自考英语语法

自考英语语法 第一讲 主语 【语法讲解】 主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是谓语动词所示 动作的发出者。例如: 1) The question is difficult. 2) She is difficult to understand. 3) 9483276105 is difficult to remember. 4) To understand his words is difficult. 5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult. 6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult. 上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有 名词(例如1)、代词(例如2)、数词(例如3)、动词不定式(例如4)、动名词(例 如5)和主语从句(例如6)。 1(名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称: 名词分类 概念 例子 普通名词 某一类人、事物、某种物质 或抽象概念的名称 书book，音乐music，朋友friend 专有名词 特定的某个人、地方或机构 的名称 玛丽Mary, 巴黎Paris, 联合国United Nations 2(代词是用来指代的词。能用来做主语的人称代词有 单数 复数 我I 我们we 你 you 你们you 他 he 她she 它 it 他们they 3(数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。 4(动词不定式为非谓语动词的一种形式，形式为动词不定式符号to 加动词原形，即to do(do 代表所有动词)。当动词不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用it 做 形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4 还可以改写为:It is difficult to understand his words.其中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words. 5(动名词为非谓语动词的另一种形式，形式为动词原形加词尾-ing 构成，即doing (do 代表所有动词)。某些结构中，也可以用it 做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语(即动 名词放到句尾)。例如It is no use asking her advice. 6(主语从句指的是在句子中做主语的名词从句。按英语的习惯，有些句子可以把 it 放在 句首做形式主语，而将真正的主语,主语从句放在句子的后面。例如It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth. 【特别提示】 1) 祈使句的主语(you)经常省略;如:(You)Open the door, please. 2) 动名词，不定式和从句做主语时，谓语动词为单数。如上述例句中的4、5、6。 【强化练习】 判断下列各句的主语的位置及性质: 1) Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. 2) He is very strict. 3) What they want is money. 4) Even a child can do it. 5) It is kind of you to say you like it. 6) It is still a question whether she will join us. 7) 1000 miles is a long distance. 8) It is no use asking her advice. 9) The milk remains fresh for a week. 10) To take care of so many children is not an easy job. 【练习解析】 1) 主语是动名词短语Reading aloud; 2) 主语是代词He; 3) 主语是主语从句What they want; 4) 主语是名词a child; 5) it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to say you like it; 6) it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句whether she will join us ; 7) 主语是数词1000 miles; 8) it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语as king her advice; 9) 主语是名词The milk; 10) 主语是不定式To take care of so many children。 【巩固练习】(四) 以下各句选自《大学英语自学教程()》，请大家按照上述讲解对主语进行 判断和分 析。 1) Most adults would disagree with this statement. 2) It is known that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls. 3) To tell the difference between the two is not so easy. 4) For some of us, having a family simply means having children. 5) Successful language learners are learners with a purpose. 6) What is accepted as true is often relatively, and not absolutely, true. 7) They are the hardest substance found in nature. 8) 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63. 9) The movie was s aid to be very interesting. 10) It’s a great honor to be invited to your country. 11) For most adults learning a language is a very difficult task. 12) What to do next will be discussed at the next meeting. 13) Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. 14) Look it up in the dictionary. 15) 12 is the number of months in the year. 16) The waiter understood that he didn’t want tea. 17) Advertising is only part of the total sales effort. 18) It is useful to know how these principle work. 19) The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance. 20) Success in life often starts with a job we like. 第一讲【巩固练习】答案 (四) 1) 主语是名词Most adults。 2) it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.。 3) 主语是不定式To tell the difference between the two 。 4) 主语是动名词短语having a family 。 5) 主语是名词Successful language learners。 6) 主语是主语从句What is accepted as true 。 7) 主语是动词They。 8) 主语是数词4671363 。 9) 主语是名词The movie 。 