，在控制下;out of hand无法控制，无纪律 (10) utilities (n.)公用事业，公用事业公司，utility (n.)效用，有用;utilize (v.) 五、全文翻译 1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们享受银行提供的许多服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。(佳句) 计算机为消费者提供诸多便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给了谁。通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示，商家能够随时了解其商品的情况。(长难句?)然后卖家便可以做出是再定货还是把商品退给供应商的决定。同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率，从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的分派。(长难句?)此外，他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，应停止生产哪些产品。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。 许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。(长难句?) Passage 3 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇介绍美国特殊儿童教育的文章。文章首先指出教育必须适应特殊儿童的特点，接着谈及特殊儿童的成长环境，尤其是学校的重要性;最后指出美国对特殊儿童的教育反映了他们“人人平等”的观念。 第一段:指出特殊儿童与同龄儿童相比有许多重要的不同之处。为使特殊儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要。该段给出全文的主旨。 第二段:以家庭和社会是特殊儿童成长和发展的关键，引出学校教育对于特殊儿童的重要性。 第三段和第四段:提出教育反映一个社会的价值观念，而(美国)学校对特殊儿童教育的重视反映了该社会“在教育面前，人人生而平等”的观念。特殊儿童受教育的权利已经得到法律的保护，学校也已经相应地修改常规的教学计划去适应特殊儿童的需要。 二、试题分析 19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on 第二段作者引用舞台主角的例子目的是为了说明______。 the stage to show that____. [A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their [A] 特殊儿童的成长与家庭和社会有很大关系 family and the society [B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than [B] 与正常儿童相比，特殊儿童受到的家庭影响更大 normal children are [C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and [C] 家庭和社会最感兴趣的是特殊儿童 society [D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of [D] 社会的需要比特殊儿童的需要重要得多 the exceptional children [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。 该段第二句为了进一步说明第一句而打了个比方，把exceptional children 比喻成leading actor，把their environment比做supporting players and the scenery of the play。作者引用这个例子是为了从舞台主角的魅力离不开配角和场景的支持这一事实引出一个观点，也就是第三句:“特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会常常是他们成长和发展的关键”。[A]选项和这个思想吻合，为正确答案。 文章第一段指出特殊儿童与正常儿童相比有许多不同，但是并没有具体就某方面的不同进行比较，而[B]选项中出现了原文不存在的“家庭影响”比较，所以不对。[C]选项中的干扰词有key、exceptional children和family and society，它们出现在该段第三句，但是[C]选项的含义与原文已大相径庭。[D]选项也出现了文中未有的“比较”。 weigh much heavier than意思为:比„„分量重得多，比„„重要得多。 注意:对于文中的比喻和类比，最重要的一点是弄清楚它们说明的对象。 20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern 特殊儿童在教育上得到很多关注的原因是___________。 in education is that__. [A] they are expected to be leaders of the society [A] 他们有望成为社会领袖 [B] they might become a burden of the society [B] 他们有可能成为社会负担 [C] they should fully develop their potentials [C] 他们应该充分发挥自己的潜力 [D] disabled children deserve special consideration [D] 残疾儿童值得特殊关注 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:因果关系题。 第三段最后一句指出“公共教育对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明所有公民不管情况特殊与否，都应该有机会全面发展自己的能力”，言下之意就是，特殊儿童在教育上受关注是因为他们尽管不同于一般儿童，却有全面发展的权利。[C]选项与此意相同，是原文的合理改写。fully develop their potentials与原文fully develop their capabilities同义。故[C]为正确答案。 [A]选项和[B]选项在原文中均未述及。[D]选项读起来似乎合理，但是实际上是答非所问，没有给出任何实在的原因。 21. This passage mainly deals with__. 文章的主要内容是_________。 [A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities [A] 孩子在学习能力上的差异 [B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society [B] 现代社会中特殊儿童的定义 [C] the special educational programs for exceptional children [C] 为特殊儿童设的特殊教育项目 [D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children [D] 使教育适应特殊儿童的特点的必要性 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。 文章第一段为主题段，先引出话题“特殊儿童”，指出他们与同龄儿童相比有许多明显的不同之处;接着给出主旨句“为使特殊儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要”;在随后的段落里，作者主要通过阐述“人人都享有接受教育的平等机会”的观点，充分论证主题的合理性。因此[D]选项符合主题思想，是正确答案。 [A]选项中的对象是children，而非文中的exceptional children。此外，本文并未说明儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差异。[B]选项原文没有提及。[C]选项虽然在最后一段被简略提及，但是它是学校在“教育机会人人平等”的观念影响下的具体措施，不是全文的主要内容。 命题意图是要求考生找出文章的主旨句。 22. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for 从文章可知，对特殊儿童教育的关注_________。 exceptional children ___. [A] is now enjoying legal support [A] 正受到法律的支持 [B] disagrees with the tradition of the country [B] 与本国传统不符 [C] was clearly stated by the country? s founders [C] 被国家创立者明确地表达出来 [D] will exert great influence over court decisions [D] 将会对法庭的裁决起很大影响 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 最后一段第四句recent count decision have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education…说明特殊儿童接受适应其特点的教育的权利已经得到法律的保护。[A]选项符合此意。 该段第二句表明国家缔造者最初只提到法律面前人人平等，他们并未有论述教育平等的观念，因此[C]选项与原文不符。[B]选项与该段内容也不符。该段第一句和第二句表明“人人生来平等”的思想自建国就已提出，因此教育平等并不违背本国传统。[D]选项的时态为将来时，而原文的court decision之事早已成为事实。二者时间不符。 四、词汇注释 (1) exceptional (a.) 反常的，有缺陷的;杰出的，出类拔拔萃的;~children需要特殊照顾的儿童;exception (n.) 除外，例外，with the~ of除„„之外 (2) in some way (s)=in one way以某种方法;in a way =to a certain extent but not entirely在某种程度上 (3) potential (n.) 潜能，潜力，full ~最大的潜能;(a.)潜在的，可能的 (4) adapt (v.)(使)适应，适合，改编，改写 ~ to;adaptation (n.) (5) supporting (a.) (演员、节目等)次要的;support (v./n.)支持，支撑，拥护，供养，维持;supporter (n.) 支持者，拥护者;supportive (a.) 支持的，赞助的 (6) expression (n.) 表达，表示，词语，措辞，式子，符号，full ~of 充分表达;express (v.) 表示，表示，(a.)特快的，快速的;(n.) 快车，快递 (7) capability (n.) 能力，才能，技能;capable (a.) (8) denote (v.) 表示，意味着，作为(某事物)的名称、符合或象征等 (9) interpret (v.) 解释，说明，口译;interpreter (n.) 译员，口译者 (10) substantially (adv.) 真正地;substantial (a.) 实质的，真实的，坚固的，结实的，富裕的;substance (n.)物质，实质，大意，财产，财物 五、全文翻译 特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说，要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来，他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。 虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要，但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。(佳句?)特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。(长难句?) 任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见，以及文化本身的核心价值。(佳句?)过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪，即所有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。(长难句?) “人人生来平等”。(佳句?)这句话我们已听过无数次，但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。(长难句?)最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。(长难句?) Passage 4 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇关于医学上癌症治疗的发展状况的科普文章。文章开始和结尾都引用了权威人士的话，首尾呼应，点明治癌的前景虽然遥远，但是已经更加明朗这一主题。文章中间的几段或用数据或引用话语从存活率、癌症规律和预防癌症方面去论证这个观点。 第一段:引用Weinberg的话，指出人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很深的了解，但是找到治疗方法还有很长一段时间。说明癌症治疗的情况是喜忧参半。 第二段至第四段:介绍医学上在治疗癌症方面的发展情况。现在癌症患者的整体存活率有了很大提高，但是也有一些癌症类型的存活率仍然很低;人们对癌症规律的研究取得了很大进展，但是导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜;此外我们无法预防所有癌症，因为许多癌是从基因处开始的。 第五段和第六段:再次指出癌症治愈的前景虽然遥远，但是已经更加明朗了。 二、试题分析 23. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__. 文章以Pasteur为例的目的是___________。 [A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade [A] 预言十年内癌症的秘密将会被彻底揭开 [B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright [B] 说明癌症治愈前景值得乐观 [C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years [C] 证明五六十年后癌症将被治愈 [D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be [D] 提醒人们彻底战胜癌症的道路还很长 conquered [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。 本题考查第一段末句在文中的作用:he (指Pasteur)discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available。这句话说明发现病因并不意味着一定能够很快找到治疗方法。同时结合该段第一句中对即将了解癌细胞成因的肯定态度以及第二句but的转折，可知作者用Pasteur之例对but后人们的态度进行反驳，提醒人们找到治癌症的方法仍然需要一段漫长的时间。由此可知，[D]选项为正确答案。 该段中Weinberg只认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很深的了解，但是这并不意味着会彻底揭开癌症的秘密，因此[A]选项不正确。[B]选项刚好与Pasteur的例子要说明的问题相反。[C]选项是草率结论。Pasteur发现传染病病因后五六十年才找到治疗方法，这并不意味着癌症亦如此。 命题意图是要求考生了解文章中例证方法的写作思路。这里是先提出观点，后举例说明。 24. The author implies that by the year 2000, __. 作者暗示，到2000年______。 [A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of [A] 皮肤癌患者的五年存活率会急剧增长 skin-cancer patients [B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living [B] 如今90%的皮肤癌患者仍然健在 [C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with [C] 各种癌症患者的存活几率基本一致 various cancers [D] there won? t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer [D] 不是所有癌症患者的存活率都将急剧上升 patients [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 本题考查到2000年癌症患者的情况。根据第二段内容，今年(1994)有50%的癌症患者可存活5年。至2000年(6年后)，此存活率将升到75%。对于一些皮肤癌患者来说，目前的5年存活率已高达90%。但是其他类型的存活数据却很让人沮丧——肺癌13%、胰腺癌2%。由此可见，存活率的稳步上升是大趋势。一些皮肤癌的存活比率已相当高但是也有些类型的癌症仍难以攻克。因此[D]选项合乎情理。为正确答案。 [A]选项不对。文中第三句指出皮肤癌患者目前的存活率已相当高，达到90%，增长余地已很少，不会再有急剧增长。[B]选项若对，则与5年存活率不符。从1994年~2000年已经有6年时间，无法确保这些人仍然在世。[C]选项与文章内容相悖。 命题意图要求考生根据原文所给数据和事实信息进行逻辑推理，排除错误选项。 25. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__. 致癌基因_________。 [A] that are always in operation in a healthy person [A] 总活动在健康人体中 [B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated [B] 只要不被激活，就保持无害 [C] that can be driven out of normal cells [C] 能够从健康细胞中被赶走 [D] which normal cells can? t turn off [D] 其作用不能被健康细胞阻止 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 第三段第二句和第四句oncogenes which are cancer causing genes are inactive in normal cells… If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous说明致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活跃的，但是如果被激活，正常细胞无力排除，它们就会转化为癌细胞，造成伤害。由此可见，[B]选项的内容与此相符，为正确答案。 [A]选项与第二句的inactive in normal cells不符。该段第四句提到“一旦被激活，健康细胞就根本起不了排斥作用”，因此[C]、[D]选项都不对，它们都忽视了“一旦被激活”这个条件。 activate意思是“使活动，起动”。drive into action的意思是“迫使„„行动、生效、起作用”。命题意图要求考生准确理解第三段的内容。注意第四句中的条件句的作用是限制事情发生的条件。 26. The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably 单词dormant在第三段中的大意是___________。 means__. [A] dead [A] 死亡 [B] ever-present [B] 无处无时不在的 [C] inactive [C] 不活跃的 [D] potential [D] 潜在的，可能的 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 解释词语要结合语境和上下文。从第三段第二句和第三句… oncogenes are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation may activate a dormant oncogene…可以分析出致癌基因原本是不活跃的，外在因素激活的只能是“不活跃，静止状态下的”致癌基因。也就是说activate的对象指的仍然应该是前一句中的inactive oncogenes，因此dormant具有与activate相反意义的特点。[C]选项为正确答案。dormant本身词义为“休眠期的、暂停活动的、潜伏的”(in a state of inactivity but awaiting development or activity)，这里与inactive同义，没有二次使用是为了避免语言的重复。 [A]选项和[B]选项都不含该词义。[D]选项potential的英文含义是existing in possibility, that can or may come into existence or action，即表示可能出现的东西，而oncogene是已经存在之物，故不对。况且potential与同一句中的activate(make… active)的意思也不搭配。 四、词汇注释 (1)in vast detail 非常详尽地;vast (a.)辽阔的，巨大的，大量的;detail (n.)细节，详情;in detail详细地 (2)microbiologist (n.) 微生物学家，micro-前缀表示“微小的，微观的”，如:microeconomics微观经济学 (3)caution (n.) 警告，告诫，小心，谨慎;(v.)警告，告诫;cautious (a.)小心的，谨慎的，~ of (4)infection (n.) 感染，传染;infect (v.) infectious (a.) (5)statistics (n.) 统计资料，统计(学)，survival~ 存活人数的统计;statistical (a.)统计的，统计学的 (6)variety (n.)品种，多种多样，a~ of 各种，种种 (7)prepare against为防止„„而准备 (8) counteract (v.) 对抗，抵制，中和;counter-前缀表示“反”，“逆”，如:counter-clockwise (a./ad.)逆时针方向 五、全文翻译 “我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”一位癌症专家和微生物学家罗伯特?温伯格说道。“但是，”他告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。例如法国细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。” 今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75,。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期的存活率高达90,，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13,，胰腺癌2,。 癌症种类现有多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌症的基因，在正常细胞中是不活动的。(长难句?)从宇宙射线到辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不为人所知。(长难句?)如果若干致癌基因被激活，而细胞无力排除，它们就演变成了癌细胞。 导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜，但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。(长难句?)“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉?海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样:“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”(佳句?) 治癌前景虽然遥远，但却越来越明朗了。(佳句?) “首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。如果我们能弄清癌症的原理，我们就能采取相应的措施。” Passage 5 一、文章结构总体分析 本文论述科学创新者具备的思维方式和思维能力。文章一开始作者首先驳斥看待创新的错误观点，即认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧性事件的产物，指出它是一个艰苦的过程;接着作者历数创新者具有的区别于变通人的特质;最后总结这类人的特点是 标新立导。 第一段:作者批驳了把发明创新看做灵感或戏剧性事件产物的观点，指出它其实是艰苦试验和失败的产物。 第二段至第四段:指出创新者与普遍人的区别是对待事物的不同方法，即，自觉钻研想法并且不懈地证明其可行;能够从习惯中意识到特别之外;勇敢尝试不同的办事方法。 最后作者对全文进行了总结:有创造性的人往往标新立异。 二、试题分析 27. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the 作者在第一段用untaught mind的大概含义是 ________ 。 first paragraph? [A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in [A] 不了解发明实验的艰辛的人 experimentation. [B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. [B] 限制个人创造性的社会公民 [C] A person who has had no education. [C] 未受过教育的人 [D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. [D] 一个经常由于偶然原因创造出新想法的人 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 untaught原意为“未受教育的，无知的”，理解它的确切含义要通过语境。第一段首句指出具有untaught mind这类人的想法:discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents 他们认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧性事件的产物;继而第二句以青霉素发明者弗莱明爵士为例，对首句进行反驳，从而说明科技发明的取得都是经过长期的艰苦实验，从失败走向成功的。由此推断，只有那些不明真相、不知其艰辛的人才会把发明创造想像为灵感或戏剧性事件的产物，因此[A]为正确答案。 [B]选项内容与第一段无关。[C]选项只说出untaught mind 的字面意思，文中提到的这类人未必没有知识，没有文化。[D]选项本身存在理解上的错误。原文是说“untaught mind这类人以为发明总是由于偶然原因被创造出来”，并不是指“他们自己由于某种偶然原因创造出新想法”。 Come up with意思是:产生，发现(解决办法、方案)。例如:For years Jones Kept working hard, coming up with new and good ideas. 几年来琼斯一直努力工作，总是提出新的见解。 注意:一般词语释义考的都是文中的具体含义，而不一定是它的本来意思。 28. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from 作者认为创新者和非创新者的区别是_________。 non-innovators? [A] The variety of ideas they have. [A] 他们拥有的各种各样的思想 [B] The intelligence they possess. [B] 他们的智力 [C] The way they deal with problems. [C] 他们处理问题的方法 [D] The way they present their findings. [D] 他们提出自己发现的方式 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 第二段第二句指出“创新者与普通人的主要区别是对待事物的方法不同”，这是approach意为:(处理问题的)方法、态度，与way 同义。接着后面的文章详细阐述这两类人在看待和处理问题方面的差异。故[C]选项最为贴切。 本题也可以采取排除法。[A]选项和[B]选项都不是文中强调的特点。而[D]选项在文中未提及，故都不是正确答案。 29. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__. 第三段作者引用Rudolph Flesch的话的原因是____________。 [A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of [A] 他是人类创造性研究领域中最知名的专家 human creativity [B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals [B] 该引言旨在强调富有创新精神的人总想另辟蹊径 look for new ways of doing things . [C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch? s point of view [C] 读者熟悉Flesch的观点 [D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously [D] 这番话为先前提到的信息添加了新内容 presented [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。 第三段引用的引言意为“创造性思维往往只起源于一种认识:做事情的传统的方法未必是好的”。根据常识，引言一般旨在借名家之口增强说服力。作者引用Flesch的话当然是为了支持自己的观点:有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。由此可知，[B]选项为正确答案。 [A]选项无法得知，因为文中只提到他是一位语言权威(language authority)，即使[A]所述正确，也不是作者引用其言的目的。[C]选项也无法支持文章的主旨。[D]选项不对，其实Flesch的话与作者的看法是一致的，并未添加新的观点和思想。 注意:同举例一样，引用其他人的观点，无论是正面引述还是反面引述，都是为了说明文章的主旨或主题，否则引述就没有必要了。 30. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the 文章最后一行中的march to a different drummer表明极富创造passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__. 力的个人__________。 [A] diligent in pursuing their goals [A] 勤奋追求自己的目标 [B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things [B] 不愿意按照普通的方式做事 [C] devoted to the progress of science [C] 献身于科学的进步 [D] concerned about the advance of society [D] 关心社会的进步 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 此短语被作者放在全文的结束句，自成一段，是对全文中心思想的精辟概括，因此必须联系全文的中心思想去理解。march to a different drummer是一个比喻， drummer意为“鼓手”，to是介词，意为“伴着”，整个词组的意思是:伴着一个不同的鼓手敲出的节奏(鼓点)前进。按一个鼓点前进显单调，这里意味着“不随波逐流，与其他人所走的道路或所持的思路不同”。这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。而[B]选项正合此意。 [A]强调的是毅力;[C]、[D]选项强调的是社会责任心，都与原文主旨不符。注意:march to a different drummer为美语习惯用法，意为“独树一帜、标新立异”。 四、词汇注释 (1)in blinding flashes在耀眼的光芒中，flash (n./v.)闪光;blind (v.)使失明，蒙蔽，(a.)瞎的，盲目的 (2)experiment with用„„做实验;experimental (a.)实验性的，试验性的 (3)laborious (a.)辛勤的，努力的 (4)block (v.)阻挡，封锁(n.)大块，街区，阻塞 (5)take the most shots at the goal射门次数量多;shot (n.)(板球、网球、台球等中的)击球，(足球中的)踢，take/have a shot at goal射门 (6)abstraction (n.) 空想，幻想，抽象的东西 (7)proposition (n.)主张，建议，命题，陈述;propose (v.)建议，推荐，提名，求婚，proposal (n.)建议，提案，求婚 (8)set out 出发，起程，制定 五、全文翻译 “无知者”认为科学技术上的发明创造来自灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性的事件。亚历山大?弗莱明爵士可不像传说中的那样，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。(长难句?)他是对抗菌物质进行了长达九年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都来自于反复尝试和失败。创新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会，其射门被挡住的机会大大多于进球的机会。(佳句?) 问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门最多的球员，任何领域的创新亦如此。(长难句?)创新者与其他人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法。每个人都有想法，但是创新者会自觉地钻研自己的想法，并且不断努力直到证明想法切实可行，或不可实现为止。(长难句?)普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有充分的可能性。 “造创性的思维方式也许只不过意味着意识到以其一贯的方式去做事并不一定有什么道理”，语言专家鲁道夫写道。(长难句?)这解释了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类看似简单却令生活更便利的发明的反应:“为什么以前没有人想到那个方法呢,”(长难句?) 创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的事实。面对从A到B，普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。创新者则探寻另外不同的道路，它们最终被证实更为简单、更为有趣、更富挑战性，即使有时也会失败。(长难句?) 极富创造性的人的确是标新立异的。(佳句?) Part ? English-Chinese Translation 一、文章结构总体分析 在许多情况下，科学发展是靠技术和工具的改进去实现的，可是工具和技术的作用历来被人忽视。现代学派意识到技术和工具的重要性，而促进科学发展的根本力量到底是技术还是天才关系到政府投资的方向问题。 二、试题分析 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:not so much…的译法。 这个句子的主干是Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of… as because of…。 这个句子的难点在于not so much… as 的译法。实际上它是对两种事物做比较，否定前者，肯定后者，这里是否定through the insights of great men of genius，肯定because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools，一般译为“与其„„不如”，相类似的表达还有:more… than…, less… than…, not…but rather…等等。它们都是对一个事物的肯定和对另一个事物的否定。 like在这里表示举例或列举的意思，译为“像”或“比如”。 译文:他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。 32. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句先行词的判断和翻译时的前置和后置。 句中的主句是a leader…contends; in short 至句末是contends的宾语从句。在这个从句中，主语是the scientific revolution, was 是系动词，the improvement and invention and use of instruments是表语。 as we call it意为“我们称之的”，it指revolution。表语the improvement and invention and use由介词词组of instruments和一个that引导的定语从句修饰。of短语一般译作前置定语。虽然离that 引导的定语从句最近的名词是instruments，但是此定语从句从意思上看并不是修饰instruments，而是修饰the improvement and invention and use。类似的这种情况经常可见，再例如:In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.事实上，在睡眠期间仍然有一个基本的活动量，这种活动量特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。which 引导的定语从句不修饰靠它最近的sleep,而是修饰a basic amount of movement. 如果一个词有多重定语，很难按中文的习惯把它们都译作前置定语。在这个情况下，可以根据通顺的原则将其简短地译作前置定语，而其他的则灵活处理。一般用“这”来代替先行词，或用重复先行词的方法。 词汇方面:school 在这里意为“学派”;in short意为“简单地说，简而言之”。 译文:“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张:“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和应用使科学向各个方向发展发展。” 33. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:as的用法和被动语态。 这个句子是主干是tools and technology… have largely been ignored by…。 被动句的完成时态，强调被动意义，可以译成汉语的被动语态。 as的用法灵活，意思多样，出现频率也很高。它可以做连词、介词和副词，还有一系列的含as的短语。as在本题中后面带一个名词性的结构，因此是介词，意为“作为”。 词汇方面:over the year意为“多年来”。themselves意为“本身”。 译文:工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。 34. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:抽象名词、目的状语从句和rather than的译法。 这是一个简单复合句。句子的主语是glory,谓语是was,表语由that引导的表语从句构成，基本符合中文的语序，可以顺译。表语从句中he是主语，was是系动词，the first person是表语。 to turn the newly invented是不定式做定语修饰the first person。to prove that… 是目的状语，可以前置译作“为了„„”，亦可以后置译作“以„„”;prove后的that从句做动词prove的宾语。 rather than 一般译作“而不是”。 主语glory是一个抽象名词。翻译某些抽象名词时，在符合含义的情况下可以增词把它具体化，glory可译作“光辉的业绩”。 译文:伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。 35. [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:at the expense of 和whether… or…的含义。 这是一个简单复合句。句子的主干是Whether… or… often depends on…。 主语是whether… or vice versa “是„„还是相反”。Whether…or…一般译成“是„„还是”，表示两者选择，因此or后头的vice versa表达的即是“以减少对纯科学的投入来增加对技术的投入”。谓语是depend on…。 宾语部分the issue意为“问题”，它表达的事情就是后面of加which从句的内容，即“把哪一方看做是驱动力量的问题”。 词汇方面:financing显然是由动词finance变过来的动名词，其意思可以由动词或名词的意思猜出来。at the expense of 意为“以„„为代价”。“以技术为代价去资助科学”的意思是“以减少对技术的投入来增加对科学的资助”。 译文:政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入而增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看做是驱动力量。 三、全文翻译 新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。(31)他们说，科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。(32) “简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张:“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和应用，这些改进、发明和应用扩大了科学在各个方向上的发展”。 (33) 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。 鼓吹技术、否认天才的支持者的论据核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智来源于第二世纪的天文学家托勒密，他创立了详尽的太空体系，该体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。(34)伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事件真正成功的因素是镜片制造机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。 联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。(35)政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看做是驱动力量。 1995年试题与分析 Section ?Reading Comprehension Passage l 一、文章结构总体分析 本文论述了广告对现代社会做出了很大贡献。文章一开始作者就全面肯定广告的作用，认为花钱做广告是很值得的;接着列出它给社会带来的诸多益处。最后通过驳斥广告重在劝说而非提供信息的观点，指出广告具有劝诱性是无可厚非的。 第一段到第三段:先指出做广告是值得的，然后列举广告的优点，最后得出结论:广告给社会带来的物质利益比其他的形式都大。 第四段和第五段:对知名人士的话进行批评，为广告辨护，提出广告既要提供信息，又不可避免地要劝说大众。 二、试题分析 11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__. 文章首句的意思是_____________ 。 [A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising [A] 他对广告价格了如指掌 [B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming [B] 人人都知道广告很费钱 [C] advertising costs money like everything else [C] 像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱 [D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising [D] 把钱用在广告上很值得 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。 首先看句子语法，第一句的重点是对as well as的理解。as well as 有两种意思:1)相当于in addition (to),意为“除„„外，同，和，也”，如:He gave me money as well as advice. 2)用作连词引出比较对象，意为“和„„一样好”。第2)种含义放在本文中才讲得通，这里as well as any相当于as well as any(money spent), I know of 是定语从句，修饰any。其次，看下文内容。从文章第二句“它直接有助于……”可以推出作者对广告的作用持肯定态度。因此第一句应该被理解为“花在广告上的钱和任何别处花的钱一样值得”。 [D]项正是这个含义的概括，因此为正确项。[B]、[C]选项仅停留在“广告花费钱”的含义上，体现不了对广告的肯定态度;选项[A]是对从句“I know of”的错误理解。 命题意图要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。 12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the 哪个选项不是文中提到的广告的优点, advantages of advertising? [A] Securing greater fame. [A] 保障更高的知名度 [B] Providing more jobs. [B] 提供更多的工作 [C] Enhancing living standards. [C] 提高生活水平 [D] Reducing newspaper cost. [D] 降低报纸成本 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且列举广告带来的诸多益处:(1)它直接有助于商品以合理价格迅速销出;(2)在稳定国内市场的同时，使产品能够以有竞争力的价格进入国际市场;(3)它给人以新的消费观，从而大大提高人们的生活水准;(4)它有助于增加市场需求，扩大劳动力市场，有效地扩大就业;(5)它使日报等公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见，[B]、[C]和[D]选项都在文中直接涉及，可以排除。第二段首句虽然谈到广告为人们购买的产品和服务的合理价格提供了保障，但是未提及[A]选项“保障更高的知名度”的内容，因而为正确答案。 注意:这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型，一般要在大范围内搜索，排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。 潜在命题点:依据此内容可另出一题:What is the biggest advantage of advertising? A(Providing more jobs. B(Enhancing living standards. C(Reducing the costs of many services. D(Ensuring the quality of the products and services. 答案为[D]。关键是第二段首句“most important of all” 表明下面所述为最重要的优势，因此在列举题中，要注意关联词的作用。此外，也可用排除法，[A]、[B]、[C]在文中并列，作用相仿，成为答案几率均等，故都应该排除。 13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_. 作者认为文中提到的知名人士________。 [A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising [A] 准确地表达了他对广告的评价 [B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention [B] 只关心消费者的注意力 [C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and [C] 区分劝说和提供信息是有道理的 information [D] obviously partial in his views on advertising [D] 对广告的评价明显存有偏见 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。 题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士的看法。文章第四段谈到该知名人士对广告持否定态度，即他批评广告更多的是在劝诱观众，而不是提供信息。这显然与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度大相径庭，所以作者马上对这种观点进行驳斥，以维护自己的观点。作者认为“他把两者区分得过于细微。因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息，那将会乏味之极”。由引可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此[D]选项为正确选项。 [A]选项和[C]选项都持肯定态度，可以排除。而[B]选项也不对，因为在文中并未讨论知名人士的兴趣和关心对象问题。nothing but意为:只有，除了„„之外都不。 命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节体现的作者态度。 14. In the author's opinion,__. 在作者看来____________。 [A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by [A] 广告很少能够通过提供信息给人们带来物质利益 providing information [B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them [B] 广告给人以新的观念，而不在于说服人 over [C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the [C] 广告向购买者促销是无可非议的 buyer [D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an [D] 消费者对从广告获得信息不感兴趣 advertisement [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。 本题考查作者对广告所持的观点。读完全文后，我们已经很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。先是在前三段肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处，然后在第四段和第四段又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的，否则便失去了吸引力，不能把广告的劝诱性作为批评它的论据。[C]选项恰恰符合这一观点，为正确答案。 [A]选项与第三段的内容相悖。[B]选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。[D]选项不正确，作者在末段提到，只提供信息的广告不会引起观众的兴趣，不能由此推出，消费者对广告信息毫无兴趣。 win sb. over(to sth.)=win sb. to do sth. 意思是“说服某人做某事”。 注意:做此类局部作者态度题，可以先看选项中是否有直接可排除之选项;不能排除的再定位，对照进行排除。 四、词汇注释 (1) distribution (n.) 销售，分配，分发;配给物;分布状态，分区，分类;发送，发行 (2) tube (n.) [英口]地铁;显像管，电子管 (3) live up to (v.) 做到，不辜负。如:He didn?t live up to his reputation.他的生活与他的名声不符;与live有关的其他短语: 1)live on靠„„生活。如:He lives on his friends. 2) live through 度过，经受过。如:He lived through three wars and two revolutions. 此外，应该注意live, living, alive的区别。 1) live:“活着的”直接加以名词之前，主要用于物。如:a live mouse 2)living:“活着的”可用作表语，亦可做定语;可用于人，也可用于物。如:Is the wife still living? 3)alive:“活着的”只做表语，或用在和他有关的名词的后面。living可用作比喻意味，如:living image，而alive只能用作原有的意义，不能用作比喻意义。如:No one alive will believe it.没一个活人会相信。 (4) mercifully (adv.)幸运地是;宽厚地，仁慈地;merciful (a.) (5) have the good sense 很明智。如:He had the good sense to realize that the plan would never work.他很明智，知道这项计划绝对行不通。 (6) touch on 涉及，关系到，简略地论述 (7) distinction (n.)差别，区分，draw ~ between A and B (8) confine (v.) (与to, within搭配)局限，限制(于);管制，禁闭 (9) subtly (adv.) 细致地，精巧地;subtle (a.) 细微的，微妙的;精巧的，巧妙的 五、全文翻译 花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。(长难?)通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。(佳句?)它降低了许多服务费用:没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。 也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。除了国会制定的27项法案对广告加以约束之外，也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。(长难?)他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。(佳句?)如果你看见一种商品不断地做广告，我认为这 就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。(长难句?) 广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。 有一点我觉得应该在此提及。最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告是劝诱性的，而不是客观地提供信息。他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。当然广告总是试图劝服。 如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身如果不是不可能的话，至少也难以做到，因为即使选择一件衬衫的颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——那么广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。(长难句?)但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。 Passage 2 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇从心理学的角度看待个人成长的文章。文章一开始就点明主题，即:人们对成长有两种基本看法:有人将之视为结果，有人将之视为过程。接着分别述之，点出两种不同看法各自的内容，而作者着重强调视成长为一个过程的优势及其对一个人的影响。 第一段:首句列出两种对待成长的不同观点，接着简述第一种观点。 第二段，详细描述第二种观点，将“成长”类比成“旅行”，指出其不是具体的路标或标志物。并进一步指出成长就是人们遭遇新经历和面对意想不到的坎坷时持有的态度和情感。 第三段和第四段:指出为了成长，人们需要去冒险。当我们在尝试一种新的生存方式时，如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。同样在成长过程中，内心的不安和自我怀疑都是不可避免的。为了成长，我们需要去面对并且克服它们。 二、试题分析 15. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth 一个人通常被认为实现了个人成长，当他__________。 when______. [A] he has given up his smoking habit [A] 戒掉烟 [B] he has made great efforts in his work [B] 工作上付出了巨大的努力 [C] he is keen on learning anything new [C] 热衷于学习新东西 [D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey [D] 试图确定自己在前进的道路上走到哪里了 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 文章第一段谈到，人们对待成长有两种基本看法:将之视为结果和将之视为过程。该段第二句明确指出前者是人们通常持有的看法，即认为成长是一种外在的结果或成果，易于衡量。可以从该段最后作者给出的一系列例子去理解什么是外在结果。此外，最后一句中的“have measurable results to show for their efforts”表明这种观点认为个人成长也是通过努力取得的结果。这样答案就显而易见了。