2011英语保过班春季词汇班讲义（包文媛）

2011英语保过班春季词汇班讲义（包文媛） 考研词汇讲义 有道是:No bricks, No mansions。万丈高楼砖砌成。词汇就是砖，没有词汇，就什么也没有。2010年1月9号下午那场英语考试，对于很多考生来说，终身难忘。一个字可以形容:难，再加几个词形容:变态得难。剔除我们情绪上的不快，从专业角度上来看，给大家发出了一个考研复习的讯号:那就是要重视基础，切勿本末倒置，注重考试技巧多过于基础。谈到这个基础，第一难关莫过于词汇基础。难怪很多考生跟我感叹:“老师，我看阅读理解主要的障碍就是词汇看不懂了，如果看懂词汇就好了。看看考研大纲对词汇的背诵的要求―除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词，形容词与介词，形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生产的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。”针对这个重要的变化，我们对于词汇的了解和掌握其实也就体现在相应这几个方面:首先是词汇基本知识(词性、词形、本义和引申义等);词际关系(同义词、反义词);词汇―背景‖(词源、词根、词干、词缀)。 针对大纲的要求，我们将从考研大纲中的核心词汇拿出来作为讲解重点，主要对这些核心词汇的构成，词性、中英文不同释义及其同义反义派生词进行讲解，最后介绍这些词汇在具体真语境中的涵义，便于大家记忆。 一、 词汇的背诵方法和原则 1. 词汇记忆三部曲: 刚记词汇时，第一个阶段:认识。从陌生到认识一个单词，先要分析它的形状，语音，构成，以达到初识;第二步:熟悉。一旦你轮番背了几遍之后，要开始能一眼就认识它，达到熟悉的地步;第三步:了解。那么紧接着你该对它有一个深层次的认识，了解它的同义，反义和搭配，用法，其它内涵。 2(间隔反复背词法: 建议考生先规定自己每天背词的数量，每天督促自己按计划执行，然后在一天中每隔一段时间把这些词汇通背一遍，相隔时间不宜太短，以3,4小时为宜，早上背一遍，中午背一遍，晚上再背一遍或两遍。隔几天后再把这些词背一遍。如此循环，效果惊人。短期内可记住大量单词。 3. 用卡片记忆结合听录音的方法: 将考研大纲的词汇全部写在一张硬壳的小卡片上，正面写单词，背面写它的中文意思和同义词，反义词，在走路时，随手拿出来，先看正面单词然后猜它背面的意思，这样既节省了时间又有成就感。把已经记住的单词卡片放在床头，坚持了一段时间之后，会有很大的成就感。 4. 加强联想记忆: 背单词的第一个动作是什么,端详一下它的外貌。仔细看看这个单词的构成。词根是什么意思,前缀和后缀。第二第三个动作呢,看看它的内涵和发音。而第四个动作，就应该是联想，再联想。联想它和其他背过的词有没有外表类似的,读音类似的,意思类似或相反的, 5. 要在后期的真题练习中去记，要置于真题语境中去背诵。 二、词汇背诵的指导原则 1 做好打持久战的心理准备，与研究真题，做真题是一条并行的两条直线，一直持续到你考研前几天。只是在不同的阶段，背诵的阶段侧重点不同。前期，在做阅读理解真题之前，它占据的时间很重，是复习的重头之戏，到阅读理解进行时，是辅助作用，到后期，每天花的时间很少，但还不能中断。所以同学们对待它要有耐心和恒心，不急不燥，稳步前进。 三、考研核心词汇重点解析 able, ible –able 能力 disable /d?s'eb?l/ vt. to render unable or incapable; to destroy the force, vigor, or power of action of; to deprive of competent physical or intellectual power; to incapacitate; vt. 使残废;使失去能力;丧失能力(dis 不，无+able 能?使失去能力) 【真题连线】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001) 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。 【同义】cripple weaken disqualify impair 【派生】 disability n.无力, 无能, 残疾 enable /?n'eb?l/ v. to give strength or ability to; To make able (to do, or to be, something); to confer sufficient power upon;to render competent for; v.使能够,使成为可能;授予权利或方法( en使+able 能?使能够) 【真题连线】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.(2009) 既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，那么我们不得不考虑我们是否在构建能够确保我们获得这种能力的力量。 【同义】qualify 【反义】disable acid, acu-sour, sharp 尖，酸，锐利 acid /'æs?d/ adj. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; n. having the taste of vinegar n.酸,酸性物质a.酸的,酸味的;尖刻的 【例句】Everyone doesn't like to hear the acid remarks. 没有人喜欢听那尖酸刻薄的话。 【同义】sharp tart 【反义】disable 2 acute /?kj'ut/ adj. having nice or quick sensibility;extremely sharp or intense; of an angle; less than 90 degrees adj.剧烈的;敏锐的;成锐角的;尖的，高音的 (acu(t)+e 形容词后缀?尖锐) 【真题连线】Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.(1996) 目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。 【同义】keen intense 【派生】acuity n. 尖锐, (疾病的)剧烈, (视力、才智等的)敏锐 act-to do, to drive 行动，做 activity /ækt'?v?ti/ n. the state of being active; the trait of being active n.活跃, 活动性, 行动, 行为(act+ivity 状态?活动状态) 【真题连线】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. (2002) 我把知识分子定义为这样的个体:他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要与乐趣。 【同义】movement 【反义】inactivity n.