英语流行歌曲歌词的人际意义分析
?一MASTER?'STHE刚 硕士学位
英语流行歌曲歌词的人际意义分析
论文作者:魏玉芳
指导教师:陈佑林
学科专业:英语语言文学
研究方向:语言学与应用语言学
华中师范大学外国语学院
7>2013年4月
TheAnalysis0fInterpersonal MeaningnEnglishPopular SongLyrics
AThesis
SubmiaedinPartialFu fillmentoftheRequirement
FortheM.A.DegreeinEnglishLanguageandLiterature
OnLinguistics
WeiYufang
PostgraduateProgram
SchoolsfForeignLa guages
CentralChinaNormalUniversity
Supervisor:ChenYoulin
AcademicTitle:Professor
Approved
April,2013
? 硕士学位论文MASTER‘STHESIS
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? 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstofall,1wouldiketorendermyheart?feltgratitudeoProfessorChenYo
ulin,
mysupervisor,forhisinsi啦
tftdinstructions,constantencouragementandunconditioned
helpinmywrit.mgofthisthesis.Withomhisgreatsupport,thepaperwouldneverhave
beenfinished.
1wouldalsoliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmythankstoalltheteachersin
theSchoolofForeignLa guagesofC
ntralChinaNormalUniversitywhohavegiven
melessonsOrlectures.They'vedisplayedtheirrigorousscholarshipando timistic
attitudestowardslife,whichexertagreatinfluenceom
andwoddsurelybeatreasure
formylifetime.
Gratitudealsogoestoallofmyfamilymembers,whohavegivenmemeticulous
careandconstantencouragementduringtheprocessofmywritingofthispaper.AndI
OWeSOmuchtomyfatherfohismvingmuchtimeforme.
Lastly,1wanttodelivermythankstomyfriendsandroommatesfortheiragood
manypracticalsuggestionsinthecourseofmycompletingth spaper.
? 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS
摘要
韩礼德建构系统功能语法的目的之一是为语篇分析提供一个理论框架,这个
框
架适用于13头语篇和书面语篇的分析。歌词以演唱的形式供听众欣赏,是介于书面
语篇和口头语篇之间的一类特殊语篇类型,是“为唱而写”的口头语篇。流行歌曲
广受人们喜爱的原因不仅在于其优美的旋律,更重要的在于其具有的休闲娱乐、安
慰激励、教育启迪等作用。歌词的这些功能充分说明了歌词与其它语篇类型一样同
样承担着一定的功能,蕴含着丰富的人际意义。
目前国内外对歌词的研究可以概括成两大领域:非语言学领域和语言学领域。
非语言学领域的研究主要集中在哲学、美学、文学、心理学和社会学等方面。语言
学领域的研究则集中在歌词的语音、语法、修辞、翻译以及教学应用等方面。针对
歌词中人际意义的研究微乎甚微j只在学术网站中国知网上搜到几篇文章和硕士论
文。而这些文章和论文要不没有涉及到流行歌曲的人际意义分析,要不大多数都只
谈论一首歌曲的人际意义,缺乏一定的概括性和普遍性。
本文拟采用定性和定量的研究方法,运用韩礼德元功能思想中的人际功能和
马
丁的评价系统中的态度系统,对2012年欧美流行音乐榜单上的前十首英文歌曲进
行分析,主要从语气系统、情态系统和态度系统三大方面进行分析,试图归纳并总
结英语流行歌曲实现人际意义的特定方式,以期证明人际意义理论在歌词语篇分析
上的适用性,并希望能给词作者、歌手和听众这三大群体提供一定的实际帮助。
根据所统计的数据,笔者做出了以下的发现:在语气系统中,陈述语气的出现
频率远高于祈使语气和疑问语气;人称代词中,第一人称和第二人称的出现频率最
高;情态副词中,表达频率、时间和强度的情态副词被使用的次数最多。在情态系
统中,表达可能性、意愿性和义务性的情态动词出现得较多。可能性情态动词中,
中低值情态动词出现次数较多;意愿性情态动词中,中值情态动词被频繁地使用;
义务性情态动词中,“没必要”、“可能”、“能否”这三个低值情态动词的使用次数
最多。在态度系统中,表达情感和鉴赏的语言成分出现得最多。情感语言成分又以
与“高兴”或“不高兴”和“安全”或“不安全”有关的词汇出现得最频繁;
鉴赏
语言成分中以与事物的“性质”和其对人造成的“影响”有关的词汇使用次