10) it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式 to be invited to your country. 11) 主语是动名词短语 learning a language 。 12) 主语是动词不定式短语What to do next 。 13) it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. 14) 祈使句，主语you 被省略了。 15) 主语是数词12。 16) 主语是名词The waiter 。 17) 主语是动名词Advertising。 18) it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语to know how these principle work. 19) 主语是名词短语The solutions to real problems 。 20) 主语是名词短语Success in life 。 第二讲 谓语(一) 时态 (Tense) 一、现在时 【语法讲解】 汉语里，动词没有时态的变化，而是使用时间副词或助词来表示不同的时间或事件的进程 或状态。例如， 1)我每天步行上班。 2)妈妈正在看书。 3)他已经病了三天了。 4)小强从上课开始一直在说话。 而英语的时态主要体现在动词的变化上。所有的动作和状态从时间上看，都可以分为现 在、过去、将来和过去将来，其中现在时间里的四个时态是理解过去、将来和过去将来时 间里的时态的关键。 现在时(以动词do 为例) 形式 主要用法 一般现在时 do (does) 1.经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态;2. 客观事实或普遍真理 现在进行时 am is doing are 现在正在进行的动作 现在完成时 have done has 1.过去开始并持续到现在;2.过去发生的动作但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响 现在完成进行时 have been doing has 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作(中间基本无停顿)，并且很可能将 继续进行下去 根据表中所述内容，上面列举的四个汉语的例句与相应的英语译文对比如下: 时态 汉语 英语 一般现在时 我每天步行上班。 I walk to work everyday. 现在进行时 妈妈正在看书。 My mother is reading. 现在完成时 他已经病了三天了。 He has been ill for 3 days. 现在完成进行时 他从上课开始一直在说话。 He has been talking since the beginning of the class. 【强化练习】 判断下列句子的时态 1) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2) Mary is doing her homework. 3) My mother has been ill for three days. 4) I have been looking for you everywhere. 5) They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere. 6) My mother works at the same company as my father. 7) She has been waiting for her boss for almost an hour. 8) I have not seen her since 1991. 9) Japan lies to the east of China. 10) What are you doing? 【练习解析】 1) 一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数the sun，所以两个动词rise 和set 的 词尾都加 上了-s; 2) 现在进行时，主语Mary 是第三人称单数，所以be 动词采用的是is; 3) 现在完成时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以助动词have 采用的 是has; 4) 现在完成进行时，主语为第一人称; 5) 现在进行时，主语they 是复数，所以be 动词采用的是are; 6) 一般现在时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以动词work 的词尾 加上了-s; 7) 现在完成进行时，主语she 是第三人称单数，所以助动词have 采用的 是has; 8) 现在完成时，主语为第一人称; 9) 一般现在时，主语Japan 是第三人称单数，所以动词lie 的词尾加上了 -s; 10) 现在进行时，主语为第二人称。 【巩固练习】(五) 1. 判断下列各句的时态: 1) We have been living here for 20 years already. 2) He is reading outside. 3) He has just come back. 4) Light travels faster than sound. 5) I have studied English since I was ten. 6) She studies very hard. 7) It’s been snowing. 8) The teacher is talking with his students. 9) We go there once a week. 10) We’ve been waiting for you. 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空 1) I __ (look) for my book all the morning. 2) Tom __ (sing) well. He __ (sing) a song now. 3) I cannot go out because I __ (not, finish) my homework. 4) He can speak two foreign languages. Now he __ (learn) a third one. 5) He usually __ (drink) coffee but today he __ (drink) tea. 6) Mary __ (pass) all her examinations. Let’s have a party and celebrate it. 7) You __ (speak) too fast. I can not understand you. 8) He __ (sleep) since ten o’clock. It’s time for him to get up. 9) My daughter __(watch) TV every other day. 10) I __ (not, see) him for three years. 二、过去时 【语法讲解】 相对于现在时，过去时就是将事件发生的时间向过去推移。下面将现在时和过去 时进行对 比: 过去时(以do 为例) 形式 用法 一般式 did (动词过去式) 过去某时发生的动作或状态 进行式 was doing were 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 完成式 had done(动词过去分词) 1.过去某个时间或某个动作之前 就已经完成的动作;2.过去某个 时间开始延续到过去另一个时间 的动作 完成 进行式 had been doing 过去某个时间以前开始并延续到 过去这个时间的动作 【特别提醒】 动词过去式和过去分词的规则变化为在动词后面直接加-ed，而不规则变化则需要 特殊记 忆。 【强化练习】 判断下列句子中黑体字部分的时态 1) He said that he had written her a letter. 2) He lived in London when he was young. 3) The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it. 4) I was doing my homework when he called me. 5) I went to school at six. 6) He often came to help me at that time. 7) Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year. 8) When I saw her, she was working at the computer. 