静止, 不活泼, 休止状态 activate /'ækt?v,et/ vt. put in motion or move to act; make active or more active vt. 启动，激活;驱动，驱使;使开始起作用(act+ivate 动词后缀?使…活动) 【真题连线】Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,whereas depressants slow it down. (1997) 兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反，减缓它的活动。 【同义】stir up trigger 【派生】activation n. 活化, 激活, [化]活化作用 Activator n. [化]催化剂, 触媒剂 interact /,?nt?'ækt/ vi. act together or towards others or with others vi.互相作用, 互相影响 (inter 相互+act?相互动?相互作用) 【真题连线】―While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, ―we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic (2002) ―虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，‖NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维拉维里说，―我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的常识‖，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。 【派生】interaction n. 交互作用, 交感; interactive adj. 交互式的 react /ri'ækt/ 3 vi. to act or perform a second time; to do over again vi. 起反应, 起作用 (re 反+act ?反应) 【真题连线】While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. (2007) 虽然律师的评论和反应当然能够增加新闻报道的内容，但是，记者们依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断更 加可取。 【同义】respond 【派生】reaction n.反应, 反作用, 反动(力) transact /trænz'ækt/ v. to conduct matters; to manage affairs v. 办理, 交易 (trans 跨越+ act ?跨越交易?交易) 【真题连线】Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. (2002) 我们的金融服务完成于自动柜员机旁，完成业务后，它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们。 【同义】carry out execute 【派生】 transaction n.办理, 处理, 会报, 学报, 交易, 事务 Agon, angu – struggle 挣扎，斗争，痛苦 agony /'æg?ni/ n. intense feelings of suffering; acute mental or physical pain;a state of acute pain n.苦恼, 极大的痛苦 (agon 痛苦+y名词后缀?痛苦) 【真题连线】 On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.(2003) 另一层面上，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人 来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。 【同义】distress, grief , suffering, pain 【反义】comfort, relief, consolation 【派生】agonize vt.使极度痛苦, 折磨 (ize为动词后缀) anguish /'æ?gw??/ vt. to distress with extreme pain or grief; n. extreme mental distress n.痛苦, 苦恼; vt.使极苦闷, 使极痛苦(angu+ish 动词或名词后缀?烦恼) 【真题连线】Her heart anguished within her when she learned that her husband had fallen in battle. (2000) 得知丈夫阵亡的消息,她内心万分痛苦。 【同义】agony，grief, suffering 【反义】comfort, relief 4 alter, altern-other, tochange其他的，改变状态 alternate /'?lt?n?t/ vi. to happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time;do something in turns adj. 交替的, 轮流的, 预备的; v. 交替, 轮流, 改变 (altern+ate 动词后缀?改变?交替) 【同义】interchange，switch 【反义】consecutive 【派生】alternative n. 二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物; adj. 选择性的, 二中择一的 【真题连线】If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively (2002) 如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以谈论他们秘书的散漫和低效率;相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话， 你就可以评论他们老板是怎样的组织不善。 ami, amat-love 爱，情爱 amiable adj. disposed to please; diffusing warmth and friendliness adj. 亲切的, 和蔼可亲的 (ami+able 形容词后缀?亲切) 【例句】The next-door neighbors are amiable people. 隔壁邻居们都是和蔼可亲的人。 【同义】abominable 【反义】detestable, hateful amateur /'æm?t,?/ adj. engaged in as a pastime; lacking professional skill or expertise adj. 