数最多。
对歌词的人际意义进行研究是一个有趣也很有挑战性的工作。分析具有更大
容
量歌曲中的人际意义,并得出更有普遍性和归纳性的结论的研究有待进一步
深入。
关键词:英语流行歌曲:人际意义;语气;情态;态度
? 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS
Abstract
OneofthepurposesfHalliday。SestablishingtheSystemicFun tionalGT mmaris
toprovideatheoreticalframeworkf
rdiscourseanalysis,whichhasbeentestifiedtobe
applicableto
othwrittendiscourseandoraldiscourse.Appreciatedbytheaudi ncein
formofsongs,lyricsisaspecialtypeofdiscourselyingbetweenwrittendis
courseand
oraldiscourse.It'sakindoforaldiscoursew
ittenobesung.nereasonwhypopular
songsaresoadoredbytheyoungisthattheseongsnotonlyhavebeautifulmelo
dies,
butalsocanentertainhem,comfortthem,encouragethem,educatethemndSOon.
Sinceallthesefunctionscallonlycomeintoworkontheconditionhattheaudienceale
gettingvolved,songlyricsisrichininterpersonalmeaningjustlikeothertypesof
discourse.
Uptonow,thepreviousstudieson
onglyricsCanbegroupedintotwocategories:
thosefromnon-linguisticperspectiveandthosefromlinguisticperspective.Researchers
whohavediscussedonglyricsfromnon-linguisticperspectiveonducttheirdiscussion
fromtheaspectsofphilosophy,aesthetics,literature,psychology,sociologyandSOon.
Andthosewhohavestudiedsonglyricsfromlinguisticperspectivefocustheirattention
OHthephonation,grammar,rhetoric,translation,andapplicationinlanguageteachingof
songlyrics.Asforprecedentstudiesontheinterpersonalmeaningsonglyrics,little
relatedworksCanbefoundexceptforafewarticlesandissertationscollectedfromthe
academicwebsiteC心.Furthermore.themajorityof
hemeitherhaven'ttouchedupon
thetopicofpopularsongsorhavecarriedoutheiranalysisofjustonesong,which
inevitablycannotmakeg neralizedf ndingswithwideapplication.
HencetheauthortriestOmakeatentativestudyontheinterpersonalmeaningn
EnglishpopularsonglyricsEPSLs.Usingbomthequalitativendthequantitative
researchmethods,theau
orwillanalyzethetoptensongsinBillboard2012Year-End
Hot100underthefi-ameworkofinterpersonalmeaningwithinHalliday'sFunctional
GrammarandtheattitudesystemwithinMartin'sAppraisalTheory.nleanalysiswillbe
conductedfromthreeaspects:themoodsystem,themodalitysystemandtheattitude
system.It'shopedthathispapermayfindtheparticularre
lizingdevicesof
interpersonalmeaninginEnglishpopularsonglyrics,whichnotonlycantes
tifythatthe
interpersonalmeaningtheoryc趾
beappliedtodiscourseanalysissuchassonglyrics,but
alsomaygivesomepracticalhelptothethreegroupsofpeopleinvolvedinsongs,i.e.the
songwriter,thesingerandtheaudience.
