英文文献综述格式

英文文献综述格式Literaturereview在发表中占有非常重要的地位，一篇优秀的Literaturereview能够使读者从中收益，因此，Literaturereview的发表方法很重要，本文就Literaturereview发表进行了详细的论叙。　　literaturereview的格式是什么?怎样才能好literaturereview?　　一篇Literaturereview按照内容可以分为三个部分：　　1、这篇literature的概况。谁的?在哪儿的?哪年发表的等等……　　2、这篇literature的内容。　　3、你对这篇literature的看法。　　详细点来说是这样的：　　第一部分：文学作品概况　　这部分是最为简单和公式化的，内容主要是文学作品的作者，作者所处的位置，文学作品的出处：会议论文还是期刊，或者是网上的资料，文学作品的读者是哪些。如果有必要，可以在这部分加入对文学作品整体的简略评价。　　第二部分：文学作品内容　　这部分也是比较公式化的。因为每一篇合格的论文都会包含一下的几个部分：　　1.background背景　　2.problem/hypothesis问题/假设　　3.solution/argumentation解决方案/论证　　4.experimentaltest/conclusion实验/结论　　把每个点用一句话来概括就可以了，要注意的是不必叙述每个细节，把文学作品的主线理清楚就可以了。　　第三部分：你的看法　　这部分是最为重要的，你的评价应该直接反映该篇文学作品对你的研究有何意义、文学作品的强处以及弱处。你对文学作品的评价可以分为三层。最高层的是对文学作品的内容的评价，例如方法是否新颖，解决的问题是否有意义，所用的实验步骤、实验对象是否合适，结论是否正确。第二层是关于文学作品的结构和风格的，如论述的组织是否合理，论证的过程有没有漏洞，文学作品的段落结构有没有问题等等。最底层的是关于文学作品的用词以及语法方面的评价，句子是否通顺，词语是否恰当，有没有更好的表达方式等等。三层的重要性是递减的，最上面的那一层是最重要的，这应该是你读文学作品的重点，也应该是你Review的重点。　　下面是一个典型的Review，希望大家通过认真研读，能够从中得到启示。　　摘要：Inthispaper,deceptionisconsideredasacommunicativestrategy.Theauthoranalyzesdeceptionfromadynamicperspective.Thiswilldeepentheunderstandingofdeceptionindailycommunication.Thepreviouspapersmainlyanalyzedeceptionintermsofitsadaptability,buttheydonotmakeadetailedanalysisofitspragmaticstrategiesandeffects.　　AnditemphasizedtheimportanceofthemaximofQuality.HebelievesthatthespeakerwhoviolatesQualityofMaximislyingandlyingisamoraloffence.However,thereexistsalotofdeceptioninlanguageinteractionsandCooperativePrinciplecannotexplainitforcefully.Then,LeechputforththePolitenessPrinciples(PP)withtheintentionto:rescue’Grice’sCooperativePrinciple(CP).Heheldthatpeopleusedeceptioninconsiderationofpoliteness.　　HisPPisfurthercategorizedintosixmainmaxims,whichgoinpairsasfollows:　　1)TactMaxim;　　(a)Minimizecosttoother[(b)]Maximizebenefittoother;　　2)GenerosityMaxim;　　(a)Minimizebenefittoself[(b)]Maximizecosttoself;　　3)ApprobationMaxim(inexpressiveandassertive);　　(a)Minimizedispraiseofother[(b)]Maximizepraiseofother;　　4)ModestyMaxim(inexpressiveandassertive);　　a)Minimizepraiseofself[(b)]Maximizedispraiseofself;　　5)AgreementMaxim(inassertive);a)Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother[(b)]Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother　　6)SympathyMaxim(inassertive).　　ThemostadequateillustrationofdeceptionfromthepragmaticanglestemsfromHeZiranandZhangShulingindomestic.Theyviewthisphenomenonfromtheangleofadaptiontheory.AccordingtoJefVerschuren,usinglanguagemustconsistofthecontinuousmakingoflinguisticchoices,consciouslyorunconsciously.Thechoiceofdeceptionistoadapttothemental,socialorphysicalworldofthespeakerorthelistener.Thoughthestudiesofdeceptionofthetwoscholarsfrompragmaticperspectiveiscomprehensive,theyignoredeceptioninpragmaticsisastrategy.Andtheuseofdeceptionisnotjustoutofpoliteness,theirinterpretationisnotsystematic.　　ItisQianGuanlianwhofirststudiesthetopicoftrueandfalsespeech.Heclassifiedthefalseinformationintotwokinds:profitablefalsespeechandfunctionalfalsespeech.Theformerconsistsof“falsespeechtoinjureothers”and“falsespeechtobenefitothers”.Inthearticle“FalseInformation”,ProfessorQianclassifiesthedeceptiveinformationintobeneficialorharmfulfalseinformation,andfunctionalfalseinformation).Thefalseinformationwhichisusedtodeceivetheaddresseedeliberatelyiscalledbeneficialorharmfulfalseinformation.Falsityinthebeneficialorharmfulfalseinformationisnotknowntotheaddressee.ProfessorQianfurtherclassifiesitintotwokinds:beneficialfalseinformationandharmfulfalseinformation.Thefalseinformationwhichiscontrolledundercertainbackgroundandcanbeusedtoachievesomespecialeffectsiscalledfunctionalfalseinformation.Allinall,Qian’sFalseInformationishelpfulinimprovingtheunderstandingofdeception.　　Actually,thelinguisticstudyofdeceptionisstillontheinfantstage.Comparedwiththeresearchesmadebyforeignscholars,theresearchesmadebyChinesescholarsarestillnotenough.　　Inaddition,mostofthestudiesfromthelinguisticperspectiveconcentrateonthepragmatic,semanticorcross-culturalfieldsbothathomeandabroad.Ingeneral,linguisticstudiesofdeceptionarefragmentaryandnocomprehensivetheoreticalframeworkhasbeenevolvedtoexplaindeceptionfully.What’smore,fewprobedeceptionfromthepragmaticstrategyperspective.Itisofgreatimportancetonoticethatdeceptioncanbehelpfultoachievespecificpragmaticeffects,bothasameansofcommunicationandalsoasawayofexpressingpersonalinformation.Inthiscase,itwasofnecessitytoapproachdeceptionfromthepragmaticangle.Oneproblemdeservesourattentionisthatdomesticstudiesofdeceptionisdisadvantagedcomparedwiththeoverseasstudieswithexcessivefocusdivertedtothemoralityofdeception.Itwasnotuntil1980sthatthelinguisticstudyofdeceptionemergedathome.Therefore,thestudyofdeceptionbasedonempiricalevidencesfromthesociolinguisticperspectiveisnotonlymeaningfulbutalsovitalandurgent.Besides,fewscholarsintegratedeceptionwithChinesetraditionalworkstoanalyzeitspragmaticeffects.　　Asapragmaticstrategy,deceptionisfrequentlyusedtoachievecertaineffectsinourdailyconversations.Differentkindsofdeceptionincertaincontextcancausedifferenteffects.DeceptioncanbeclassifiedintobeneficialfalseinformationandharmfulfalseinformationaccordingtoQian’sFalseInformationTheory(Zhang,2006:8).Beneficialfalseinformationmeansthatthedeceptionweuseisbeneficialtoothers;harmfulfalseinformationmeansthatthedeceptionweuseisharmfultoothers.　　However,deceptionoccurredindailylifeisnotgiventhesameattention.Comparativelyspeaking,theresearchofitconductedinpragmaticandsociolinguisticfieldisevenmorebackward.