只有[A]选项既是经过努力又是可以衡量的外在结果，故为正确答案。 [B]、[C]和[D]选项都属于过程中付出的努力，结果却不可测量，故都不对。 命题意图是要求考生熟悉类比题的一种变相出法，即，不直接对文中内容提问，而是要求考生在正确理解文中的例子后，从选项中选出与之类似的情况。解题关键在于能够把握原来例子的实质。 16. In the author?s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process 作者认为视成长为过程的人将_______________。 would__. [A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder [A] 成功地爬上了社会阶梯 [B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements [B] 根据自己的成就判断自己的能力 [C] face difficulties and take up challenges [C] 面对困难，接受挑战 [D] aim high and reach his goal each time [D] 确立高目标，并每次都实现自己的目标 [答案] C [解析]本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 有关视成长为过程的的论述主要集中在第二段。这种观点认为成长是一段旅程，而不是具体的标记。人们应该看重的是成长过程中的态度和情感而非点滴的成功标记。[C]选项就是一种遭遇困难时的态度，也与第二段末句 “new challenges to accept”观点一致，为正确答案。 [A]选项是结果，而非过程。[B]选项显然是从结果的角度去看待人的发展。[D]选项仍然是追求有“标志”的成功结果。因此都可以排除。 17. When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, Para. 3) he is 作者提到“a new way of being”(第三段第三行)的意思是referring to__. _____________。 [A] a new approach to experiencing the world [A] 体验世界的新方法 [B] a new way of taking risks [B] 新的冒险方式 [C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [C] 看待自己的新方法 [D] a new system of adaptation to change [D] 适应变化的新系统 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 题干中的短语出自第三段第二句中的how we see ourselves as we try a new way of being。该句之后，作者一连提出并列的三个问题，并给予了回答。三个问句及其回答分别是人由于对自身看法的不同而产生的不同处世方法:how we see ourselves是对三个问题的概括，而a new way of being这个关键词则应该涵盖三个回答的内容。[A]选项是简练、全面的概括，为正确答案。being相当于existing，意为:处世生存方式。首先排除[C]，它涉及的是问句的内容，[B]和[D]选项虽然都在该段被提及，但是不具有概括性，应该排除。 18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following 下列哪个选项不是作者对个人成长的倡议, except_____. [A] curiosity about more chances [A] 对更多的机会持好奇心 [B] promptness in self-adaptation [B] 自我调节快 [C] open-mindedness to new experiences [C] 对新的体验持开放性态度 [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts [D] 避免内心的恐惧和怀疑 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。 第三段首句提到，为了成长，人们需要乐于冒险、勇于面对未知事物、接受“失败”。接下来的一系列设问句说明了“快捷、有好奇心、抓住更多的机会、体验不熟悉的事情、对付新挑战”等的重要性，因此[A]、[B]和[C]选项都在文中提到。而第四段首句“这些不安全感和自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的，而且是必要的”充分表明作者对这些态度的肯定。由此可知，[D]选项与作者观点不一致，而且从第四段第二句作者用的两个假设也可看出他对躲避态度的否定，综上所述可以推出[D]选项为正确答案。 四、词汇注释 (1)measurable (a.)可测量的;measure (n.) 尺寸、大小;[常用 pl.]措施，方法;(v.)测量，衡量 (2)contrast (n.)对照，差异;by~与之相反，in ~ with/to与„„成反比;(v.)使与„„对比，和„„形成对照 (3)signpost (n.)路标 (4)landmark (n.)标志 (5)perceive (v.)意识到，察觉，感知，理解，领悟，~sth. as sth.把……看作 (6)indecisive (a.)优柔寡断的;decisive (a.)决定性的，决断的 (7)a shell of our own making我们自己建造的牢笼 五、全文翻译 看待成长有两种基本态度:一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。(佳句?)人们通常视个人成长为容易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可测定的成绩。(长难句?) 相比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。因为从定义来看，它是一段旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未预料到的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。(长难句?)在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真正结束;总是有新的方法来感受世界，总会尝试新思想，接受新挑战。(佳句?) 为了成长，为了探索新路，人们需要乐意去冒险，去勇敢面对未知事物，去接受他们也许会一开始就“失败”的可能性。(佳句?)当我们尝试一种新的生存方式时，我们如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。我们认为自己快捷、有好奇心吗,如果是的话，那我们往往会抓住更多的机会，更愿意去体验不熟悉的事情。我们认为自己腼腆、优柔寡断吗,那我们的羞怯感会使我们犹豫不决、行动缓慢，不到万无一失绝不迈步。我们认为自己适应变化很慢且对付新挑战也不够机敏吗,那么我们极可能会处事较被动或者根本放弃尝试。 我们若想改变自己、有所成长，这些不安全感和自我怀疑感既无法避免也很有必要。如果我们不去面对并克服这些内心的恐惧和疑惑，如果我们过多地保护自己，那我们就一定会停止成长。我们会陷进自己营造的壳里面。(佳句?) Passage 3 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇介绍现代社会信息获取的科普性文章。它首先从分析给获取信息造成困难的社会发展的客观困素入手，转而谈及解决这个难题的办法就是依赖信息技术的发展，最后强调在这个瞬息万变的现代社会里获取信息的重要性。 第一段至第三段:指出社会进步、人口流动、信息爆炸等原因使人们获取信息的困难增大。 第四段:信息技术的发展帮助人们获得更多信息。 第五段:在当今社会获取信息十分重要。 二、试题分析 19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__. 第二段第三行的it的指代对象是____________。 [A] the lack of stable communities [A]缺乏稳定的社会 [B] the breakdown of informal information channels [B] 非正规信息渠道的中断 [C] the increased mobility of families [C] 家庭流动性的增加 [D] the growing number of people moving from place to place [D] 越来越多的人流动不定 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。 本题考查第二段第二句中it的指代对象。按照代词关系中的临近一致原则和上下文的含义，it应该指代它前面的“非正式(日常)的信息流通被切断”这句话，而[B]选项正是对这句话的改写。“informal information channel”对应“the informal flow of information”; “breakdown”对应“cut off”。 [A]、[C]和[D]三个选项表达的内容近似，而且如果它们中的一个正确，那么原句中的“with it the confidence…”意思就成了人口的流动使人们更有信心。这与第二段表达的内容不符。 命题意图是要求考生掌握句子之间的逻辑关系，特别是代词it的复指作用。它不仅可以指代词语，也可以指代一个句子或句群。 20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact 人们今天遇到的主要问题是_______________。 that__. [A] they have to learn new things consciously [A] 他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物 [B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy [B] 他们缺乏获得可靠信息的信心 information [C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily [C] 他们对所需的信息很难唾手可得 [D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an [D] 他们几乎不能同大家庭进行日常交流 extended family. [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 文章第一段、第二段和第三段指出社会进步带来知识的专业化、人口流动导致非正式的信息流通渠道被切断和信息爆炸给分检有用信息造成困难。第二段第三段段首的关联词“In addition to”和“Adding to”表明前三段论述的原因成并列关系。[C]选项正是这三段内容的归纳引申，为正确答案。 [A]选项在第二段末谈到，即“曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学”;[B]选项也在第二段中部提到，即“需要就能得到可靠、可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了”，但是它们都是非正式的信息流通渠道被切断带来的具体后果的表现，不能概括遇到的所有问题。[D]选项在文中没有被当做问题谈论。 21. From the passage we can infer that__. 根据文章可以推出_________。 [A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting [A] 电子邮件不久将成为传递信息的主要手段 messages [B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an [B] 在信息时代，保守秘密愈加困难 information era [C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences [C] 人们开会的时间会减少 [D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites [D] 事件将主要通过卫星直播 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 第四段第三句指出“电信技术的发展使人们能够通过电视和无线电传送信息，不久之后，实现电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸”。此句的bombard意为“炮击、轰炸”，用来比喻信息传递的力度。由此可以推出，electronic mail确实会在信息传递中起到重要作用。此外，原文very shortly一词与选项中的soon相对，故[A]选项正确。 [B]选项在文中并末将及，不能选。第四段倒数第二句谈到，“远程会议的出现使人们不用离开家或工作岗位专程去遥远的地方开会”，然而这里只谈及远程会议节省了因为开会而花去的旅行时间，而不是[C]选项中的“开会时间”。第四段第四句指出卫星的使用扩大了现场直播事件的力度，然而并未声称它会成为报道的主要形式，所以[D]选项错在mainly一词使用不当。 注意:选项中若出现“almost, completely, entirely, mainly”这一类表示程度的副词，考生应该特别注意该选项与原文在程度上是否一致，否则不能选。on the spot意思是:在现场。例如:The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime. 22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __. 从最后一段，我们可以得知___________。 [A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible [A] 需要尽可能多地获取知识 [B] people should make the best use of the information [B] 人们应该充分利用可以得到的信息 [C] we should realize the importance of accumulating [C] 我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性 information . [D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information [D] 有效地掌握所需信息至关重要 efficiently [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 解此题的关键就是对该段落的含义进行归纳经申。此段有三句话，第一句强调对信息的需要最具重要性;第二句指出掌握信息者才能生存和成功;前面两句推出第三句，即段落中心句:获取所需信息是必不可以少的要求。[D]选项是对该句的改写，也就是该段内容的综合概括。“acquire needed information”与“access to information”对应;“of vital importance”与“the most critical requirement”对应。 [A]选项谈的是获取知识，而不是获取信息，故排除。[B]选项谈合理使用信息，也不是获取信息，故错。[C]选项中的“积累”只强调了信息的量，而未说信息的质(如准确，可靠，最新)。实际上，正因为信息量的增加，才需要人们找出所需的信息。 四、词汇注释 (1)beyond (prep.) 超越(某事物的)范围;在或向(某物的)远处;迟于或超过(某一时间);除了;~sb. 对于某人来说难以想象、理解或估计 (2)extended family大家庭(几代同堂的家庭)，nuclear family核心家庭(只有父母与孩子) (3)mobility (n.) 流动性，移动性，mobile(a.)可动的，运动的 (4)cut off 切断，使隔绝;剪去，删去;打断，停止 (5)trustworthy (a.)值得信任的;-worthy后缀，“值得的”，如:praiseworthy, blameworthy (6)aspects (n.) (问题等的)方面;样子，外表，面貌 (7)stockpile (n.) 逐步储备的东西，(应急用的)储备物资 (8)overwhelming (a.) 难以抵当的，压倒的;overwhelm (v.)压倒，制服 (9) at the instant of occurrence现场的;at the instant of… 在„„的时刻;occurrence (n.)发生，出现，事件，事故 五、全文翻译 在这样一个变化中的复杂社会里，过去对信息需求的简单解决办法也变得复杂起来。过去生活中的许多问题是通过咨询家庭成员、朋友或同事得以解决的，现在却非大家庭所能及了。该去哪里征求专家意见以及如何决定该接受哪条专家建议成了现今许多人面临的问题。 此外，第二次世界大战后，人口流动性不断增大。随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友、大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。(长难句?)随之而来的是在需要时就能够得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失。关于生活最基本方面的一些几乎无意识的信息流通因此中断。这样，曾经下意识地通过大家庭随意交流便可学到的东西现在则必须有意识地去学习。 除了现今社会变化这一原因外，巨大的信息储备是另一原因。今天，个人可以获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。(长难句?) 伴随信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息。(长难句?)计算机技术使人能够以机器识读的文件储存大量的数据并通过程序令计算机查寻出具体信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电传送信息。不久之后，还可以使电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸。(长难句?)卫星已拓展了通讯能力，可以在事发当时对事件进行报道。通过远程会议，专家知识能够在全世界范围内被分享，同时人们不必放下工作、别离家人而大老远去开会，就能让有争议的问题得到解决。(长难句?)技术促进了信息共享以及信息的储存和传送，使得更多的人可以获得更多的信息。 在这个多变、复杂的世界里，对信息的需求最具重要性。(佳句?)那些拥有准确、可靠的最新信息以解决日常问题、解决业务和社会与家庭生活中重大问题的人才能得以生存和获得成功。“知识就是力量”可算是最真实的格言，获取信息也许是对所有人最必不可少的要求。(佳句?) Passage 4 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇关于学校教育环境对人的性格的影响教育学文章。文章首先指出后天环境对人的性格的形成有深刻影响，目的是引出学校教育对孩子个性发展的影响，主张学校不要过分看重竞争，要鼓励孩子的个性发展。文中作者把人的性格分成两类:A型和B型。A指进取心强、在竞争中能够获胜的人，而B是指生活态度更加从容、不太追逐名利的人。 第一段:作者明确指出，人的个性(A或B型)在很大程度上是先天决定的，但是后天环境也有影响。比如说竞争的环境对性格形成的作用。 第二段和第三段:指出学校过分强调考试并且让孩子们热衷于获胜的环境培养了具有竞争性的A型儿童。 第四段和第五段:指出学校的重要职责应该是使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职为，应该向儿童传授稳定的价值观，而不是光看重学业成绩。 二、试题分析 23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__. 根据这篇文章，A型性格的人通常是_________________。 [A] impatient [A] 缺乏耐心的 [B] considerate [B] 体贴人的 [C] aggressive [C] 好斗的、积极进取的 [D] agreeable [D] 和蔼的、易相处的 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 本题考查A型性格的特征。此题的解题关键是找出出现描述A型性格的词的句子。在第二段首句，出现“one place where children soak up A characteristics is school… which is a highly competitive institution”。本段第三句再次提到“competitive A types”，这表明A型儿童的特征是“competitive”。 因此只要在选项中找到与“competitive”意义相近之词便可以了。competitive意为“好竞争的”，而[C]选项与之意思很接近，为正确答案。“aggressive”既含褒义，也有贬义，可理解为“进攻性的”、“好斗的”、“积极进取的”。A、B和D选项均与这一含义无关，故排除。 命题意图是要求考生根据文中信息找出描述A型特征的词，再进行解释。注意这其实是一道变相的词语释义题，只不过一般的题是让考生直接解释，而这一题是让考生找出关键词“competitive”之后再解释。 24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at 作者强烈反对学校中的考试制度，因为______。 schools because__. [A] the pressure is too great on the students [A] 它给学生造成的压力过大 [B] some students are bound to fail [B] 一些学生肯定通不过 [C] failure rates are too high [C] 不及格率过高 [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful [D] 考试成绩值得怀疑 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:因果关系题。 在第三段首句“学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视”中，作者表示了对考试的否定态度;接着末句直接指出否定它的原因:“在明知有人考试会通不过的情况下(certain knowledge of failure)还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的”。[B]选项恰合此意，为正确答案。be bound to 意思是:一定，必定。 而[A]选项和[C]选项在文中均未涉及，故排除。[D]选项与该段第三句的内容不一致。原文并非说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为一个促使学生竞争的手段是否合适值得进一步探讨。 注意:“certain knowledge of failure”中的“knowledge”并不是知识之意，而是“know”的名词形式，“了解，知道”。 25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__. 当前选用医疗护理人员的标准是___________。 [A] candidates? sensitivity [A] 申请者的敏感程度 [B] academic achievements [B] 学业成绩 [C] competitive spirit [C] 竞争精神 [D] surer values [D] 更可靠的价值 [答案] B [解析] 本题考试的知识点是:推理引申题。 文章末段第二句作者提到… selection for… medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy(选择医疗护理人员时，应该多关注他们是否细心、是否有同情心，而少参照他们的化学成绩)。这里grades有“成绩，分数”的意思。言下之意是当前考虑学业成绩过多。因此，[B]选项是正确答案。 而[A]选项正是作者希望受到重视的一个方面，不是现况。[C]选项是A型学生的特点，但是文中并未说选择医疗工作以此为标准。[D]选项也是作者希望多加关注的标准。 26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__. 我们可以从文章中得出的结论是______________。 [A] the personality of a child is well established at birth [A] 儿童的个性在出生时就已确立 [B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s [B] 家庭的影响对人性格特征的形成起主导作用 characteristics . [C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors [C] 人的性格发展取决于多种因素 [D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society [D] 在竞争的社会中，B型性格的人不能找到其位置 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 在文章第一段，作者指出:人的个性在很大程度上是先天决定的;继而用but一词，引出后天环境的影响;在随后的段落中，作者着重分析学校教育环境对个性发展的影响，主张学校不要过分看重竞争，要鼓励孩子多种个性的发展。由此可以推出[C]选项概括了文章的要点，为正确答案。 [A]选项与首段第二句谈到的环境对个性的形成也有深刻影响的观点矛盾。[B]选项中“dominate”一词过于绝对。文中的观点是儿童性格的形成既由先天决定，又有环境影响，未分轻重。[D]选项无从推知，作者在末段以医务工作为例，只是强调B型性格的人应该被重视，而未指出B型性格的人在社会中无立足之地。 四、词汇注释 (1) extent (n.)程度，广度，宽度，长度，限度，面积，范围;to a large ~ 在很大程度上，to some/what/such an/a certain~达到某种程度;extend (v.)使某物在(空间或时间上)更大，更长，延展 (2) inherent (a.)天生的，固有的，内在的，~ in sb./sth;inherently (adv.) ;inhere (vi.) 生来就有，固有，~in (3) sport (v.)炫耀，夸示， ~ achievements 夸耀成就;(n.)运动;(pl.)运动会 (4) be keen to do sth./on sth./on doing sth./ that渴望做某事，热衷于某事，对„„有兴趣，喜欢。如:He is very keen to see his birthplace again. (5) rejoice (v.)(使)欣喜，(使)高兴 (6) conquer (v.) 战胜，征服;克服，破除(坏习惯);conquest (n.) (7) disproportionate (a.) 不成比例的;proportionate (a.) 成比例的，均衡的，相称的;proportion (n.) 比例，部分，均衡，相称，in~与„„成比例的 (8) fit (v.) 使适合，使配合，适应，装配，~sth. to sth.与„„相称 (9) preoccupation (n.)主要关心的事，全神贯注，抢先占有;preoccupy (v.) (10) stock (n.)某一类人;祖先，世系，家族;备料，库存，现货;股票，公债 五、全文翻译 人的个性很大程度上取决于遗传—A型父母通常生养出A型子女。但是环境也应该有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。(长难句?) 学校是培养A型孩子的场所，从本质来讲，学校是一个高度竞争性的机构。(长难句?)太多的学校遵从“不惜一切代价求胜”的道德标准并以运动成绩来衡量其成功。(佳句?)目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制。在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。(长难句?)对胜利过于执着也会带来危险的后果。(佳句?)请记住，第一位马拉松运动员菲底庇德斯在说完“欢庆吧，我们征服了～”之后几秒钟便倒地丧生。 学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视。能允许学生专注于所擅长之事的学校实为罕见。(长难句?)通过考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，但在明确知晓有人会在考试中失败的前提下仍进行竞争是肯定有害的。 显然，让所有A型儿童都转变为B型既不现实也并不必要。世界需要不同的类型，学校的重要职责就是要努力使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职业。这是最高水平的教育经营。 如果学校少强调一下学业，也许就有更多的时间向孩子传授更重要的价值观念。(长难句?)也许对照料性职业的人员选择，尤其是医务工作，可以少参照他们的化学成绩，而要更多地考虑他们的敏感性和同情心。完全从A型人中挑选医生肯定是错误的。B型人也很重要，应该受到鼓励。 Passage 5 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇关于记忆和遗忘方面的心理学的文章。文章从记忆的作用入手，谈及遗忘的重要性，并从心理学原理解释两者之间的关系。 第一段:讲述记忆的作用。 第二段和第三段:开始谈及遗忘的重要性，认为遗忘是人类适应生存的表现;并指出若没有遗忘，人类将难以吸收新东西，其适应性会受影响，甚至生活会出现混乱。 最后一段:通过记忆储存系统储量有限的原理去解释遗忘提供适应的灵活性。 二、试题分析 27. From the evolutionary point of view, __. 