Accordingtothestatistics,theauthormakesthefollowingfindings:inmoodsystem,
thedeclarativemoodOccurswithamuchhigherfrequencythanthatofimperativemood
? 硕士学位论文MASTER‘STHESIS
andinterrogativemood;firstpersonpronounsandsecondpersonpronounsaremployed
inlargemounts;andmodaladjunctsexpressingu
uality,timeandintensityareusedthe
mostfrequently.Inmodalitysystem,modaloperatorsassociatedwithprobability,
inclinationndobligationoccurthemost.Amongdalverbsexpressingprobability,
thosewithlowvalueandmedianvalueappearthemost;amongdalverbsexpressing
inclination,thosewithmedianvaluearethemostfrequentlyusedones;andm
ongmodal
verbsexpressingobligation,thosewithlowvaluearemployedthmost.Inattitude
system,languageresourc圮
sindicatinghearrator'saffectaboutorappreciationof
somethingarefoundtotakealargeamount.Wordsrelatedothenarrator’Saffectare
mainlyassociatedwi lltheun/happinessorin/
ecurityvariables.Andthoser flectingthe
narrator’sappreciationofsomethinge
therdisplaythequalityofitdirectlyordescribe
theimpactits rikesthenarrator.
Analysisoftheinterpersonalmeaninginsonglyricsisaninterestingyetchallenging
job.Furtherresearchintotheinterpersonalmeaningamuchlargernumberofsongs
needstobeconductedS0asto姐ddamoreg neralizedresult.
Keywords:Englishpopularsongs;interpersonalmeani
g;mood;modality;attitude
? 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS
CoNTENTS
ACKNO职,LEDGEMENTS?一一。..i
摘j要.??一.?..ii
Abstract??~??..??iii
1.Introduction?.?.??..1
1.1TheTopicoftheThesis1
1.2PreviousStudiesontheTopic.?.?.??.?..?..?..?.??.?.??..?..?..?.?
1
1.3ThePurposeandSignificanceofthThesis..??...?..?.??..??..?.3 1.4TheStructureoftheThesis..3
2.Literatllrl,Review..?..5
2.1PreviousSt diesOilInterpersonalMeaning.?...?..?.?.?.?,?.??...5 2.1.1StudiesonInterpersonalMeaningAbroad.?.?.?.?.?.?.?..?5 2.1.2StudiesOnInterpersonalMeaningatHome??..?..??..??,.??...??..?
8
2.2PreviousStudiesonSongLyrics?.?.?.?.?.....??...?..10 2.3PreviousStudieSonInterpersonalMeaningnSongLyrics?一ll
3.TheoreticalFramework?.1:1
3.1InterpersonalFunctioninHaJliday'sFunctionalGrammar??.12 3.1.1Mood??.13
:I.1.2Modality..17
3.2InterpersonalFunctioninMartin'sAppraisalTheory??l8 3.2.1Attitude?.18
3.2.2EngagementandGraduation?..?.??.21
4.TheAnalysisofInterpersonalMea
inginEnglishPopularSongLyrics?..23
4.1MoodSysteminEnglishPopularSongLyrics??..23
4.1.1InterpersonalMeaningofMoodTypesinEPSLs一23
4.1.2InterpersonalMeaningofPersonalPronounsinEPSLs,25 4.1.3InterpersonalMeaningofModalAdjunctsinEPSLs??28 4.2ModalitySysteminEnglishPopularSongLyrics..31
4.2.1ModalOperatorsExpressingProbability??32
4.2.2ModalOperatorsExpressingInclination?.?.??.?.?.??....32 4.2.3ModalOperatorsExpressingObligation??..?...?...?..?..?.33 4.3AttitudeSysteminEnglishPopularSongLyrics?.?..?..?..?..?...?..?
..34
4.3.1InterpersonalMeaningofAffectinEPSLs.?.....?.??..35 4.3.2InterpersonalMeaningofApprcciati叩inEPSLs一35
5.Conclusion??.37
Bibliography??...??..40
Appendix
? 硕士学位论文M.ASTER7STHESIS
1.Introduction
1.1TheTopicoftheThesis
Nowadaysmoreandmollpeoplearebeginningtorealizethatlanguageisno longerjustatoolofcommunication,itcanhelpthemestablishandmaintains
ocial
relationswithothers.