业余的; n.业余爱好者 (amat+eur人?热爱的人?业余爱好者) 【真题连线】If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks， you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. (2007) 如果你再来查看一下为世界杯和其他一些专业级别的比赛准备后备力量的欧洲各国青年队的情况， 你将会发现这一奇怪的现象更为突出。 【反义】professional, specialist ann-year 年，一年 annual /'ænju?l/ adj. occurring or payable every year adj. 一年一次的, 每年的, 一年生的; n. 年刊 (ann+ual形容词后缀?一年一度) 【真题连线】Even so,that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records expect for the Depression years. (1998) 即使如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4%，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度记录最低的增长率 apt-fit, ability适应，能力 apt /'æpt/ 5 adj. at risk of or subject to experiencing something usually unpleasant;being of striking appropriateness and pertinence adj. 易于...的, 有...倾向的; 适当的 【例句】John is apt to be impulsive. 约翰易于冲动。 【同义】appropriate, proper, suitable; smart 【派生】aptness n.倾向, 适合性, 才能; aptitude n. 适应能力 (apt+itude 名词后缀?有能力的状态) adapt /?d'æpt/ vt.to adjust (someone or something, esp oneself) to different conditions vt. 使适应，使适合; 改编(ad 表强调+apt?表强调适应?使适应) 【真题连线】Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(1999) 社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。 【同义】adjust; modify; alter 【派生】adaptive adj.适应的;adaptable adj. 有适应能力的 arch- ruler, rule, chief统治者，统治，主要的 patriarch /p'etri,ɑrk/ n. the male head of family or tribe n.家长, 族长(patri父亲+arch?父亲统治?家长) 【派生】patriarchal adj. 家长的, 族长的; paternal adj. 父亲的, 象父亲的 【真题连线】It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. (2009) 了解自己孩子的父亲是聪明的父亲，但是如今男人可以提升自己的智慧，至少可以确认自己是孩子的父亲。 architect /'ɑrk?t,?kt/ n. a person skilled in the art of building n. 建筑师 ; 计划者;设计者(archi+tect做?统治房子的人?建筑师) 【派生】architecture n.建筑学;建筑风格 (architect+ure名词后缀?建筑学) 【真题连线】There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism," says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.(2008) 西北大学的人类学家威廉伦德指出:“个体机体中的遗传结构会造成一些实际的限制。” arbit-judge 判断 arbiter /'ɑrb?t?/ n. a person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them. n. 仲裁人;泰斗(arbit+er表示人?仲裁人) 【真题连线】"Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. (2002) 难道我们真得要铁路运输成为市场输赢的仲裁者吗,经常代表船东的律师-Martin Bercovici问道。 6 arbitrary /'ɑrb?tr,?ri/ adj. depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules adj.任意的, 武断的, 独裁的, 专断的 (arbitr+ary形容词后缀?迅速做出判断的?武断的) 【例句】Dictators are arbitrary rulers. 独裁者即独断专横的统治者。 【同义】unreasonable, willful 【派生】arbitrate v. 作出公断(arbitr+ate 动词后缀?判断?公断) astro, aster –star 星星 astronaut /'æstr?n,ɑt/ n. a person trained to travel in a spacecraft n.太空人, 宇航员 (astro+naut 人?宇航员) 【例句】Do you know how an astronaut flies in a spacecraft? 你知道宇航员是怎样乘宇宙飞船飞行的吗? astronomy /?str'ɑn?mi/ n. the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole n. 天文学(astro+nomy学科?研究星星的学科) 【派生】astronomer n. 天文学家(astro+nomy 学科+er?研究星星学科的人) 【真题连线】Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. (1998) Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结以，但天文学家还想看到更为微小的热点，即像素星系中的星团和超 过星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。 disaster/d?z'æst?/ n. a state of extreme (usually irremediable) ruin and misfortune n.灾难, 天灾, 灾祸 (dis 坏+aster 星?