9) We were surprised at what she had done. 10) I waited until he had finished his work. 【强化练习】 判断下列句子中黑体字部分的时态 1) He said that he had written her a letter. 2) He lived in London when he was young. 3) The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it. 4) I was doing my homework when he called me. 5) I went to school at six. 6) He often came to help me at that time. 7) Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year. 8) When I saw her, she was working at the computer. 9) We were surprised at what she had done. 10) I waited until he had finished his work. 【练习解析】 1) 过去完成时，had written 表明在said 这个过去的动作之前就已经结束 的动作; 2) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作; 3) 过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到somebody answered it 这个时 间的动 作; 4) 过去进行时，表明在he called me 这一时刻正在发生的动作; 5) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作; 6) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作; 7) 过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到he decided 这个时间的动作; 8) 过去进行时，表明在I saw her这一时刻正在发生的动作; 9) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作; 10) 过去完成时，had finished 表明在waited 这个过去的动作之前就已经 结束的动 作。 【巩固练习】(六) 1. 判断下列各句的时态: 1) We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 2) I was writing a paper in the library at 3 yes terday afternoon. 3) The train had left before we got to the station. 4) He was here just now. 5) She bought the bike two years ago. 6) The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 1983. 7) I saw him yesterday. 8) It had been raining before you came back. 9) We were having a meeting when he came in. 10) By the end of 1993, this factory had produced 200000 cars. 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空 1) When I came, the students __ (do) their homework. 2) The teacher was very angry when he __ (see) what the boys __ (do). 3) When I arrived, the class __ (begin). 4) When the teacher came to the classroom, they __ (do) their homework for an hour. 5) I __ (share) a flat with him when we __ (be) students twenty years ago. 6) She __ (not, pass) the exam yesterday because she __ (not, prepare) her lessons well. 7) You __ (seem) very busy when I __ (see) you last night. 8) I __ (find) the ring as I __ (dig) the garden. 9) By the time Tom left school, he __ (learn) English and French. 10) He said that he __ (work) at it for half an hour. 三、将来时 【语法讲解】 相对于现在时，将来时就是将事件发生的时间向将来推移。下面将现在时和将来 时进行对 比: 将来时(以do 为例) 形式 用法 一般式 shall will work 将来发生的动作或情况 进行式 Shall be working will 将来某一时刻正在进行的动作 完成式 Shall have worked will 将来某个时间或某个动作之前 就已经完成的动作 【特别提醒】 1) 在美国英语中不论是第几人称，将来时都可以用“will +动词原形”。 2) 由于将来完成进行时很少使用，这里将不作介绍。 3) 一般将来时除了有will (shall)的构成形式之外，还有: A. am (is, are) going to +动词原形，表最近打算去做的事情或可能要发生 的事情。 B. am (is, are) about to +动词原形，表示即将发生的动作。 C. am (is, are) to +动词原形，表必须或要进行的动作。 【强化练习】 判断下列句子的时态 1) We won’t be free tonight. 2) This time next week she will be working in that company. 3) I’ll have done all the work by the time you are back this evening. 4) They will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 5) We shall be having a business talk with Mr. Brown in a minute. 6) The birds will have moved to the south before winter comes. 7) He is going to meet Mary at the airport. 8) The train will arrive soon. 9) I’ll be waiting for you at school after supper. 10) We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic. 【练习解析】 1) 一般将来时; 2) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作; 3) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作; 4) 一般将来时; 5) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作; 6) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作; 7) 一般将来时; 8) 一般将来时; 9) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作; 10) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作。 