InhisbookIntroducingFunctionalGr mmar,Thompsonsaidthat” efthe
mainpurposesofcommunicatingisto nteractwi
hotherpeople:toestablishand
maintainappropriatesociallinkswiththem”Thompson2008:45.Hethinkst
hatwhen
peopletellotherssomething,theybearapurposeintheirminds:theymaywantto
provideotherswi诅
1someparticularinformation,ortoexplaintheirownattitudesor
behavior,ortohaveothergprovideth m谢也
informationtheyneed,ortoinfluence
otherpeople’Sattitudesorbehavior,etc.Thuswheni teracting谢也
others,peoplenot
onlyconveyaparticularmessage.butalsoestablishandmaintainsociallinkswi也them.
Inthisense,peopleuselanguagetocommunicatefromtwoaspects:informationand
interaction.Informationreferstothemessagethaddresserintendsto end,while
interactionreferstotheinterpersonalelationshipsegotiatedbetweenth
eparticipants
involved.
一
PeterVLamarqueregardslanguage觞”
anegotiatingtoolwhichisnotonlycrucial
inface?to?faceint
ractionbutalsointheactivityofawriterwhotriestonegotiatewi h
his/herreaderstocommunicateme nings”quotedin闻华
2009:1.AndHuZhuanglin
holdsaviewthatdiscourseref rstoanyformofnatul'all nguagethatisnototally
confmedtosyntacticalrulesbutCallexpresscompletesemanticmeaningsinaparticular
context.Thepurposeftheaddresseri
tofinishaspecifictaskortocarryoutsome
certainbehavior王寅
2009.Appreciatedbytheaudiencethformofsongs,lyricsis
aspecialtypeofdiscourselyingbetweenwrittendiscourseandoraldiscourse.Itisoneof
themostwidespreadandinfluentialformsofcontemporaryculture.Thereasonwhyit’S
SOuniversalisthati Cannotonlycontinuei
timebutalsoCanexpandinspace.Andthe
reasonwhyit'soinfluentialliesinmanyfunctionstcallperformsuchasentertaining,
comforting,encouraging,educating,andSOon.Allthesefunctionsc meintoworkonthe
partofthelisteners,henceitmakesseusetostudytheinterpersonalmeaningnsong
lyrics.
1.2PreviousSt diesOHtheTopic
Scholarsathomeandabroadhaveconductedagreatdealofresearchintothe
interpersonalmeaningoflanguagefromvariousperspectives.Amongthem,Halliday's
1
? 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS
interpersonalfunctionandMartin'sAppraisalTheoryhaveenjoyedawideapplicationin
discourseanalysis.
InhisbookAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar,Hallidayovertlyspeaksthat
theclauseorganizestselfnotonlyaSamessage,butalsoasallinteractiveactivity
betweentheaddresserandtheaddresseeHalliday1994:129.BasedOilthetwo
pairsof
distinctionshemakesbetweengivingor demandinga dinformationor
goods-and-services,heholdsthatherearefourbasicspeechfunctions:statement,
question,offerandcommand.Heattributestheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguagem inly
tothreesystems:themoodsystem,themodalitysystemandtheintonationsystem.Mood
dealswithlanguageresourcesindicatingtheclausetypes,thesp echrolesofthe
addresserandtheaddressee,andtheaddresser'sattitudesorjudgments.Modalityrefers
totheintermediatedegr esb tweeny
sandilO.Whenitisinformationthatsbeing
exchanged,themodalitynvolvestheprobabilityandusuality.Whenit is
goods-and-servicesthatisbeingexchanged,themodalitynvolvesinclinationnd
obligation.
Martina dRoseputforwardtheAppraisaJTheory,whichisasystemof
interpersonalmeaningdealingwithwhatiscalledevaluationinHalliday'smodel.Itis
concernedwitht
efollowingthreeaspects:thekindsofattitudeswhicharembeddedin
adiscourse,thestren#aofthefeelingsinvolvedanthewaysinwhichopinionsal'e
madeauthoritativeandtheaudiencearewonoverMartin&Rose。
2007:22.Sothey
dividesAppraisalTheoryintothreesubsystems:attitude,engagementandgradu tion.