星位不正，表示有灾难) 【真题连线】But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.(2006) 但是并不是以前(的人们)就不知道长期战争是一场灾难，也是对无辜百姓的大屠杀。 【同义】calamity, casualty, catastrophe 【派生】disastrous adj. 损失惨重的, 悲伤的( ous为形容词后缀) audi, audit, aur –hear 听 audience /'ɑdi?ns/ n.the act of hearing; attention to sounds;an auditory; an assembly of hearers. n.听众, 观众, 接见, 拜见(audi+ence名词后缀?听的人?听众) 【真题连线】There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. (2009) 这些人有大量的著作出版，同时影响了新大陆和旧大陆的读者，为新大陆营业造了热衷学术的氛围。 7 aural /'?r?l/ adj. of or pertaining to hearing or the ear adj.听觉的(al是形容词后缀) 【反义】oral 口头的 【真题连线】In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.(2005) 不论是口语中还是书面语中，谈论优于谈话，有感而发的东西优于堆砌的东西。 back-向后 backward /b'ækw?d/ adv. adj. on the back, or with the back downward. adv. adj. 向后地(的), 相反地(的), 追溯, 退步, 由好变坏(back+ward朝，向?向后的) 【反义】forward, ahead 【真题连线】Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.(2009) 根据英国自然学家Charles Darwin在19世纪六十年代所提出的天辟地的有关生物进化论，英国社会哲学家 Herbert Spencer也推进了他自己的有关生物及文化的进化理论。 drawback /dr'?b,æk/ n. a loss of advantage, or deduction from profit, value,success, etc n. money paid back or remitted n.缺点, 障碍, 退还的关税, 退税(draw 拉+back?把人往后拉的东西?缺点) 【真题连线】But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.(2004) 不过，虽然有一个搜索代理成功地为雷德曼找到了工作，就业专家却还是认为搜索代理并不尽如人意。 【同义】disadvantage, handicap, flaw 【反义】strongpoint, merit, virtue feedback /f'idb,æk/ n. the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output;response to an inquiry or experiment n.反馈;反应(feed流入+back?往回流?反馈) 【真题连线】Rather，it involves setting specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. (2007)相反，它涉及到明确的目标、获得即时反馈以及对技巧和结果同样关注。 setback /s'?tb,æk/ n. structure where a wall or building narrows abruptly n.顿挫, 挫折;后退，退步(set+back) 【真题连线】They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. (2008) 8 他们应该如何应困境，压力及感觉能力不足的情况。 【同义】reverse, repulse, failure bas, base-low, foundation 低下，基础 basic /b'es?k/ adj. relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. adj.基本的, 碱性的(base+ic形容词后缀?基础的) 【真题连线】 For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. (2007) 比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻编写过程中就如同在法庭上一样发挥作用。 【同义】essential, fundamental, underlying 【派生】basis n.基础, 基本, 根据 debase /d?b'es/ vt. to reduce from a higher to a lower state or grade of worth, dignity, purity, station, etc vt.贬低, 降低 (de向下+base 低?降低) 【例句】Greed had debased his character. 贪婪降低了他的品格。 【同义】abase, degrade, demote 【反义】elevate ban- prohibit禁止 ban /b'æn/ n. a decree that prohibits something n.禁令 vt.禁止, 取缔 【真题连线】The casinno included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a‖ cease admissions‖ letter. (2006) 赌场将威廉姆斯的照片放入被禁止赌博的赌徒名单中，给他写了一封“禁止进入赌场”的信。 【同义】bar, prohibit, forbid, outlaw 【反义】consent, permit, approve abandon /?b'ænd?n/ n. a complete giving up to natural impulses; freedom from artificial constraint; careless freedom or ease. vt. give up with the intent of never claiming again vt. 放弃, 遗弃(a 不+ban+don动词后缀?不禁止?放纵) 【真题连线】―I don‘t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too‖ she says.(2004) 她说:“我不知道其他顾客会不会也弃我而去。” 【同义】discard, desert, quit 【反义】maintain, retain, reserve bat- beat 打 9 batter /b'æt?/ vt., vi. to beat with successive blows; to beat repeatedly and with violence vt., vi. 