哪个符合进化论对遗忘的观点, [A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive [A] 由于缺乏练习造成的遗忘往往是明显的不适应的表现 [B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very [B] 如果一个人突然变得很健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的 adaptive [C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an [C] 逐渐的遗忘过程表明了人的适应能力 individual?s adaptability [D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences [D] 突然遗忘可能带来适应性结果 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 从进化论解释遗忘是第二段的内容，该段第二、三句谈到，“一段时间由于缺乏实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记(渐进性地遗忘)，其适应性结果就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子可以被看作具有适应性，即动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力”，但是末句又谈到“进化论的解释可能使人很难理解渐进的遗忘过程是如何经过自然选择生存下来的”。因此可知，[D]选项是正确的观点，而[C]选项与文意相反。 [A]选项错在“obviously”，原文第二句中提到适应性结果不太明显。[B]选项是对第三句的篡改，而不是改写，其中两个very夸大暗示了原文中没有的遗忘与适应性之间的正比关系。 命题意图是要求考生理解第二段中作者如何论述渐进性的遗忘和突然性遗忘与适应性的关系。 28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __. 根据文章，如果一个人永远不会遗忘______。 [A] he would survive best [A] 他将最适于生存 [B] he would have a lot of trouble [B] 他会有很多麻烦 [C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [C] 他的学习能力会得到提高 [D] the evolution of memory would stop [D] 记忆的进化就会停止 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 本题考查不会遗忘带来的后果。第三段一开始就指出，思考一下记忆不衰退会产生的结果。第四句论证说，忘事少的人，他们的日常生活充满了困惑。同时第二段第五句也提到，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历难以忘怀而导致严重焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。也就是说，不会忘记就清除不了烦恼。因为[B]选项为上述思想的概括，其中，a lot of trouble 对应文中full of confusion。 [A]选项与第三段第三句“没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损”不符。[C]选项与第四段内容矛盾:“人的记忆存储系统储量有限，学习与遗忘之间不断地调节”。[D]选项中的“进化停止”过于绝对，文中没有涉及。 注意:考生可以根据题干的if a person never forgot和第三段首句的if memories failed to fade，迅速定位到段落。 29. From the last paragraph we know that__. 从最后一段得出的结论是__________。 [A] forgetfulness is a response to learning [A] 遗忘是一种学习反应 [B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output [B] 记忆存储系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统 system [C] memory is a compensation for forgetting [C] 记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿 [D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because [D] 记忆存储系统储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的 forgetting occurs [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主题。 最后一段认为，人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它通过遗忘来提供适应的灵活性。学习或记忆储存(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间始终不断地调节，达到出入平衡。因此[A]选项符合文意，为正确答案。 [B]选项中的exactly一词用得过于绝对，与文章内容不符。[C]选项把记忆与遗忘的关系搞错，二者并非补偿关系，只不过都是记忆系统的组成部分。[D]选项不正确，原文只说遗忘使记忆系统更具适应力，而不是说它造成了记忆存储系统的有限性。 注意:干扰项中可能大量使用原文中提到的词语，其增加或减少都会造成错误答案，考生一定要仔细辨认。如:该题干扰选项中出现的memory storage system, limited, capacity, input-output, balance等。 30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of_______. 本文作者试图解释________的功能。 [A] remembering [A] 记忆 [B] forgetting [B] 遗忘 [C] adapting [C] 适应 [D] experiencing [D] 体验 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。 本题考查全文的主旨。本文共四段，仅在第一段单纯讲述记忆的作用。从第二段开始文章侧重论述遗忘的功能，指出它是人类适应生存的表现，没有它，人的适应性会受影响;以及记忆系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。由此可见[B]选项是文章内容重点讨论的对象，即主题。forgetting一词在文中出现的频率很高。其他选项在文中有所涉及，但不是主题。 注意:解此类题，要特别注意综合各段中心大意，或找出文中出现频率偏高的词。 四、词汇注释 (1)subsequent (a.) 随后的，后来的;subsequence (n.) 随后(发生的事) (2)depend (v.)取决于，依赖，相信，~on，如:A great deal will depend on the way the government response. dependent (a.) , be ~ on 依赖，依靠，如:The man was out of work and dependent on his son?s earnings. be independent of 独立的，不依赖他人或他物的，如:If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses. (3)adaptive (a.) 适应的，有适应性的，用以适应的;adapt (v.) (使)适应，适合;改编，改写，~to (4)in this sense 在这种意义上;in a sense 从某种意义上说;make sense有意义，讲得通 (5)evolutionary (a.) 进化论的，进化的，渐进的;evolution (n.) 进化，渐进，演变 (6)orientation (n.) 确定方向;认识环境;熟悉情况 (7)stand out 突出，显眼 (8)gross (n.) 全部的，整个的。如:the gross amount 总额;his gross income他的全部收入;gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值;其反义词是net净的，纯的。 五、全文翻译 过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。(长难句?)没有被广泛称之为记忆的作用，学习就不可能发生。不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响，从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌，甚至阅读和理解这些文字。所谓的智力行为需要记忆能力，因为它是推理的基本要求。用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。(长难句?)举例来说，一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而作出的。 练习(或者复习)有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习，已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘;其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。但是，戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。从这点看，遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。的确，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致了严重的焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。 在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时，考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的，即，如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。遗忘明显有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。(长难句?)没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损。(长难句?)例如，十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。案例记载了这样一些人，他们(按一般人的标准)忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此，遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。 另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。依此观点，学习或记忆储存(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间始终在不断地调节。的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。(长难句?)这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。 Part ? English-Chinese Translation 一、文章结构总体分析 本文首先指出批评标准化教育或心理测验是错误的，因为造成不理想结果的原因可能是人们使用测验不当;接着分析影响测试有效性的因素是被采用的信息的数量、质量以及解释信息的能力;最后指出测试如果使用得当可以提供有用的信息，但是它有很多做不到的事情。 二、试题分析 31.[解析] 本题考核的知识点:名词译为动词和介词语短的译法。 这是一个主从复合句。主干为主系表结构带一个for引导的原因状语从句。主句翻译成“目标是错误的”含义不够清楚，根据上下文可知，the target应翻译成“把标准化测试作为抨击目标”。 状语从句的主干是critics divert attention from…，直译为“批评家把注意力从弊病上移开”，意译为“批评家没有考虑其弊病”。 The fault和其后的定语从句直译为“在于消息不灵通或不称职的使用者的错误”也不太符合中文的习惯，原因在于英文的名词使用频率比中文高，翻译时经常需要把名词转化为动词。users的动词是use，users前的形容词应相应地转为修饰动词的状语，可以译为“人们使用测试时对信息了解不够或使用不当”。 In attacking the tests是介词短语做状语，译成状语从句时关键要看此介词短语在原句中起什么作用，然后再译成中文相应的状语从句。 译文:把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未考虑其弊病是来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。 32. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:句子理解，代词指代。 句子的主干是:How well…depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of… and (depends) on the skill and wisdom…。 主语是how well开头的主语从句，其中使用了被动语态的将来时。“by+施动者”译成被动语态。depend后除了upon接了the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information做介词宾语之外，后头的the skill and wisdom with which 也是承接depend 而来，做on的介词宾语。with which引导的定语从句中it指代前文中的information，所以定语从句译成“解释这些信息的技能和才智”。 词汇方面:validated的意思可以从形容词valid(有效的)推出，译为“证实”。 译文:这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。 33. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:抽象名词的意译和代词指代。 这是一个简单句。Whether to use… situation做主语;whether… or 意为“是„„还是”; depends是谓语;evidence from和 such factors as…共同做介词on的宾语。 主语中的both根据上文应该指tests, other kinds of information两者;the evidence后有from experience修饰，experience又由一现在分词短语修饰;the evidence… validity可以译作“有关相对效度的经验依据”。 译文:因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。 34. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。 该句由两个并列的主从复合句构成:the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。两个分句由and 连接，and 之后的分句承前省略了主语和谓语the tests work。 两个when都引导了时间状语从句，翻译时应置于主语之前。第二个状语从句中的主语是what 引导的名词性从句:what is to be measured or predicted，意为“被测定和被预测的东西”。 词汇方面:work在这里意马心猿为“起作用”的意思;qualities是指被测人的素质;define意为“下定义，界定”。 译文:一般地说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确的界定时，测试最为有效;而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。 35. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:虚拟语气，推测词义 这是一个并列复合句。前一个分句的主语they指上文的the tests(本题所在段落中第二、三、四句的主语都承接第一句的主语tests，用they代替)。后一分句省略主语。由于两个分句成分相同时才会省略，因此这里省略的主语就是they(指测试)。Tell后的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气，表示对过去情况的虚拟;had he grown up 即if he had grown up。翻译时虚拟句中的条件从句应该放在其主句之前。 词汇方面:gross在这里意为“明显的”;tell在此意为“判断、说明”;underprivileged 是一个需要用词汇学知识去推测词义的词，under(在„„下)+privilege(特权)，意为“在特权之下”，即物质条件不好，也可以结合条件句中的favorable circumstances(好的物质环境)的反义猜出词义;how able可以译作“有多能干，有多大的才干”。 译文:例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。 三、全文翻译 广泛用来帮助选择、分类、指定或者激励学生、雇员和军队人员的标准化教育或心理测试是近来书刊、杂志、日报社甚至是国会攻击的目标。(31)把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未注意到其弊病在于那些对测试不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。这些测试本身只是工具，其特点能够在特殊的条件下相当准确地被估量。测试结果是否有价值、有意义，或者甚至误导人部分取决于工具本身，而大部分取决于使用者。 所有已知的对将来行为的预测都是基于对过去某些相关经验的了解的基础之上的:学校成绩、科研生产力、销售业绩，或诸如此类。(32)这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道可用的信息总是不完整的，预测总是容易出现错误。 标准化测试应该考虑在这样的环境中使用。他们提供快捷、客观的方法以获取关于某个人学到了什么、他有哪些技能或者他属于哪种人的一些信息。如同其他种类的信息，如此得来的信息在质量方面也是兼有优缺点。(33)因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。 (34)一般来说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确地界定时，测试最为有效;而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果测试被恰当地使用，它们将提供一种快捷的方式来获取有关很多人的可比较的信息。有时，通过它们(测试)还可以发现那些高潜质以前没有被发掘的学生，但许多事情是测试做不到的。(35)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。 1996年年全真试题试题精解 Part ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1 一、文章结构总体分析 文章是一篇介绍求职前应进行准备工作的说明文。文章先指出“所想”与“所得”两个概念，并指出实现“所想”的关键是做事前要制定计划，进而具体到找工作前准备简历的重要性。 第一至二段:先通过谚语说明一种传统的观点:得到的才算数，接着提到现代心理学的观点:如果知道自己想要什么，并且要求合理，就能实现。两段都围绕“所想”和“所得”两个概念展开论述。 第三段:以请客吃饭为例说明在日常生活中，制定计划的普遍性。 第四至六段:先提出文章中心思想，即找工作前也需要制定计划。接着说明简历对于求职者的意义，即可作为填写正式的参考，而且能帮助求职者将自己的能力有条理地展现出来。最后作者就找工作提出了具体的建议。 二、试题具体分析 11.What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you 11.年长者说:“It’s not what you want in this world, but what you want in this world, but what you get”? get”是什么意思, ,A, You’ll certainly get what you want. ,A, 你肯定能得到自己想要的东西 ,B, It’s no use dreaming. ,B, 梦想没有用 ,C, You should be dissatisfied with what you have. ,C, 你不应该满足于自己已有的东西(所得) ,D, It’s essential to set a goal for yourself. ,D, 为自己确立一个目标(所想)是非常重要的 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。 原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”，肯定的是“你所得”。即，得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思，为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”，其中certainly一词过于绝对，而且第二段提到，得到“所想”的条件是:知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性，与原句意思相反。 技巧:本题属于句子理解题，考生需反复琢磨句意，并注意选项中将what you want 和what you get具体化后的含义。 12.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in 12.文中提到邀请朋友吃饭前制定的计划蓝图是用来作为 。 this passage as . ,A, an illustration of how to write an application for a job ,A,怎样写求职书的说明 ,B, an indication of how to secure a good job ,B, 获得一份好工作的暗示 ,C, a guideline for job description ,C, 职位描述上的指导 ,D, a principle for job evaluation ,D, 工作评估原则 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。 题干的内容是第三段中的举例，举例是为了说明论点，上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是:在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的(愿望)蓝图。因此，“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise (同样地，照样地)表明，后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样，也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历，故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。 B、C和D选项中分别出现good job、job description、job evaluation这些原文未有的内容。 技巧:对于涉及举例的题，上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外，要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法，如:likewise表并列，暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句:This place is pretty beautiful, likewise the people here. 这地方美，人也美。 13.According to the passage, one must write an account of himself 13.根据文章内容，开始找工作之前必须写一个对自我的描述，before starting to find a job because . 原因是 。 ,A, that is the first step to please the employer ,A, 这是取悦雇主的第一步 ,B, that is the requirement of the employer ,B, 这是雇主的要求 ,C, it enables him to know when to sell his services ,C, 这使他明白何时去推销自己的服务 ,D, it forces him to become clearly aware of himself ,D, 这使他能够清楚地了解自己 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 根据题干关键词before starting to find a job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答:当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写，其中exactly与clearly相对应，know what you have to offer与become aware of himself 一致。C选项偷梁换柱，将该原因从句中的where换成了when。 文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择，并非取悦，因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项，但文中未提及。 技巧:细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。 14.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities 14.当你就自己的能力和愿望精心准备了一个计划蓝图后，你就and desires, you have something . 有的东西 。 ,A, definite to offer ,A, 明确可提供 ,B, imaginary to provide ,B, 想像可提供 ,C, practical to supply ,C, 实际可提供 ,D, desirable to present ,D, 可提供的令人满意 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样，除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件，来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear and definite(明确的，确实的)，因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除，Practical意为workable, useful(可行的，有用的)，计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意，排除C和D。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) tight-lipped(a.)沉默寡言的，出言谨慎的 (2) psychology(n.)心理学 (3) blueprint(n.)蓝图，详细的计划，方案 (4) likewise(adv.)同样地，照样地;-wise 后缀，表示“样子”，“位置”或“状态”，如:clockwise(顺时针方向地), lengthwise(纵向地，竖着地) (5) account(n.)叙述，描述 (6) routine(n.)固定而有规则的事，常规 (7) reference(n.)证明文书, 介绍信，推荐人 (8) sketch(n.)概述，概要，梗概 (9) secure(vt.),sth. (for sb. /sth.)(尤指经过努力)获得，取得，实现;如:He secured a place for himself at law school. (他在法学院取得了学籍)。 ,sth. (against/from sth.)使某事物安全，保护; 如:to secure a property against intruders(保护房产以免外人闯入) 五、全文翻译 出言谨慎的年长者过去总说:“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”(长难句?) 心理学教导人们，如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理，你就能得到它。 你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图，如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。