Attitudedeals、】
vithourfeelings,coveringourmotionsatheart,judgmentsofother
people’Sbehaviorandappreciationofsomething;engagementisconcer edwithhowto
makeOUrvaluesauthoritativeandth nwinovertheaudience;andgr duationis
associatedwiththewaysinwhichfeelingsareoverstatedorun erstatedandheline
betweenthi gsaremadeunclear.
Asforpreviousst dieson
onglyrics,itCanbediscussedfromtwoperspectives:
linguisticperspectiveandnon-linguisticperspective.Withinthescopeoflinguistics,
scholarshavediscussedaboutsonglyricsfromthefollowing‘aspects:theac ura e
phonationofwordsin
ongs;thegrammaticalvariationsinsongs;thefiguresofspeech
usedinsongs;thetranslationtech
iquesemployedinsongs;andtheuseofsongsin
languageteaching.Studiescarr doutfromotherperspectivesdiscu sthenlightenments
reflectedinsongs;theaestheticvaluesof ongs;thelit raryp opertyofsongs;the
psychologicalrso
ialvaluesembeddedinsongs;andthedevelopmenthistoryfsongs
叶丽珍2005.WhenitcomestothepreviousstudiesOn onglyricsfromthe
perspectiveofint rpersonalmea
ing,onlyafewarticlesanddissertationsCanbefound
2
?砒MAST?ER'STH文E溺 .
ontheacademicwebsiteCNKI.Andthemajorityofthemeitherhaven’ttoucheduponthe
topicofpopularsongsorhavecarriedoutheiranalysisbyfocusingonjustonesingle
song.
1.3ThePurposeandSignificanceoftheThesis
Nowadayspeoplecanenjoymusicwhereverandwheneverth ywant.Thereason
whypopularsongsaresoadoredbytheyoungprobablyisthattheseongsnotonlyhave
beautifulmelodies,butalsocanentertainhem,comfortthem,encouragethem, ducate
themandSOforth.Thesefunctionsthatsongscanperformnlycomeintoeffectonthe
conditionhathelistenersaregettingvolved.Thisprovesthatsonglyricsisrichin
interpersonalmea
ing.However,littlepreviousstudiesontheinterpersonalmeaningjn
songslyricsanbefound.Sotheauthortriestomakeatentativestudyonthe
interpersonalmeaningiIlEnglishpopularsongs.Thetopt
nsongsonBillboard2012
Year-EndHot100arechosenasmaterialstobeanalyzed.Theanalysiswillbecarriedout
withintheframeworkofHaUiday'sinterpersonalfunctionandMartin'sappraisaltheory,
dealingwitht
reeaspects:themoodsystem,theodalitysystemandtheattitudesystem.
It’ShopedthathethesisCanfindoutheparticularrealizingdevicesofinterpersonal
meaninginEnglishpopularsongs.
Sincelittlemsearchhasbeenconductedintotheinvestigationofinterpersonal
meaningiIlsonglyrics,theauthorattemptstohaveatryonthis,hopingthatthisstudy
Cantestifytheapplicabilityofin
erpersonalmeaningwithinHalliday’SFunctional
GrammarandMartin。
SAppraisalTheorytodiscourseanalysislikesonglyrics.Besides,a
songinvolvesthreegroupsofpeoplefromtheprocessofbeingcomposedtobeing
enjoyed.They
锄.ethesongwriters,thesingersandtheaudience.Sothefindingsofthis
thesismaybringsomegoodtoeachgroupofthem.Asforthewriters,acommandofthe
waysinwhichinterpersonalmeaningisrealizedinsonglyricscangivethemahandin
theirc
eatioll;asfortheingers,adeepandthroughinterpretationofthenterpersonal
meaningembeddedinsongsCanleadtoabetterperformanceonthestage;andasforthe
audience,thefindingsofthistudymayhelpthemhaveabetterunderstandingofthe
lyrics.