接连重击(batt+er 常表示连续动作?猛击) 【真题连线】At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.(2007) 同时，通过耳机长时间地听同一单词的节奏会让 孩子们沉浸在自己的幻想中而不是努力追求其他的东西。 【同义】beat, smash, pound 【派生】battery (y为名词后缀) n.电池, 殴打 debate /d?b'et/ v. to contend for in words or arguments; to strive to maintain by reasoning n. a fight or fighting; contest; strife v.n. 争论, 辩论(de表强调+bat+e?表强调打击?反驳) 【真题连线】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. (2002) 另一层面上，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪， 对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。 【同义】argue, dispute combat /k'ɑmbæt/ n. a fight; a contest of violence; a struggle for supremacy v. To fight with; to oppose by force, argument, etc.; to contend against; to resist. v./n. 斗争;战斗;争斗(com共同+bat?共同打?战斗) 【真题连线】Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. (2008) 男性参战，要承受战争压力。 【同义】battle, conflict, fight bin, bi- two 两，二 bias /b'ɑ??s/ n./v. to incline to one side;to give a particular direction to; to influence; to prejudice n./v. 偏见, 偏爱(bi 二 + as 名词后缀?有两种观点?偏见) 【例句】The pianist has a bias in favour of Chopin. 这位钢琴家偏爱萧邦。 【同义】prejudice, oblique combine /k'ɑmbɑ?n/ v. to unite or join; to link closely together; to bring into harmonious union;to bind; to hold by a moral tie. v. (使)联合, (使)结合; n. 集团;联合企业(com共同+bin+e ?合二为一?联合) 【真题连线】The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. (2003) 10 强调搜集第一手资料，加上分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要 的社会科学。 【同义】blend, connect, join 【反义】depart 【派生】combination n. 结合, 联合, 合并, 化合, 化合物 bio, bi –life 生命，生物 biography /bɑ?'ɑgr?fi/ n . an account of the series of events making up a person's life n.传记 (bio + graphy写?写生命?传记) 【真题连线】They gather all the data they can，not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. (2007) 他们收集所有能够得到的数据，不仅是他们的表现数据，个人生活细节内容，还包括对于那些取得大成就的人的实验 研究结果。 【派生】biographical adj. 传记的 (ical 形容词后缀?写生命的?传记) autobiography n. 自传 (auto自己) biology /bɑ?'ɑl?d?i/ n. the science that studies living organisms n. 生物學 (bio+logy学科?生物学) 【真题连线】Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.(2002) 物理学和生物学的研究也曾使用类似的做法，只有在抛弃了这一做法之后它们才得以向前发展。 【派生】biologist 生物学家 Cas,cid-fall 落下，降临 casualty /k'æ??w?lti/ n. that which comes without design or without being foreseen; someone injured or killed in an accident n. 严重事故，伤亡，受害者(cas+ual形容词后缀+ty名词后缀?突然落下的事?事故) 【例句】There were dozens of casualties in the train crash. 在那次火车撞车事故中有数十人伤亡。 【同义】contingency incident /'?ns?d?nt/ adj. coming or happening accidentally; not in the usual course of things; not in connection with the main design; not according to expectation n.事件, 事变 ; adj. 附带的, 易于发生的 (in 内+cid +ent名词后缀?里面落下的东西?事件) 【真题连线】In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(2009) 前一种情况下教育带有偶然性，它在自然而然中发生，也很重要，但这并不是这种关系发生的明确理由。 11 【同义】occurrence 【派生】adj. incidental附带的, 伴随的; n. incidence 影响程度 coincide /k,o?ns'ɑ?d/ vi. to occur at the same time; to be contemporaneous vi.一致, 符合; 同时发生(co + in 进+cide 掉下?共同掉进来?巧合) 【真题连线】Can this merely be coincidence?(2004) 这难道只是一个巧合, 【同义】concur 【派生】adj. coincident 同时发生;符合 n. coincidence巧合;同时发生 cap, capt, cept, ceive, cip, cup – take, hold,seize 拿，抓，握住 captive /k'æpt?v/ n. made prisoner, especially in war; subdued by love; charmed n.