(长难句?)而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说，想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。 同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份对自我的简单描述吧。(佳句?)为找工作制订计划蓝图时，要从你自己开始，因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。 对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介，它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。这样的描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照，在面试时更是尤为有用。在与你面谈时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。(长难句?) 当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以推销了。那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看，留意听，使用你的判断力。(佳句?)每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住:找工作就是你现在的工作。 Passage 2 一、文章结构总体分析 本文报道了BBC(英国广播公司)的现状及面临的问题。文章从现状入手，接着话锋一转进入主题，谈到目前在全国范围内一场针对BBC应该保持原样还是进行变革的争论，最后作者指出必须进行变革。本文是典型的夹叙夹议的文章，叙述和说理论证相结合。 第一至二段:为一个引子，描述BBC的接收范围和它的节目类型，总之，情况令人乐观。 第三段:承上启下，先总结前两段，yet语气一转，点出文章的主题，即，BBC前途未卜。 第四段:政府发起对BBC的这场争论的原因:皇家特许权1996年到期。 第五段:BBC支持者的观点。 第六段:再次出现yet转折点出作者观点，即，BBC必须改革，因为世界在发生变化。 二、试题具体分析 15.The world famous BBC now faces . 15.世界著名的BBC现在面临 。 ,A, the problem of news coverage ,A, 新闻报道覆盖范围的问题 ,B, an uncertain prospect ,B, 不确定的前景 ,C, inquiries by the general public ,C, 公众提出的调查 ,D, shrinkage of audience ,D, 观(听)众的减少 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛，这两段间用and 相连，表明一种顺承、并列关系，都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系，yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt(BBC前景不明)说明了它现在面临的情况。因此，B选项为正确答案，其中原文的future和in doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。 新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到，是BBC值得骄傲的方面，而不是“问题”，故排除A选项。第四段提到，政府对公众进行调查，即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。 技巧:议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性，因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语，如:although， though， but, yet, however等，从而把握作者的思路。 16.In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not 16.下列选项中，哪个没有作为BBC的关键问题被提到? mentioned as the key issue? ,A, Extension of its TV service to Far East. ,A, 将电视广播扩展到远东地区。 ,B, Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate. ,B, 电视节目成为全国上下谈论的话题。 ,C, Potentials for further international co-operations. ,C, 进一步国际合作的潜力。 ,D, Its existence as a broadcasting organization. ,D,BBC作为广播机构的存在。 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到，“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”，选项中的Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到，“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在，至少暂时会是这样，但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革，而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。 技巧:原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种:一是文中根本没有提到;二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座，将原文中提到的内容划线，表示是排除的内容;无法对号的即是答案。 17.The BBC’s “royal charter” (line 4, paragraph 4) stands 17.BBC的“royal charter”(第四段第四行)指的是 。 for . ,A, the financial support from the royal family ,A, 皇室家庭的资助 ,B, the privileges granted by the Queen ,B, 女王赋予的特权 ,C, a contract with the Queen ,C, 与女王签的合同 ,D, a unique relationship with the royal family ,D, 和皇室家庭的特别关系 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是:the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes，可见，royal charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run out 的含义。run out 多表示“被用完，到期”之意，能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家，与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司，而非私营企业。 技巧:对句中词汇或短语的释义，要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。 18.The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no 18.BBC不得不进行调整的最主要原因正是 。 other than . ,A, the emergence of commercial TV channels ,A, 商业电视频道的出现 ,B, the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government ,B, 政府广播法的实施 ,C, the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs ,C, 降低成本，减少员工的迫切需求 ,D, the challenge of new satellite channels ,D, 新卫星电视频道的挑战 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革，接着陆续给出原因:它周边的广播业正在发生变化;政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化，进而使广告业相互竞争，降低成本，减少劳务;但是从长远看，带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上，原因可归纳为两点:电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It is the arrival...which will...the biggest changes...，强调后一原因更具重要性，其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容，但不是最主要原因。 技巧:因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次，注意词汇(如mainy, chief)和句型结构(如强调句)的暗示。 补充:no other than意为“就是，正是”。如:He is no other than my old friend Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) coverage(n.)覆盖，总括，新闻报道 (2) tune(n.)调子、和谐;(v.)调音，调整，,in to调谐，收听 (3) annual(a.)每年的，年度的;(n.)年刊，年鉴 (4) licence(n.)执照，许可证，准许，许可 (5) stretch (v.)拉长，延伸，,ing back... 回溯到„ (6) in doubt拿不准，不确定，注意doubt 与suspect的区别:doubt是对于事物的真伪、将来的事和人的成功等的怀疑，如:I doubt his honesty. 在动词doubt之后，如用but，则but与that意义相同。如:I do not doubt but(that)he is ill.我不怀疑他病了。Suspect是猜疑，设想某人有欺诈、私通或犯罪的嫌疑时，通常用suspect表示。如:I suspect some falsehood in what he says.我怀疑他的话中有些虚假。 (7) subject(n.)主题，科目，主语;(v.),(to)使遭受，使服从;(a.)易遭„的，受„支配的 (8) charter(n.)契约，特许证，特许权;它常常以合约或正式文书的形式授权成立某种机构经营某种业务，并规定它的权限和目标。royal charter(皇家特许权)常常指与国王或女王签订的契约，取得经营某种业务的特许权 (9) subscriptions(n.)订阅，订购;subscribe(v.) 五、全文翻译 随着BBC(英国广播公司)国际电视频道的开播，现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视 新闻报道了。 当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。(长难句?) 延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。虽然至少目前，它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。(长难句?) 英国政府发起了这场讨论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。(长难句?)这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。 公司的捍卫者为数不少，他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号:“如果没坏(broke)，就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”，意思相当于既然没有“broken”(跨掉)(它区别于broke的意思，broke表示“没有钱”)，那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢,(长难句?) 然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。(长难句?) Passage 3 一、文章结构分析 本文是一篇论述19世纪后半叶英国劳资关系变化及股东食利阶层出现的文章。 第一段:交待背景，即，旧式家庭企业被有限责任公司代替，从而提高了企业效率，并使之走向集体化和市营、国营化。 第二段:说明在第一段提到的变化下产生了股东阶层，进而对这个阶层的生活进行了描述并举例说明。 第三段:指出这些股东对劳资关系没有积极的影响，因为他们对工人的情况不甚了解。但工会的日益发展使情况有所好转。 二、试题具体分析 19.It’s true of the old family firms that . 19.关于旧式家族企业的正确说法是 。 ,A, they were spoiled by the younger generations ,A, 它们被年轻一代毁了 ,B, they failed for lack of individual initiative ,B, 它们由于缺乏个人独创性而失败 ,C, they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies ,C, 与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率 ,D, they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers ,D, 它们能够为纳税人提供足够的服务 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 第一段第二、三句介绍了旧式家族企业的情况。文中指出，许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知旧式家族企业缺乏效率。C选项正确。 A选项属于过度推理，文中提到的是decline in efficiency commonly spoiled the fourtunes of family firms，可见家族企业败坏在晚辈手中的根本原因还是效率低下。该段第四句表明，(由家族企业到有限责任公司)这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业迈出的一步，由此推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神，故B选项与原文不符。D选项属于张冠李戴，该段最后一句只提到，市政当局也开始为纳税人提供各种服务，和旧式家族企业无关。 技巧:解此题重在对长难句的结构分析与理解。 20.The growth of limited liability companies resulted in . 20.有限公司的发展造成了 。 ,A, the separation of capital from management ,A, 资本与管理的分离 ,B, the ownership of capital by managers ,B, 对资本的所有权由经理掌握 ,C, the emergence of capital and labour as two classes ,C, 劳资两个阶级的出现 ,D, the participation of shareholders in municipal business ,D, 股东参与市政企业 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 第二段前两句指出，有限责任公司及市政企业的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地和土地所有者责任分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。接着文章以英国持股人为例子进行说明。由此可推知，有限公司的发展引起了财富或资本与经营管理分离;投资者并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理;真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。因此A选项与原文内容相符，为正确答案。 文章第一段第二句指出有限责任公司中领取薪金的经理构成管理体系。因此，经理只是经营者，并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。文章首句表明劳资两个阶级早在有限责任公司出现之前就已经存在，由责任有限公司导致出现的是持股人这一新的阶层。因此，C选项也不对。D选项与原文不符。从第二段倒数第二句可知，股东们只是享受红利，偶尔开会给经营者发布指令。从文中无法知道他们参与市政企业。 技巧:根据题干关键词和先读各段首句迅速定位答案所在句(第二段首句)。此题考查对细节的综合概括能力。 21.According to the passage, all of the following are true except 21.根据文章，下列选项除了都是正确的 。 that . ,A, the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers ,A, 股东不了解工人的需要 ,B, the old firm owners had a better understanding of their ,B, 旧式家族企业的业主更了解他们的工人 workers ,C, the limited liability companies were too large to run ,C, 有限责任公司太大以至于运转艰难 smoothly ,D, the trade unions seemed to play a positive role ,D, 工会似乎起着积极的作用 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 对于正误判断题，可以采取排除法解题。A选项在文章第三段首句中涉及:“这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求”;B选项在该段第二句涉及:“(((但是甚至他——经理也很少像现在正在消失的世袭的旧式家族企业中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解;D选项也可以从文章最后两句得出:值得庆幸的是，工会与日俱增的力量使工人与他们的雇主可以平起平坐。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。而C选项在文章中未涉及。 技巧:Except类型的题目可能涉及一段或数段，考点范围广泛，此题目就几乎涉及到第三段每句话。因此考生该尽量将每个选项都对照原文，找到相关内容，确认该选项正确与否。 22.The author is most critical of . 22.作者对于谁最持有批评态度, ,A, family firm owners ,A, 家族企业业主 ,B, landowners ,B, 土地所有者 ,C, managers ,C, 经理 ,D, shareholders ,D, 股东 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。 通观全文，发现文章花了许多笔墨描述股东阶层。如第二段第四句中说他们是comfortable class。他们与别人的关系仅仅限于抽取红利，偶尔参加股东会议对企业管理指手画脚，shareholding 意味着悠闲和自由;第三段首句也提到股东不了解工人们的生活、思想和需求。引号的多次使用表示作者对这个称号的否定。由此推知，作者对股东阶层持强烈的批评态度。因此，D选项为正确答案。作者对其他选项中的人群则没有明显的批评。 技巧:纵览全篇，体会字里行间流露的语气和注意most关键词。此题实际上也考查了文章主旨。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) bureaucracy(n.)行政系统，官僚政治，官僚体制 (2) collectivism(n.) 集体主义(制度)，collective(n.)集体，(a.)集体的，共同的,collect (n)收集 (3) discipline(n.)训练，磨炼，纪律，学科 (4) engage(v.)(in)(使)从事、忙着、订婚、雇佣 (5) initiative(n.)创始，第一步，主动精神，(a.)创始的，起始的;initiate(v.) (6) liability(n.)责任，义务;(pl.)债务 (7) on modern lines根据现代的要求，按现代方式;注意与line有关的短语:1)in line:成一直线，排成一行。如:The boys were standing in line. 2)in line with:和„成直线;与„一致;按照。如:He is in line with our previous policy.他同意我们先前的办法。3)do sth.along / on sound / correct lines = use good methods 用良好的或正确的方法去处理事务。如:He is studying the subject on sound lines. (8) patriarchal(a.)家长的，族长的，父权制的，patriarch(n.) (9) rendered(v.)使得，致使;, sth. (a.)如:, such personal relations impossible (10) term(n.)学期，期限，期间;(pl.)on equal ,s 以平等的地位;in ,s of 依据，按照，用„措辞 五、全文翻译 19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。(长难句?)而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力，向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。与此同时，大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。 有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。(长难句?)整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起，原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所，这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。(长难句?)另一方面，“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。 这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接，但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。(长难句?)的确，单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言，就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各个技术行业情况如此，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的含义。(佳句) Passage 4 一、文章结构总体分析 本文是一篇介绍美国早期发明创造热的文章。一开始用设问的形式给出全文主题，然后逐个分析发明热原因，最后进行总结。除了说理、引证之外，本文还使用了类比论证方法。 第一、二段:是一个引子，提出问题并给予回答，指出促成美国早期发明热的四个原因。 第三、四段:详细论证了初等教育的重要性。论证中主要使用了说理和引证。 第五、六段:指出并论证了奖励制度带来的鼓励作用。 第七段:探讨了早期美国人特有的空间思维方式所起的决定性作用。该部分使用了类比论证法。 第八段:总结全文。以上原因综合起来就是美国人的特点——为名誉和优秀而拼搏。 二、试题具体分析 23.According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions 23.根据作者的观点，促成美国早期发明创造热的主要原因in early America was in a large part due to . 是 。 ,A, elementary schools ,A, 初等教育 ,B, enthusiastic workers ,B, 充满热情的工人 ,C, the attractive premium system ,C, 吸引人的奖励制度 ,D, a special way of thinking ,D, 特殊的思维方式 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。 文章首句是个设问句，题干是对它的改写，其中due to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答，给出的原因有:优秀的初等教育;欢迎新技术的劳动力;给发明者以奖励的制度;而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系，说明分号前后是同等重要的原因，而最后一个分号后的above all(最重要)一词，与题干中的in a large part同义，显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比，更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。 技巧:文章首句出现问句一般是设问句，即有问必有答，而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。 24.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early 24.文中暗示了美国早期技工的适应性和创造性 。 American mechanics . ,A, benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge ,A, 很大程度上得益于数学知识 ,B, shed light on disciplined school management ,B, 解释了严格的学校管理 ,C, was brought about by privileged home training ,C, 产生于优越的家庭训练 ,D, owed a lot to the technological development ,D, 在很大程度上归功于技术的发展 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句，该句指出:敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势(this educational advantage)联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词，一般往回复指前述的最后内容，也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术(arithmetic)，还通晓一些几何学(geometry)和三角学(trigonometry)”，从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。 B选项的干扰来自第四段末句，该句提到彻底的学校训练(school discipline)让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员，这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”，而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...(熟知)进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。 技巧:指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代，即在上下文中，指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系，正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。 25.A technologist can be compared to an artist because . 25.把技术专家比做艺术家的原因是 。 ,A, they are both winners of awards ,A, 他们都是获奖者 ,B, they are both experts in spatial thinking ,B, 他们都是空间思维的专家 ,C, they both abandon verbal description ,C, 他们都放弃了语言描述 ,D, they both use various instruments ,D, 他们都使用多种工具 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出:这种非语言的“空间”思维 在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此，B选项为正确答案。 