【巩固练习】(七) 1. 判断下列各句的时态: 1) He will come and help you. 2) By this time next year, I shall have lived here for 20 years. 3) I’ll be back at 7:30 this evening. 4) By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach. 5) Hurry up! Or she will have left before we get there. 6) It’s going to rain. 7) The lecture is about to begin. 8) Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute. 9) We are to put up a new school by the river. 10) By the end of this term, the students will have learned 2000 English words. 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空 1) I __ (believe) it when I see it. 2) By six this evening, my parents __ (return) from their work. 3) You’d better go back now. Your mother __ (wonder) where you are. 4) I’m sure that you __ (go) with me. 5) The film __ (start) by the time we get there. 6) I’ve reminded you once; I __ (not, do) it again. 7) This shop __ (close) down by next week. 8) When you arrive, I __ (pick) fruit. 9) In a few days’ time, we __ (fly) over the Pacific. 10) By the end of this month, they __ (complete) the road construction. 四、过去将来时 【语法讲解】 过去将来时主要用来表示过去某一时间内将要发生的动作或存在的状态，可以看 成时一般 过去时和一般将来时的合并。过去将来时(以do 为例)的形式如下: 1) would (should) do 2) was (were) going to do 3) was (were) about to do 4) was (were) to do 【强化练习】 将下列句子译成汉语 1) He told me that he would see me off at the station. 2) I asked her where she would spend her holiday. 3) They were going to have a meeting. 4) I was about to go out when a friend of mine dropped in. 5) They were to visit the White House that afternoon. 【练习解析】 1) 他告诉我他要到车站给我送行。 2) 我问她将在什么地方度假。 3) 他们当时正要开会。 4) 我刚要出去，这时我的一个朋友来了。 5) 他们计划那天下午参观白宫。 【巩固练习】(八) 用所给动词的适当时态填空 1) Who __ (invent) the world’s first computer? 2) Language teachers often __ (offer) advice to language learners. 3) Go out and get some fresh air! You __ (sit) there reading all morning. 4) The waiter soon __(bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook his head. 5) Since his father died three years ago, he __ (not, pay) any taxes. 6) Mary told me that she __ (see) you before. 7) When I entered the lab, she __ (make) an experiment. 8) My father went to Shenzhen in 1988 and he __ (work) there ever since. 9) “What are you doing now?” “I __(prepare) my lessons for the final exam.” 10) What __ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor. 第二讲【巩固练习】(五)答案 1. 判断下列各句的时态: 1)现在完成进行时; 2)现在进行时; 3)现在完成时; 4)一般现在时; 5)现在完成时; 6)一般现在时; 7)现在完成进行时; 8)现在进行时; 9)一般现在时; 10)现在完成进行时。 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空 1) have been looking; 2) sings / is singing; 3) have not finished; 4) is learning; 5) drinks / is drinking; 6) has passed; 7) have spoken; 8) has been sleeping; 9) watches; 10) have not seen。 【巩固练习】(六) 1. 判断下列各句的时态: 1)过去完成进行时; 2)过去进行时; 3)过去完成时; 4)一般过去时; 5)一般过去时; 6)过去完成时; 7)一般过去时; 8)过去完成进行时; 9)过去进行时; 10)过去完成时。 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空 1) were doing; 2) saw / had done; 3) had begun; 4) had been doing; 5) shared / were; 6) did not pass / had not prepared; 7) seemed / saw; 8) found / was digging; 9) had learned; 10) had been working。 【巩固练习】(七) 1. 判断下列各句的时态: 1)一般将来时; 2)将来完成时; 3)一般将来时; 4)将来进行时; 5)将来完成时; 6)一般将来时; 7)一般将来时; 8)将来进行时; 9)一般将来时 10)将来完成时。 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空 1) will believe; 2) will have returned; 3) is wondering; 4) will go; 5) will have started; 6) will not do; 7) will have closed; 8) will be picking; 9) will be flying; 10) will have completed。 【巩固练习】(八) 用所给动词的适当时态填空 1) invented; 2) offer; 3) have been sitting; 4) brought; 5) has not paid; 6) had seen; 7) was making; 8) has been working; 9) am preparing; 10) has happened。 第三讲 谓语(二) 语态 (Voice) 【语法讲解】 一、 形式 汉语里， 我们会听到类似这样的句子: 1)“我打他了。” 2)“他被我打了。” 这两个句子表达的是同样的内容，但第一句强调的是“是我打的他”，而第二句强 调的是