俘虏, 被美色或爱情迷住的人adj.被俘的, 被迷住的 【真题连线】Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.(2003) 通常，铁路公司对这些“受牵制的”客户的收费要比有另一竞争对手时高20%~30%。 【同义】confined imprisoned jailed capture /k'æpt??/ n. to seize or take possession of by force, surprise, or stratagem; to overcome and hold; to secure by effort. n. 捕获, 战利品vt.俘获, 捕获, 夺取 (cap抓+ure名词后缀?俘虏) 【真题连线】While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.(2005) 在20世纪60年代以前，只受过一点儿教育的人在落笔写东西的时候也会唱高调，但自那以后，已有被看好的作品 都是力求使用英语口语。 【同义】secure conquer escape /?sk'ep/ vi. to flee, and become secure from danger n. vi.逃脱, 避开, 溜走 (es 向外+cap?逃跑) 【真题连线】I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.(2008) 生活中面临那么多的挫折，所以上学不断进步、做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。 【同义】evasion deceptive /d?s'?pt?v/ adj. causing one to believe what is not true or fail to believe what is true 12 adj. 欺骗性的(de坏+ cept +ive 形容词后缀?用不好的手段拿?欺骗性的) 【真题连线】They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.(2003) 他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应，以防止动物权利的误导言论畅行无阻从而给真理披上虚伪的外衣。 【同义】misleading concept /k'ɑns?pt/ n. an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances n.观念, 概念(con 共同+cept?共同拿到心里的东西?概念) 【真题连线】Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.(2003) 人类学分析十分倚重文化概念。 【反义】misconception 【同义】conception conceive /k?ns'iv/ vi. vt. to form in the mind; to plan; to devise; to generate; to originate; to receive into the womb and begin to breed vt.构思, 以为, 持有vi.怀孕, 考虑, 设想 ( con共同+ceive ?共同拿?构想) 【真题连线】soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania.(2007) 对足球狂热的父母更可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女。 【同义】believe consider perceive /p?s'iv/ vi. to obtain knowledge of through the senses; to receive impressions from by means of the bodily organs vt. 察觉v.感知, 感到, 认识到(pre前+ceive提前拿?感知) 【同义】comprehend 【派生】perception n. 理解 感知,感觉 【真题连线】What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented---and human perception far more complicated---than previously imagined.(2002) 在试图仿制思维的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中将近1000亿个神经细胞要比原来想象的更聪明，人类的感觉器官 也比原来想象的更复杂。 participant /pɑrt'?s?p?nt/ n. someone who takes part in an activity n.参与者, 共享者(part部分+i+cip+ant人?拿一部分的人?参与者) 【真题连线】A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.( 2003) 应组织各种不同的活动，以便让参加者能尽可能长时间地保持积极主动，并让他们能接着做其他事情而不感到内疚， 也不会让其他参加者感到失望。 【同义】player 13 recipient /r?s'?pi?nt/ n. a person who gets something n. 接受者; 感受者(re再+cip+ient名词后缀?容器) 【真题连线】Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. (2004) 就业面试名单、投票选举、会议发言或列席等诸多表格也都是按字母顺序排序，收到这些材料的人们费劲地翻阅，越 往后翻越没有兴趣。 preoccupation /pri,ɑkj?p'e??n/ n. an idea that preoccupies the mind and holds the attention n. 1. 全神贯注,入神2. 当务之急;使人全神贯注的事物(pre之前+occupation先占有?全神贯注) 【真题连线】According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. (2009) 据许多书籍及文章记载，新英格兰的领袖们在美国学术界中确立了正在发展、后来成为主流的清教传统的基本主题 和关注点。 【同义】engrossment absorption Cord-heart,心脏，一致 record /r?k'?rd/ vi. to sing or repeat a tune; to repeat; to recite vt. 记录, 标明, 将...录音 ; vi. 录音, 被录音(re表强调+cord?表强调放在心上?记录) 【真题连线】The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.