此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有，难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗,C选项过度推断，显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何,况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础，岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似, 技巧:类比可以看作是特殊的例证，但常使用比喻手法，用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物，目的不在比较，而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。 26.The best title for this passage might be . 26.本文最恰当的标题是 。 ,A, Inventive Mind ,A, 发明创造精神 ,B, Effective Schooling ,B, 有效的教育 ,C, Ways of Thinking ,C, 思维方式 ,D, Outpouring of Inventions ,D, 发明热 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。 总结主旨需要通观全文:文章一开始通过设问句点明主题，指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。 也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因，不能概括全文主旨;D选项太泛，文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。 技巧:主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先，文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次，还应注意:(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题，然后试想在这样的题目下，应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖，则不能作为题目。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) outburst(n.)(情感、力量等)爆发、迸发，暴乱 (2) shaping factors 成因;shaping(a.)成型的，塑造的 (3) single out挑出;single(v.)挑出，使突出 (4) premium(n.)酬金，额外费用，奖赏，保险费 (5) nonverbal(a.)非言辞、语言的;non-前缀表示“非，无，不”如:nonsense，nonfiction (6) discipline(n.)训练，纪律，学科，惩戒;(v.)训练，锻炼;惩罚;惩戒 (7) incentive(n.)鼓励、奖励;刺激，动机 (8) flock(n.)一群，(禽、畜的群);大量，众多;(v.)群集，成群 (9) beneficence(n.)行善、馈赠;beneficial(a.),(to)有利的，有益的 (10) emulation(n.)仿效，竞争，竞赛;emulate(v.)仿效，努力赶上或超过 五、全文翻译 在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，其原因何在, 在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出如下因素:这个国家优异的小学教育;欢迎新技术的劳动大军;对发明者进行奖励的做法;尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。(佳句?) 为什么要提小学教育,正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，(长难句?)这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。 目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。” 推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。(长难句?)这种做法起源于国外，做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。 在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。(长难句?) 有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。(长难句?)正如尤金?弗格森曾指出的:“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工„设计者和发明者„能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”(长难句?) 这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特?法欧曾写道:“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”(佳句?) 当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意)，而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。 Passage 5 一、文章结构分析 本文是一篇书评，介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作。 第一段:为一个引子，交待了创世论和进化论之争的背景。 第二段:对一本有关创世论和进化论之争的书的内容、章节进行了介绍，并指出此书的目的是揭露创世论者的真实面目。 第三段:对该书做出评价，包括作者自己和他人的评价。 二、试题具体分析 27.“Creationism” in the passage refers to . 27.“creationism”在文中指的是 。 ,A, evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe ,A,有关宇宙起源的真正意义上的进化论 ,B, a notion of the creation of religion ,B,关于宗教产生的一个理论 ,C, the scientific explanation of the earth formation ,C,地球形成的科学解释 ,D, the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe ,D,关于宇宙起源的虚假理论 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 第一段前三句提到，关于creationism和evolution之争的书都试图说明，就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。由此推出，creationism至少应该是这样的的一种理论，虽然它可能不成立。接着该段末句将creationism描写为拙劣的科学、拙劣的宗教。到了第二段第四句更是指出“对那些不了解creationists惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊”。根据这些线索，可以判断出creationism是一种虚假理论，D选项正确。 第一段中作者将creationism与evolution对立而论。而A选项将两者等同。既然creationism是拙劣的科学，又怎能够科学地解释地球的形成呢,由此排除C选项。第一段第五句只提到creationism基于宗教而产生，B选项属无中生有。 技巧:不管所考的词语有多超纲，都能够通过上下文得出其意思。 补充:Creationism(创世论)是一种反对进化论的学说，认为万物皆由上帝创造，不能演化和发展。该学说是根据《圣经》“创世纪”篇的内容总结出来的关于宇宙起源的理论。 28.Kitcher’s book is intended to . 28.金切尔一书的目的是 。 ,A, recommend the views of the evolutionists ,A,推崇进化论的观点 ,B, expose the true features of creationists ,B,揭示创世论者的真实面目 ,C, curse bitterly at his opponents ,C,狠狠地咒骂了他的对手 ,D, launch a surprise attack on creationists ,D,对创世论者进行突然袭击 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 文章第二段提到，该书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论，在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。在此书的后三章，他毫不手软，对创世论者进行猛烈的抨击(a good beating)。他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，使人们看到他们的欺骗和对事实的扭曲。以上都说明此书的目的并不是A选项，而是B选项。 作者对创世论进行批评，但同时也提供被批评者的回应。全书给人的印象是它是理智的代表，毫无漫骂之嫌，因此C选项错在curse一词。D选项是将该段第四句中的an unpleasant surprise解释为a surprise attack，所述对象发生了偏差。原文指不熟悉创世论的人对创世论者欺骗和歪曲事实的程度感到吃惊，而D选项中得到surprise的是创世论者。 技巧:正确选项是对整个第二段内容的综合概括，干扰项要么只是部分信息，要么是对原文内容的曲解。 29.From the passage we can infer that . 29.从文章中，可以推出 。 ,A, reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate ,A,在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用 ,B, creationists do not base their argument on reasoning ,B,创世论者的论点不是建立在理性基础上的 ,C, evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists ,C,对非专业人士而言，进化论太难 ,D, creationism is supported by scientific findings ,D,科学发现支持了创世论 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 文章最后一句是带有倒装结构表虚拟语气的句子，其正常的语序是all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。该句指出，如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的惟一裁判者，问题就容易解决。句子的虚拟语气则表明，creationism 并未讲理性，理性尚未在争论中起决定性作用。由此排除A选项，得出B选项正确。此外，从第二段可知金切尔是站在进化论一边，反对创世论的。而文章倒数第二句指出，他的这本书代表了理性本身。由此可推论，他批判的对象creationists 不代表理性，也可得出B选项正确。 C选项与最后一段第二句指出的“(通过此书)非专业的读者起码可以了解支持进化论的数据和观点”不符，应排除。D选项与原文提到的“创世论是拙劣的科学”(第一段最后一句)相悖。此外，D选项对creationism进行肯定，与全文基调相反。 30.This passage appears to be a digest of . 30.这篇文章是属于哪种类型文章的摘要? ,A, a book review ,A,书评 ,B, a scientific paper ,B,科学论文 ,C, a magazine feature ,C,杂志特写 ,D, a newspaper editorial ,D,报纸社论 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:引申推理题(文章类型)。 文章首段提到20本关于创世论与进化论之争的书，然后在第二段和第三段专门介绍金切尔著作的结构内容和突出特点，最后引用斯蒂芬?杰?古尔德的话对此书做出高度评价，显然这是一篇典型的书评。 技巧:通过这篇文章，考生应该熟悉英语书评的写作特点:一般会先给出背景知识，接着介绍该书的主要内容，最后对所介绍的书籍做出一个总体评价。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) account(n.)报告，叙述，by/from all ,s 据说，根据报道;give a good/poor etc, of oneself 表现好/不好;账目，账单;账户，户头 (2) citizenry(n.)(总称)老百姓，公民，市民 (3) cosmology(n.)宇宙论，宇宙哲学;cosmic(a.)宇宙的 (4) dust jacket(n.)(精装书的)护封，包在书外起保护和装饰作用的纸封面;jacket (n.)上衣，夹克;(锅炉、管等的)保温套;(发动机的)冷却套;(精装书的)护封;(马铃薯的)皮 (5) motivation(n.)动力，诱因，刺激，提供动机;motive (n.)动机，目的 (6) non-fundamentalist(n.)非原教旨主义者;fundamentalist(n.)原教旨主义者;fundamental(a.)基础的，基本的;(n.)(多用pl.)基本原则，基本原理，基本部分 (7) non-specialist(n.)非专家;specialist(n.)专家;specialize (v.)专攻，专门研究，专业化，, in (8) notion(n.)概念，想法，意念，看法，观点 (9) pipeline(n.)供应线，管道，管线 (10) unenlightened(a.)未受启蒙的，愚昧无知的，落后的;enlightened (a.)开明的，有知识的，文明的;enlightening(a.)有启迪作用的;enlightenment(n.) 五、全文翻译 有传言说，有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版，其中有几本已经面世。出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓:就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。(长难句?)对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。(长难句?)实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。 金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。(佳句)他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。 金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上，斯蒂芬?杰?古尔德这样写道:“本书代表了理性”。的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准，一切问题就已解决了。(长难句?) Part ?English—Chinese Translation 一、试题总体分析 本文从探究科研领域发展原因入手，指出存在一种令人担忧的趋势:权威机构(政府)对科研的投资流向改变了科学领域的发展模式，干涉了学科的发展。接着作者进一步指出，在多个没有直接效用的科研项目中决定投资给谁是很困难的，不能光看其科学体系是否完美，因为完美的标准是不断变化的。 1996年的英译汉部分文章篇幅较短，试题难度适中，文章题材虽是关于科研领域的发展，但内容只停留在笼统的介绍上，不属特别具有专业性的话题。从能力上，它主要测试了考生理解书面材料的准确性和吸收信息后汉语的表述能力。从翻译技能上，考查的重点开始从词汇转向句子结构，考查了分词结构和并列结构的翻译、同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法、定语修饰成分和状语的位置及省略句的译法。考生在翻译时，注意不能只看划线部分，要特别注意上下文的衔接和指代关系。 二、试题具体解析 31.,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:分词结构和并列结构的翻译。 该句由两个简单句组成，包含some...others这个并列结构。这些诸如not only...but also, either...or...等等的并列结构都有固定的译法，而且，由于并列句子的结构相似，经常可以互相参照理解，如本句中由some of these causes可知others指的是other causes;consequences的意思也和results基本相同。第二个简单句中，介宾短语in science being to some extent self-accelerating修饰advances，其中分词结构being self-accelerating为现在分词做定语，修饰particular advances in science，而不仅仅是science，翻译时把原来的分词结构动词化处理，译成“科学上某些特定发展自我加速”。 词汇: to some extent是固定词组，意为“在一定程度上”;completely reasonable(results)可直译为“完全合理的”，亦可意译为“自然而然的”或“纯属”。 译文:在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。 32.,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法。 该句的主干是This trend began during the Second World War, when„，其中when引导的不是一个时间状语从句，而是先行词 为the Second World War的非限定性定语从句。有考生误译成“当几个政府得出„结论时，这导致了二战的爆发”，是没有通读全文和分析句子结构的结果。由于非限定的定语从句与先行词联系不紧密，翻译时一般可以另外成句，译为“这时”或“当时”。conclusion后接的是同位语从句，汉语中表示同位的有“即”、“这个”、“这”这样的词，或冒号、破折号这样的标点。从句的主干为:the demands...cannot...be foreseen...，是一被动语态，但是注意不要译成被字句;demands后跟that引导的定语从句a government...establishment。 词汇:许多考生把scientific establishment译成“科学基地”，这是对establishment一词掌握不好的缘故，应该是“科研机构”。Make demands of 指“对„提出要求”，of表示对象。 译文:这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 33.,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:this代词指代、定语修饰成分和状语的位置。 这是一个简单句。句子的主干是This seems...done by...。主语this实际上是指前文的problem。根据汉语的搭配习惯，done 在句中应指问题的“解决”，mostly effectively对它进行修饰;research 后接的related to...和of possible...是两个由but连接的并列的修饰语，可以译成前置定语，但是在某些情况下(如定语太长)根据汉语习惯亦可用“这”或“这些科研”代替research，而把定语单独成句。by +V-ing结构在这里是表示方式:“通过„”，做状语，在中文翻译时一般前置。 词汇:“of+名词”表示事物的性质，of possible consequences意为“可能有作用的” 译文:给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。 34.,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:词义的选择。 句子的主干是:the world is so made that...;that引导结果状语从句，be made意为“构成”，主干的意思是“世界就是这样创建的，以至„”。 词汇:elegant 和下面第5题中的elegance都与systems，thought，subjects有关，显然不能译成“优雅的”，这里elegant systems应该译为“完美的体系”。此外亦可从作者的口气推断，它是想说一种表面上看起来很好的理论实际上却无法解决世界上的某些问题;aspects的意思是指“世界的各个方面，种种问题”;in principle意为“原则上来说，一般而言”;deal with意为“处理，解决”。 译文:然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。 35.,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:省略句的译法、as well as和must的译法。 这个句子的主干是New forms...as well as new subjects...must arise...，句中as they have不完整，是个省略句，可以依照前文相对应的主谓结构补全，此处可以补成as they have arisen，它在句中做方式状语从句。they 指代复数名词，应该是指句子的主语new forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought。giving rise to new standards of elegance与主句分开，是现在分词做结果状语。 词汇:注意主句中的must 不能译成“必须”，它表示推测;由于as they have in the past指“同过去一样出现”，must在这里的意思是“必然，必定”。arise指“出现，兴起”;give rise to意为“引起，导致”。 译文:同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。 三、参考译文 科学研究的各个领域相对发展速度各不相同，其中有若干原因。(31)在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。然而，有些产生发展速度差异的原因就不尽合理，仅是因为某些权威人士对科学理论究竟应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法改变了不同学科领域的发展模式。这是一个新问题，虽然可以避免，但其趋势却令人担忧。(32)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，可以预见的是，往往会出现一些问题，要求有具体科学的解答。因此，把科研机构看作一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态，这种做法通常很有价值。(33)给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。 与所有资助项目一样，这种资助需要确定合适的资金接受对象。根据某一项目是否具有效用做出决策直接明了。但是在若干没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就困难得多。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的学科，而不资助“坏”的学科，这一点值得赞扬，然而要做出正确的抉择却很困难。人们往往将好学科与该学科是否能够提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。(34)然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。(35)同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。 1997年全真试题试题精解 Part ?Reading Comprehension Passage 1 一、文章结构分析 这是一篇关于安乐死的新闻报道。文章以澳大利亚北部地区通过安乐死合法法案事件为引子，继而报道了社会各方对该事件的反应。论证手段包括典型事例论证。 第一段:首先叙述安乐死在澳大利亚北部合法化的事件，进而引用加拿大死亡权力协会主席的话，说明该事件影响深远。 第二段:指出人们充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间，因为社会各方对此持不同看法和态度。但是在世界其他国家颁布类似法案的潮流已无法逆转。 第三段:指出医生给病人实行安乐死的具体条件和要求，列举尼克森的事例说明这一事件对于普通病人的意义在于可以减少痛苦。 二、试题具体分析 11.From the second paragraph we learn that . 11.从第二段我们可以知道 。 ,A, the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries ,A, 在其他国家，对安乐死的反对缓慢而至 ,B, physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia ,B, 在安乐死这一问题上，医生和普通市民观点相 同 ,C, changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of ,C, 技术的变化应该对该法案仓促地获批准负主要the law 责任 ,D, it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage ,D, 理解该法案获批准的意义尚需一段时间 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。 第二段第一句是主题句，指出“要充分理解(sink in)这一法案的深刻意义(full import)可能需要一段时间”，D选项是其改写，原句中的“full import...sink in”对应选项中的“realize the significance”，“take a while”对应“it takes time”。 该段最后一句中，作者通过“多米诺骨牌”(dominoes)比喻连锁反应，说明各国将很快相继通过类似澳大利亚的法案，即各国对安乐死的支持会来得很快，A选项显然与文意不符。该段第三句提到“(医生和普通人)中一些人如释重负，另一些人„则对这一决议极其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击”，可见这两类人意见出现分歧，B选项与之相矛盾。该段第五句指出该法案的通过是澳大利亚“人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化”共同作用的结果，原文中没有将原因分主次，因此C选项错在出现chiefly。 技巧:干扰项主要是以偏概全(本题C选项)或和原文信息相反(本题A、B选项)。考生注意正确选项在程度、范围上都应与原文完全一致。 12.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to 12.作者提到“观察家们在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下”，他start falling, he means . 的含义是 。 ,A, observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future ,A, 观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度 of euthanasia ,B, similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other ,B, 美国、加拿大和其他国家也可能批准类似法律 countries ,C, observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes ,C, 观察者正在等待多米诺游戏的结果 ,D, the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a ,D, 被批准法案的影响过程也许会最终停止 stop ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。 解此题关键是将多米诺理论与文章其他内容联系起来。多米诺骨牌是一种西洋骨牌游戏，游戏中将许多长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行，碰到第一张时，其余骨牌依次纷纷倒下。用于比喻时，指一系列的连锁反应，即牵一发而动全身。联系上下文。第二段最后两句提到，其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。