1.4TheStructureofthThesis
Thethesisismadeupoffiveparts.Thefirstpartisintroduction,wherethetopicof
thethesis,thepreviousresearchrelatedothetopic,thepurposeandsignificanceofthe
study,andthelayoutofhepaperareallstated.Thesecondpartisliteraturereview,in
whichalltherelevantstudiesavailablereprovided,includingpreviousstudieson
interpersonalmeaningathomeandabroad,previousstudien onglyrics,plussome
3
? 硕士学位论文MASTER’STHESIS
articlesandissertationsdiscussingtherealizationof
nterpersonalmeaninginsong
lyrics.Thethirdpartisthetheoreticalframeworkforthestudy,whichCartbedividedinto
twoaspects:Halliday'sFunctionalGr
mmarandMartin'sAppraisalTheory.Herethe
authoronlypresentsthemoodsystemandthemodalitysystemwithintheframeworkof
interpersonalfunctionnHalliday'sFunctionalCvtamnlar.AsforMartin’sAppraisal
Theory,theaut
ormainlyelaboratesonheattitudesystem.Thefonhpartistheanalysis
oftheinterpersonalmeaningnthetenEnglishpopularsongs.Basedonwhattheseongs
haveincommon,theau orc
nductstheanalysisfromthefollowingfiveaspects:the
moodtypes,thepersonalpronouns,themodaldjuncts,themodaloperatorsandthe
attituderesourec$.Thelastpartisaconclusion,wheretheauthorwillfirstlymakea
summaryofthedevicesthatEnglishpopularsonglyricsfrequentlyemployt realizets
interpersonalmeaning,andthenpointouthelimitationsofthestudyandthefuturework
thatcanbedone.
4
2.LiteratureReview
Thischapterr viewsthepreviousliteratureassociatedwitht ecentraltopicofthe
thesis:theint rpersonalmeaninginsonglyrics。
Theauthorwillfirsthaveareviewof
precedentr
searchintointerpersonalmeaningbothathomeandabroad,thenmakea
summaryofstudieson onglyrics,andfi
allypresentthepointswhichhavebeen
toucheduponi papersdi cussingthe terpersonalmea ingnsonglyrics.
2.1PreviousSt diesonInterpersonalMeaning
Underthistitle,theauthorwillreviewpreviousst
diesoninterpersonalmeaning
athomeandabroad.Andunderthesubtitleofstudiesoninterpersonalmeaningabroad.
theyaredividedintotwogroups:studiesfromtheperspectiveofl nguisticsandstudies
丘omtheperspectiveofotherdisciplines.
2.1.1StudiesOnInterpersonalMea ingAbroad
2.1.1.1StudiesOilInterpersonalMeaninginLinguistics
Incurrentlinguisticudies,Wecaneasilyobservethatlinguiststendtoattach
greatimportancetotheinterpersonala
pectsoflanguage.Tiffstendencydoesnotcome
intobeingallofasudden,butistheresultofalongtimeresearchintotheinterpersonal
aspectsoflangnage.
Malinowskifirstproposedtheconceptof”phaticcommunion”todescribethe
interpersonalfunctionoflanguagewh nhemadeastudyonthelanguageofthe
aboriginalonallislandinthePacificOcean胡壮麟
2005:12.Infact,phaticcommunion
iscommonlyusedinOUrdailyife.Peoplewhohavenevermetorarenotfamiliarwith
eachotherusuallystarttheircommunicationwi?
lphaticcommunion,coveringtopics
likeweather,environment,similarexperienceandSOforth.Herelanguageisanimportant
waytoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.
InfluencedbyMalinowski,J.R.Firthalsomadegreatchievementsandsincehc
taughtat heUniversityofLondon,thelinguisticchoolherepresentedis amedthe
LondonSchool。Heholdsthatlanguageh
salexicalandgrarmnaticalmeaningaSwellas
ameaningnsocialcontext.Therefore,thestudyoflanguageshouldbebasedonasocial
perspectiveSOthatitcanhelpusbetterunderstandthesocialnatureofourh
uman
beings闻华
2009.Firth'steachinggreatlyinfluencedhistudentM.A.K.Halliday.Both
ofthemputmuchemphasisontheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.Later,M.A.K.
HallidaydevelopedhisowntheorywhichiscalledSyst