由此推知，题干中这句话暗含的意思是澳大利亚的做法会引起北美一些国家类似的做法。B选项符合文意。 A选项没有体现连锁反应的喻意。C选项只拘泥于字面意思。D选项与原文不符，法案的影响不是停止，而是像多米诺骨牌一样不可遏止地波及下去。 技巧:文中那些话中有话的间接表达句是常考点。它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式，留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地。 13.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will . 13.当利奥德?尼克森死的时候，他会 。 ,A, face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia ,A, 以安乐死的冷静心态面对死亡 ,B, experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient ,B, 经历肺癌病人遭受的痛苦 ,C, have an intense fear of terrible suffering ,C, 对痛苦的折磨极其恐惧 ,D, undergo a cooling off period of seven days ,D, 经历7天的冷却阶段 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 根据标志词Lloyd Nickson，定位到最后一段后半部分。从中可以看出他对安乐死的看法:死并不可怕，可怕的是像其他病人那样痛苦而死。安乐死的法案的批准意味着他可以心情平静地生活，而无需惧怕将要遭受的死亡的折磨。因此A选项符合尼克森先生的情况。 B选项和C选项和文意正相反。D选项的干扰在于原文中也出现过“cooling off”，原文指的是人作出安乐死决定之前的行为，意思是“冷静地思考7天”，但是本题题干指的是人死亡的时候，因此cool off的意思变为“被冷却7天”。 14.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that 14.作者对待安乐死的态度是 。 of . ,A, opposition ,A, 反对 ,B, suspicion ,B, 怀疑 ,C, approval ,C, 赞同 ,D, indifference ,D, 漠不关心 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。 在新闻体文章(如本文)中作者往往引用相关人士的观点间接表述自己的态度。文章最后以尼克森的话结束对安乐死的讨论，其中...law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering等处明显表明尼克森是支持安乐死的。此外，文中其他地方也流露出作者对安乐死法案的褒扬态度，如第二段的But the tide is unlikely to turn back和第三段的Under the new Northern Territory law...put an end to suffering。由此可知，作者认为安乐死可以减轻病人的痛苦，因此对它持赞成态度，C选项正确。 技巧:作者观点态度的提出往往不直截了当，而是隐含在字里行间，有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现，有的则需要通读全文，把握主旨才能领会。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) vote(v.)投票，表决;(n.)选票;投票，表决;take/have a ,表决 (2) incurably(adv.)不可治愈地;in-(前缀)表示“不„”;如:innumerable无数的，数不清的;invalid无效的，作废的;instable不稳定的;intact完整无缺的，未经触动的，未受损伤的 (3) executive(a.)执行的，实施的;(n.)总经理，行政负责人 (4) physician(n.)内科医生 (5) implication(n.)暗示，含义;牵连;涉及;密切关系 (6) haste(n./v.)匆忙，急速，草率;in ,匆忙的，草率的 (7) euthanasia(n.)安乐死 (8) put an end to...使„结束 (9) diagnose(v.)诊断 (10) haunt(v.)常去;使苦恼，困扰;布满;,ing(a.)萦绕于心的，使人不安的 五、全文翻译 凌晨3:45进行了最终表决。经过6个月的争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区(澳北州)成为世界上第一个合法当局，允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命。(长难句?)这一法案以令人折服的15票对10票通过。几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上，被身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利组织的执行主席约翰?霍夫塞斯收到。(长难句?)他便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。他说:“我们一整天都在发布公告，因为这不仅仅是发生在澳大利亚的事情，而是整个世界历史中的一件大事。” 要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。(佳句?)澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都力图从道义和实际意义两方面来考虑这一问题。一些人如释重负，而另一些人，包括教会、生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会在内都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。(佳句?)在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用，其他国家也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。(长难句?)在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量，观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下。(佳句?) 根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死—可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片—来结束痛苦。不过，此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已无法治愈。在经过7天的冷静思考期后，病人方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文市现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德?尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难:因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。(长难句?)“从精神层面说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景，”他说。 Passage 2 一、 文章结构总体分析 这是一篇介绍并分析美国人友善好客这一文化现象的文章。本文从结构上讲，一个比较明显的特点是比较论证手法，第二段和第三段从历史角度探讨美国人友好的成因，而第四段对现在美国人的友好进行描述。第二个特点是主题句并不总在段落的开始部分(如本文第一段和第四段)，因此考生在寻找主题句时需要注意yet等转折连词的使用，这些词后面引导的句子往往才是主题句所在。 第一段:指出美国人友好、礼貌、乐于助人的现象，最后一句交待了文章的写作目的，即这种现象值得评论。 第二段、第三段:从历史角度探讨产生这一现象的原因:一是旅行者因为打破了当地的沉闷而受欢迎;二是拓荒地区的残酷现实。该部分主要采用说理论证手法。 第四段:第二句为主题句，说明这一现象在今日的美国仍然盛行，该段使用了引证法。 第五段:从文化的角度探讨整个美国民族表现出来的友善好客现象。 二、试题具体分析 15.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, . 15.在外来的参观者的眼里， 。 ,A, rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US ,A, 粗鲁的出租车司机在美国很罕见 ,B, small-minded officials deserve a serious comment ,B, 心胸狭窄的官员应该被认真评论 ,C, Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors ,C, 加拿大人不如邻国人民友善 ,D, most Americans are ready to offer help ,D, 大多数美国人乐于助人 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。 第一段第一句明确指出，去美国访问的人经常带回报道说，大多数美国人对他们友善、礼貌、乐于助人。因此，D选项为正确答案。 C选项与第二句提到的“人们对加拿大和加拿大人也经常做出(友善、礼貌、乐于助人)这样的评价”事实不符。A选项与第三句中“粗鲁的出租车司机在美国也不少见(hardly unkown)”事实不符。最后一句中Yet使文锋一转，表明作者认为尽管美国也有一些不尽如人意的现象，但是美国人乐于助人的现象仍然值得探讨(deserves comment)，B选项将句中it理解为“心胸狭窄的官员”，而且和题干联系在一起后成了参观者的看法，显然不正确。 技巧:首段首句常开门见山指出中心或将要讨论的问题，因此成为常考点。 16.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that . 16.从文章最后一段可以推出 。 ,A, culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship ,A,文化影响社会关系 ,B, courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated ,B,礼貌的习惯和个人兴趣互相影响 ,C, various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among ,C,各种美德仅仅表现在朋友关系 friends ,D, social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural ,D,社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗 conventions ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 该段首句是全段的主题句，指出“同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础”。即文化决定或影响社会关系。A选项是对该段的综合归纳。原文中underlie(构成„的基础<或起因>)一词成了选项A中的exercises an influence over。D选项将社会关系和文化习俗等同，不符文意。 文章倒数第二句提到“仅仅靠在公共汽车上的短暂相遇是不能够区分礼貌是出于礼貌习惯还是个人兴趣的”。礼貌习惯是社会文化现象，个人兴趣是个人素质，文中将两者提出来是加以区别(distinguish)，而B选项成了相互关联(interrelated)。C选项属无中生有，最后一段第四句以“朋友”一词为例是为了说明在不同的文化中词的文化内涵不同。 技巧:很多选项与原文内容极为相似，只在词汇上有些变动，如果是同义替换就是正确选项(如本题A选项)，如果是反义替换，则是干扰项(如本题B选项)。 17.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers . 17.住在边远地区的家庭过去常常款待旅游者是 。 ,A, to improve their hard life ,A, 为了改善艰苦的生活 ,B, in view of their long-distance travel ,B, 考虑到他们的长途跋涉 ,C, to add some flavor to their own daily life ,C, 为自己的日常生活增添情趣 ,D, out of a charitable impulse ,D, 出于行善的一时冲动 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。 根据题干中entertain strangers定位到第二、三段。第二段指出，“旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本单调的生活而受人欢迎(a welcome break)(((陌生人和旅行者是转移人们的注意力而受欢迎的人(welcome sources of diversion)，他们还带来了外面世界的消息”。因此可以判断C选项是款待旅游者的原因。 第三段第四句提到，它(好客的传统)反映了日常生活的严酷现实。选项A将原文中reflect一词换成了improve，含义大相径庭。B在文章中未提及。D选项与第三段第三句“这也并非是行善的一时冲动”相悖。 补充:题干中frontier settlements指19世纪美国西部开发地区的边缘地带。 18.The tradition of hospitality to strangers . 18.这种对陌生人友善的传统 。 ,A, tends to be superficial and artificial ,A, 往往是表面的、虚伪的 ,B, is generally well kept up in the United States ,B, 一般来说，在美国得以广泛地保持 ,C, is always understood properly ,C, 总是能够被正确理解 ,D, has something to do with the busy tourist trails ,D, 与一些旅游热线有关 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。 定位到第四段，第二句yet后点出段落主题:热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行(strong)，因此B选项符合文意。 A选项与最后一句“很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬”的内容相悖。C选项与倒数第二句“去美国的旅客对此类事件的谈论很普遍，然而它们并非总能得到正确理解”的事实相悖;D选项与第二句“热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇”的内容不一致。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) artificial(a.)人工的，人造的;人为的，矫揉造作的 (2) charitable(a.)仁爱的，慈善的;charity(n.)慈善团体，仁慈，施舍 (3) courteous(a.)礼貌的，殷勤的;courtesy(n.)谦恭有礼，有礼貌的举止或言辞 (4) frontier(n.)国境，边境;边远地区，边疆 (5) harsh(a.)恶劣的，粗糙的，难听的，严酷的 (6) hospitality(n.)好客，殷勤，款待;hospitable(a.)好客的，殷勤的 (7) impulse(n.)冲动，驱使，推动，刺激;(v.)推动 (8) small-minded(a.)心胸狭隘的 (9) specialize(v.)(in)专门从事 (10) superficial(a.) 表面的，肤浅的，浅薄的 五、全文翻译 去过美国的人回来总是说大多数美国人对他们是多么友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿人也经常作出有这样的评论，因而，这应当被认为是北美的普遍现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如人意的地方，但因为热情好客是人们常常作出的评论，所以值得讨论一番。(长难句?) 过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来总是颇受观迎，因为他们打破了当地居民沉闷单调的生活。无聊、孤独是一般相互之间距离很远的家庭普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者不仅转折了人们的注意力，他们还带来了外面世界的消息。 拓荒地区的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统的形成。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题;而对当地居民来说也，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。(佳句?)它反映了日常生活的严酷现实:如果你不收留陌生人，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。 如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”去过美国的旅客的这种谈论很普遍，但并非都能被正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。(佳句?) 同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。(长难句?)当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解其社会和其文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是远远不够的。(长难句?)不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，也是希望从邻居和陌生人那得到的。 Passage 3 一、文章结构分析 这是一篇涉及“物质滥用”的文章。文章首先通过对drug(药物)一词的界定，指出“物质滥用”的来历。接着论述了“物质滥用”的危害，最后介绍了影响人的神经系统的三种药物。 第一段:首先对drug一词做出界定，指出人们对它的误解。接着指出“物质滥用”替代“药物滥用”的原因。 第二段:介绍了物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面的广泛使用，并分别以first of all和also为标记，解释了这样的物质变成滥用的原因。 第三段:介绍了影响神经系统的三种精神活性物质，并分别表述其特点。 二、试题具体分析 19.“Substance abuse” (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug 19.“物质滥用”(第一段第五行)比“药物滥用”更为可取的abuse” in that . 原因是 。 ,A, substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if ,A, 如果非法使用，物质会改变我们的生理或心理机能 illegally used ,B, “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of ,B, “药物滥用”仅与少数吸毒者有关 drugtakers ,C, alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine ,C, 烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命 ,D, many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be ,D, 除海洛因和可卡因外，许多其他物质也可能有害 poisonous ,精解,本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。 第一段最后一句用to make clear that表明用“物质滥用”代替“药物滥用”的目的是:“为了清楚表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。”D选项和题干一起是整个这句话的改写，即原文中的instead of对应题干中的preferable to，harmfully对应D选项中的poisonous。C选项中fatal(致命)一词与原文中harmfully(有害)一词程度不一致，应排除。 第一段前三句提到医生和心理学家使用“物质”代替“药物”一词的原因:除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。“药物”这个词不局限于某些药品或者吸毒者服用的违禁化学品，也包括酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质。显然，A选项错在限定为“非法使用”;B选项错在限定为“只与少数吸毒者有关”。 20.The word “pervasive” (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean 20.“pervasive”一词(第二段第一行)的意思可能是 。 ,A, widespread ,A, 分布广泛的，普遍的 ,B, overwhelming ,B, 压倒一切的、占主流的 ,C, piercing ,C, 尖的、穿透的 ,D, fashionable ,D, 时髦的、流行的 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。 第二段第一句中pervasive一词后，作者列举了物质在日常生活中各个方面的使用。忽略具体的细节，这部分内容表达的主要概念是“这些领域都被涵盖”。由此可以推知，A选项最符合上下文语境的要求。 技巧:解答词义题最重要的一点是联系上下文，尤其是与该词紧密相关的部分。 21.Physical dependence on certain substances results from . 21.人们对某些物质产生依赖性的原因是 。 ,A, uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time ,A, 长时间无节制地嗜用它们 ,B, exclusive use of them for social purposes ,B, 仅将它们用于社交目的 ,C, quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases ,C, 定量地将它们用于治病 ,D, careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms ,D, 由于不良症状而粗心地使用它们 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:因果细节题。 根据Physical dependence定位到第二段第四、五句，它们指出，“频繁使用(Repeated use)某种物质可以导致上瘾(physical addiction)或形成依赖(substance dependence)。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状”。题干中的Physical dependence是将原文中physical addiction和substance dependence合成一个短语。A选项是对这两句的概括，为正确答案。 其他三个选项或直接截取原文中的某些词语或臆造类似原文的结构，如B选项中social use(第二段首句)，C选项中quantitative application与本段第三句中taken in excess含义相反，D选项中unpleasant symptom(第二段第五句)，但每个选项构成的意思已经与原文大不相同。 22.From the last paragraph we can infer that . 22.从文章最后第一段我们可以推断 。 ,A, stimulants function positively on the mind ,A, 兴奋剂对心智有积极影响 ,B, hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health ,B, 幻觉剂本身就危害健康 ,C, depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances ,C, 抑制剂是精神活性物质中最坏的一种 ,D, the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in ,D, 三种精神活性物质经常被一起使用 groups ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。 文章最后一段介绍了三种精神活性物质:兴奋剂(stimulant)、镇静剂(depressant)和幻觉剂(hallucinogen)。其中幻觉剂，以各种方式(包括产生幻觉)扭曲和改变影响人的感知，因此B选项符合文意。 文中只提到兴奋剂可加快或激活中枢神经，没有提到它对心智的影响是好是坏，因此排除A选项。 文章也没有对三种物质进行比较，由此排除C选项。D选项是对该段第二句中group一词的误解。该词文中意思是“分为”，而选项中in groups的意思是“共同，一起”。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) addict(n.)入迷的人，上瘾的人(v.)使沉溺，使入迷，使上瘾;drug , 吸毒者 (2) alcohol(n.)酒精 (3) illegal (a.)非法的;il—前缀，表示“非，不”。如:illiterate 文盲的，未受教育的 (4) neutral(a.)中立的;中性的 (5) heroin(n.)海洛因 (6) constructive(a.)有建设性的 (7) excess(a.)过量的，额外的;(n.)过量，过剩;in ,过量 (8) negative(a.)否定的，消极的，反面的，负的;(n.)负数;(摄影)底片 (9) perceptual(a.)感觉的 (10) withdrawal(n.)收回，取回，撤回;戒毒(脱瘾)的过程;withdraw(v.)收回，撤回;退出，缩回 (11) nervous(a.)神经的;神经过敏的，紧张不安的;nerve(n.)神经;勇气，胆量 (12) psychoactive(a.)作用于神经的，影响或改变心理状态的;psycho—:前缀，表示“精神”，“心理”;如:psychoanalysis 精神分析;psychobiology 精神生物学 (13) hallucination(n.)幻觉;妄想 五、全文翻译 从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅仅指某些 药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这就是为什么现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词。他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表示滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质可能如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。(长难句?) 我们生活在一个物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面使用广泛的社会里:用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。(长难句?)使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢,首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。(长难句) 影响中枢神经系统，改变知觉、情绪和行为的药物(物质)被称为精神活性物质，它们通常按照功能被分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。(佳句)幻觉剂主要影响人的知觉，通过多种方式扭曲或改变知觉，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”(psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”)，因为它们似乎能彻底改变人的意识状态。 Passage 4 一、文章结构总体分析 这是一篇关于大众传媒题材的文章。全文主要讲述了美国著名时代华纳公司面临的社会道德方面的指责。文章在写作上以叙述为主，议论为辅，必要时引用了一些当事人的话加以证明。 第一段:引用参议员的话说明时代华纳公司正在遭受舆论谴责这一事实，并指出这是公司自我反省的一种体现。 第二段、第三段:简要介绍了舆论谴责的中心人物——时代华纳董事长列文所面临的困境及他的反应:一是针对来自公司财政方面的压力;二是针对公众对说唱音乐的指责。 第四段:指出列文的强硬立场有所缓和并举例说明。 第五段:指出董事会的态度，并引用一位董事的话说明他们的担忧。 二、试题具体分析 23.Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for . 23.罗伯特?多尔参议员批评时代华纳公司是因为 。 ,A, its raising of the corporate stock price ,A, 它将公司股价提高 ,B, its self-examination of soul ,B, 它对道德品质的自我反省 ,C, its neglect of social responsibility ,C, 它忽视社会责任 ,D, its emphasis on creative freedom ,D, 它强调创作自由 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:因果细节题。 根据题干定位到文章第一段，它一开始就谈到，多尔参议员指责时代华纳公司导致社会道德败坏:“你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成”。C选项是对多尔批评内容的概括。原文中contributing to the moral decline of a nation和corrupt our nation and threaten our children被概括为选项中的neglect of social responsibility。 A选项出现在第二段第二句，超出了题干界定的范围，排除。第一段最后两句提到，(类似参议员)这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现，是一种自我反省，在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。可见，B选项是参议员批评本身的实质，而不是批评的原因。同样由以上分析可知，D选项是自我反省的部分内容，但不是多尔参议员批评的内容。 24.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? 24.根据文章，下面哪个说法是正确的, ,A, Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. ,A, 路斯是时代华纳公司的发言人。 ,B, Gerald Levin is liable to compromise. ,B, 列文容易妥协。 ,C, Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate. ,C, 在这场争议中，时代华纳公司团结一致。 ,D, Steve Ross is no longer alive. ,D, 史蒂夫?罗斯已经过世。 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。 本题是覆盖面广的细节题，考生需要将选项与原文一一对应，因此可优先考虑排除法。最后一段提到路斯是董事会15个成员之一，但并未明确指出他是代言人。排除A选项。B选项与第三段最后一句中Gerald Levin所说的话“我们不会在任何威胁面前退却”不符。就算是第四段第一句也只提到“有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场有所缓和”(backing off his hard line stand)，但这也不说明他容易妥协。C选项与最后第一段第二句中“但是内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧”的事实不符。D选项主要涉及对第二段第一句(((Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992中late这个单词的理解。该词有“前，已故的”等意思。显然D选项符合文意。 补充:一般而言，当late加在人名或称呼前时，意为“已故的”，如:the late Mrs. Dell已故的戴尔夫人;若加在职位、头衔前，该人是否过世，则要据情况而定，如:the late president前总统 (也可能已故，也可能仅指刚刚卸职)。 25.In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman . 25.面对最近针对公司的攻击，董事长 。 ,A, stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression ,A, 坚持强硬立场去保护思想表达的自由 ,B, softened his tone and adopted some new policy ,B, 语气有所缓和，采取了某种新政策 ,C, changed his attitude and yielded to objection ,C, 改变其态度并屈从于反对意见 ,D, received more support from the 15-member board ,D,从董事会15位成员那获得了更多的支持 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。 第四段第一句和最后一句分别指出，列文的强硬立场有所缓和;列文宣布公司将致力于为人们可能会反感的音乐制定一些发行标准和标识标准。B选项对这两点都有所描述。 A选项与第一句内容不符，原文是“缓和”，选项则是“强硬”;C选项则走向另一极端，成了“屈从”;D选项与文章最后一段前两句谈到的董事会意见出现分歧的内容不符。 26.The best title for this passage might be . 26.最适合本文的标题可能是 。 ,A, A Company under Fire ,A, 遭到责难的公司 ,B, A Debate on Moral Decline ,B, 一场关于道德败坏的争论 ,C, A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture ,C, 街头文化的合法表达途径 ,D, A Form of Creative Freedom ,D, 一种表现创作自由的形式 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。 本文主要讲述时代华纳公司因发行新音乐专辑而受到社会的责难及其做出的反应。A选项反映了本文的内容。B选项出现在第一段，但它过于宽泛，没有具体涉及到时代华纳公司。其他选项只是文中出现的细节，不可作为文章主题。 技巧:文章题目应该应该概括全文主旨，体现文章探讨的对象，干扰项常为文章的细枝末节，不能涵盖全文内容。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) come to realize 认识到，体会到 (2) comment(v.) (on)注释，评论;(n.)注释，评论，意见 (3) contend(v.)斗争，竞争;坚决主张 (4) contribute(v.)(to)贡献，捐助，捐献;投稿;contribution(n.)贡献，捐献物;contribute to 促成，有助于 (5) financial(a.)财政的 (6) irritating(a.)令人恼火的;irritate(v.)激怒，恼火，使急躁 (7) latitude(n.)纬度;范围;言论行动等的自由 (8) launch(v.)发射;使(船)下水，发动，发展;(n.)发射，下水;launch a drive发起一场运动 (9) mountainous(a.)多山的，山一般的 (10) objectionable(a.)会引起反对的;objection(n.)(to) 反对，异议 (11) release(v.) 发行，发表;释放，解放 五、全文翻译 没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。参议员罗伯特?多尔上星期质问时代—华纳公司管理人员时说:“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗,你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成,”不过，对于成立于1990年的时代—华纳而言，这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现，是一种自我反省，在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。(长难句?) 56岁的现任董事长杰拉德?列文是争论的焦点人物，他于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫?罗斯。财政方面，他承受着使股价升值，减少公司巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，公司债务将达到173亿美元。他也允诺出售部分资产并对公司进行重组，但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。 人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子好过一些。列文一向以表现方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队暴力的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后倍受谴责时，列文却将说唱音乐描述为街头文化的合法表达方式，并说它应该有自己的宣泄途径。他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道:“对任何一个民主社会的检验，不在于它能多有效的控制情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们最广泛的思考和表达自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”(长难句?) 列文不愿对上周的辩论做任何评论，但有迹象表明，这位懂事长至少在某种程度上放弃了自己强硬的立场。(佳句)在上个月就摇滚乐的歌词进行讨论的股东会议上，列文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例，他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师，上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。(长难句?)但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题，还宣布对一些可能令人反感的音乐，公司将致力于制定一套发行和标识的标准。 一般来说，时代—华纳公司的15位董事是支持列文和他为公司制定的经营策略的。但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“我们中的一些人多年来一直知道，《宪法》第一修正案所规定的自由并非毫无限制”，鲁斯说，“我认为与公司有关系的一些人可能最近才意识到这一点”。 Passage 5 一、文章结构总体分析 这是一篇关于美国及其他发达国家经济形势的文章。这些国家都持续保持了较低的通货膨胀率，这一点出乎经济学家的预料。 第一段:通过类比论证，说明货币政策对经济的影响难以预测。 第二段至第四段:笔锋一转，指出尽管有诸多不利因素，各国的经济形势却令人满意，通货膨胀率低于经济学家的预测。该部分用了大量数据证明。 第五段:分析该现象的原因，即经济增长和通货膨胀相联系的旧经济模式的结束。 二、试题具体分析 27.From the passage we learn that . 27.从文章中，我们可以得知 。 ,A, there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ,A, 通货膨胀和利率之间有明确的联系 rates ,B, economy will always follow certain models ,B, 经济总会遵循某种模式 ,C, the economic situation is better than expected ,C, 经济形势比预料的要好 ,D, economists had foreseen the present economic situation ,D, 经济学家已经预见到了目前的经济状况 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。 选项C其实是全文的主旨大意。第二段首句提到，银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西;第三段首句提到“它(指平均通货膨胀率)比多数预测者预测的数字要低”;第四段首句亦指出“经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异”。C选项是各段内容的概括。 A选项与第一段第三句“利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定”意思相反，其中definite和uncertain正好是反义词。文章最后一句提到，“一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了旧有的经济模式。”而且全文多处提到，经济发展形势比预料的好，可见经济的发展不会总是遵循某种模式，否则就不会不可预料了。排除B选项。D选项与第三段和第四段首句表达的含义相反。 技巧:选项中若出现always，almost，all，never，only等词时，一定要看原文中的限定范围。若文中未出现对应的词语，则该选项一般来说是错误的。 28.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? 28.根据文章内容，下面哪项陈述正确, ,A, Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car. ,A, 把制定货币政策比作开车。 ,B, An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation. ,B, 特别低的失业率会导致通货膨胀。 ,C, A high unemployment rate will result from inflation. ,C, 通货膨胀会导致高失业率。 ,D, Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy. ,D, 利率直接而快速地影响经济。 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。 第一段最后一句指出，“制定货币政策如同开车，挡风玻璃被被涂黑了，后视镜裂了，方向盘也有问题”。注意这里的喻体不仅仅是开车，而是开一辆千疮百孔的车，暗示不可预测性。因此，A选项与原文内容不符。第四段末句中破折号后面部分提到，“过去，当比率低于(自然失业率)时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升”，由此可推出B选项。C选项文中未提及，而且根据经济学常识，经济紧缩才会造成经济萎缩，失业增加。第一段第三句和第四句指出，利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定，政策改变对经济的影响存在滞后性，D选项与文意相悖。 29.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (line 5, paragraph 29.“This is no flash in the pan”(3段5行)的意思是 。 3) means that . ,A, the low inflation rate will last for some time ,A, 低通货膨胀率会持续一段时间 ,B, the inflation rate will soon rise ,B, 通货膨胀率很快会提高 ,C, the inflation will disappear quickly ,C, 通货膨胀率很快会消失 ,D, there is no inflation at present ,D, 目前没有通货膨胀率 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。 This is no flash in the pan源自成语a flash in the pan(an effort that is quickly over or at once ends in failure)，即昙花一现。考生也可以从上下文推测该表达在文中的含义。它出现在第三段末句，其上文提到，近来美国、英国和日本的通货膨胀率都低于经济学家预期的数字。下文又指出，在过去的数年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预期的水平。可见，整个段落都围绕低通货膨胀率而展开论述。因此，A选项的含义最符合上下文。 技巧:意义明显相反的选项(如本题选项A和B)，做题时可以予以优先考虑，因为两者中只有一个正确。这样做可以提高解题速度。 30.The passage shows that the author isthe present situation . 30.文章表明作者对目前现状的态度是 。 ,A, critical of ,A, 批评的 ,B, puzzled by ,B, 迷惑不解的 ,C, disappointed at ,C, 失望的 ,D, amazed at ,D, 惊奇的 ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。 全文引用了大量数据说明通货膨胀率、失业率都较低。第二段首句指出，近来之形势值得夸耀(boast about);第三段、第四段首句都指出，通货膨胀率比预料的要低，经济学家对有利(favourable)的通货膨胀率感到诧异。第五段首句作者不禁也提出“为何通货膨胀如此和缓(mild)”的疑惑，因此，D选项正是作者对目前状况的态度。其他三个选项都含否定态度，与作者多处使用的正评价词不符。 技巧:解态度题时，要学会通过作者所选词的褒贬含义去推知其态度。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇 (1) analogy(n.)比拟，类比 (2) faulty(a.)有过失的，有缺点的，不完美的;fault:(n.)过失，过错;缺点 (3) forecast(v./ n.)预测，预报 (4) inflation(n.)通货膨胀 (5) poll(n.)民意测验 (6) slack(a.)懈怠的，懒散的，松弛的，不紧的;萧条的;(n.)淡季，萧条;(pl.)便裤，运动裤 (7) steer(v.)驾驶，掌舵 (8) thrilling(a.)令人震惊的;thrill(n.)令人激动的事;(v.)使激动，使兴奋;使毛骨悚然 (9) up-end(v.)颠倒，倒放;推翻，打倒 (10) utilization/ utilisation(n.)利用 五、全文翻译 很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。(佳句?)利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。在政策改变对经济产生影响之前，会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。因此，才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车，这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了，方向盘也失灵了。(长难句?) 尽管有这么多不利因素，中央银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。(长难句?)西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀降至仅2.3%，接近三十年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。 这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上，8月份就降到了2.6%，而且有望全年仅为3%。去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。这不是昙花一现;在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。(佳句?) 经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有出现生产萧条。(长难句?)比如，美国的生产力利用率在今年早些时候达到了历史最高水平，失业率(八月份为5.6%)已降到低于很多人对自然失业率的估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。(长难句?) 为何通货膨胀如此和缓,可惜的是，即使是最令人兴奋的解释也会有小的缺陷。一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了以往那种以经济增长和通货膨胀率的历史关联为基础的旧有的经济模式。(长难句?) Part ? English-Chinese Translation 一、试题总体分析 本文探讨了动物是否有权利的问题。作者首先提出，由于人们对人的权利无法达成共识，因此无从谈起动物有无权利的问题。人们在动物权利问题的讨论上走的两个极端都是不可取的，即:要么像对人类自身一样关心体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。接着作者提出最好问一个更基本的问题，即对动物是否需要考虑道德问题,作者指出，认为动物与人在各方面均不相同而无需考虑道德的看法很肤浅，人对动物的同情心是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能，应该加以鼓励。 1997年翻译试题选材内容较新颖，难度适中，试题的覆盖面较均匀，较全面地测试了考生对英语语言知识的掌握及应用能力。在句子结构上考查了非限定性定语从句的译法、并列结构的省略、现在分词做状语和同位语的翻译;在词汇的考查上涉及了rather than 的译法、代词(尤其是that和 it)的指代、泛指代词的译法、有固定译法的词语和猜测词义。 二、试题具体解析 (31),精解, 本题考核的知识点是:非限定性定语从句的译法+关系代词的指代。难度:0.39 该句子的主干是it isn’t, because...，because引导原因状语从句it assumes that，that引导宾语从句there is an agreed account of human rights，an agreed account 是以过去分词修饰名词，译为“共识、一致的看法”;后面紧跟着的which非限制性定语从句修饰的是an agreed account of human rights，而不仅仅是human rights，由于非限定性定语从句与原句联系不紧密，翻译时可以根据情况，用重复先行词或用“这、这种„”等代词代替先行词的方法另起一句。非限定从句中又含有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have修饰something。 词汇:assume 意为“以„为前提条件， 以„为基础”。 译文:事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。 (32),精解, 本题考核的知识点是:有固定译法的词语和猜测词义。难度:0.53 该句子的主干是Some philosophers argue that...，that引导宾语从句。其中as引导的介宾结构修饰a social contract，意为“作为„”。 词汇:argue提出观点时应译为“论证说”，而不是“争论”;social contract在社会学意义上有固定翻译，为“社会契约”，不应该随意另作他译;entitlements意为“应得的权利/权益”，如果不熟悉的话可以通过它与duties(责任、义务)在文中的对照 去猜测，因为与“义务”交换(exchange)的多半是“权利”。 译文:32.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。 (33),精解, 本题考核的知识点是:it的指代、并列结构的省略、泛指代词的译法。难度:0.48 该句子的主干是It leads the discussion to extremes...: it invites you to think that...。It承接上文指一种观点、一种说法，所以实际可译为“这种说法”。英语中的冒号和汉语的冒号功能相似，都表示下文是上文的说明。在这里，冒号表示的是extremes的内容。冒号后的主干部分是:it invites you to think that...。that引导的宾语从句中含有一个省略了关系代词的定语从句humans extend to other humans修饰consideration，此外还有一个either...or...的并列结构，一般译成“要么„要么„”。注意并列结构的后一部分经常会承前省略，如:本句中的or with no consideration at all就是or animals should be treated with no consideration at all的省略，在翻译时为了表意清楚应翻译出来。代词方面，要注意you，one, they这样的代词常表示泛指，此处的you 就是泛指所有人，不能够译成“你”，而应该译成“你们”。 词汇:lead...to意为“导致，引向”;at the outset 意为“从一开始”;extend consideration to意为“对„表示关心体贴”。 译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。 (34) ,精解, 本题考核的知识点是:现在分词做状语和同位语的翻译。难度:0.59 该句子的主干是extremists...think that...。that后接的是宾语从句;arguing from...是现在分词做原因状语，翻译的时候，“因为，由于”在不影响词义的情况下可以省略，这主要是因为汉语是意合的文字。view 后面有一同位语从句说明其内容，可以顺译(即不加任何连词另起一句)， 也可以用“即”，“这就是”。(extremists)of this kind是指“持上述观点(即humans are different from animals in every relevant respect)的人。” 词汇:in every relevant respect指“各相关方面”;extremists在本文当中最好不译成“极端主义分子”，因为这个词在汉语中含动用武力的意思，而本文中仅仅指具有极端看法的人。lie outside the area of moral choice，应该意译成“对待动物无须考虑道德问题”方符合汉语习惯。 译文:这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 (35),精解, 本题考核的知识点是:rather than 的译法和that 的指代。难度:0.61 该句子的主干是it is not a mistake，when引导时间状语从句，冒号后的从句解释前面主句。该句同样有代词指代的问题，That的意思必须到上文去找。上文是说看到动物疼痛大部分人都会产生同情，而that 就是指人类产生同情心的这种表现和反应。后文的两个it 也都与that 指代的内容相同。所以that 和it应该译成“这种反应，这种表现”等等。rather than 在英译汉题中屡屡出现，不容忽视。一定要注意它是表示否定而不是肯定，应该译成“而不是”。 词汇:in action 的意思是“起作用”。最后一个分句中的an instinct指的就是前文的mankind’s instinct。 译文:这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。 三、参考译文 动物有权利吗,人们通常这样提问。这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。(31)事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。 诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为动物没有权利。(32)有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样，认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。然而，这只是一种认识，而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又具有多大约束力，如果有人说“我不喜欢这项契约”，那你又如何回答呢, 问题的症结在于，如果对人的权利没有一致的看法，争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。(33)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物，要么完全冷漠无情。这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始:我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗, 许多人否认这种提法。(34)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。 这种观点认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴，这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。实际上，这种看法非常肤浅，因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的理论一样，是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。那么，这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点，就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。(35)这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。