(2006) 该剧院已经连续三年打破了上座率记录。 【同义】memorialize discord /d'?sk?rd/ n. lack of agreement or harmony v. be different from one another n. 不一致, 意见不合, 嘈杂声, [音乐] 不和谐; v. 不和 ( dis不+cord?不和) 【例句】These two answers are in discord. 这两个答案不一样。 【同义】disagree 【派生】discordance n.不调和, 不和 accord /?k'?rd/ vi. to agree; to correspond; to be in harmony;allow to have n. 一致, 符合, 调和, 协定; vt.一致, 给与 (ac=ad表强调+cord?一致) 【真题连线】Intellect, according to Hofstandter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. 14 按照霍夫斯 塔特的观点，才学不同天生的智力，它是一种我们不太情愿去赞赏的品质。 【同义】grant conformity 【派生】n. accordance camp – field campaign /kæmp'en/ n. An open field; a large, open plain without considerable hills; political operations preceding an election vt. run, stand, or compete for an office or a position n. 1. 运动2. 战役 vi. 1. 参加[发起]运动, 参加竞选 (camp+aign名词后缀?营地?战役) 【真题连线】For much of the past year, president Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.(2007) 在过去的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于将社会保障推广大成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或全部有保 障的退休金变成依靠于回报率的投资回报。 【同义】movement crusade ced, ceed, cess- go行走， 前进 ancestor /'æns,?st?/ n : someone from whom you are descended n.祖先(an=ante+cest=cess+or人?走在前面的人?祖先) 【真题连线】He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.(2009) 他注意到每个人都有许多祖先，仅几个世纪以前就有几百个之多。 【反义】descendant precede /pr?s'id/ vt. to go before in order of time; to occur first with relation to anything vt. & vi. 1. 在…之前发生(或出现);先于2. 走在…前面(pre预先+cede?预先走?在先) 【同义】lead 【真题连线】They wouldn't like a national agency agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.(2005) 但是，出于利益的驱使，他们又不得不与它打交道。 procedure /pr?s'id??/ n. the act or manner of proceeding or moving forward; progress; process; operation; conduct n. 过程, 步骤 程序, 手续; 议事[诉讼]程序 ;传统的做法; (外交、军事的)礼仪; 工艺规程(pro在前+ced +ure? 在前面走完的程序) 【真题连线】 But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay.(2009) 但是，不要白费力气试图戒除旧习惯;一旦这些惯有程序融进脑部，它们就会留在那里。 15 【同义】process excess /'?ks,?s/ n. the state of surpassing or going beyond limits; the being of a measure beyond sufficiency, necessity, or duty n. 过度, 剩于, 无节制, 超过, 超额; adj.过度的, 额外的( ex出+cess?走出，超出?) 【真题连线】One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. (2002) 另外一个不用因油价上升而失眠的原因是，与20世纪70年代的油价上涨不同，它不是在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求 过剩的背景影响下出现的。 【同义】extra redundant 【派生】excessive adj. 过多的, 过分的, 额外 access /'æks,?s/ n.a coming to, or near approach; admittance; admission n. 通路, 访问, 入门vt. 存取, 接近(ac=to +cess走过去?入口，入门) 【真题连线】The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality.(2008) 通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资金机构对此处行为表示质疑， 这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究夸果的权利成为现实。 【同义】approach 【派生】accessible adj. 易接近的, 可到达的; inaccessible adj. 达不到的, 难以接近(in否定前缀) cern,cert,cret, crep- sure, separate搞清，区别 ascertain /,æs?t'en/ vt. to render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. vt. 1. 弄清, 确定, 查明(as表强调+certain?确定) 【真题连线】When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes."(2003) 当被告知的确如此时，她回答道:“那么我不得不说“是的。” 【同义】assure certify /s'?t?f,ɑ?/ vt. provide evidence for; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; guarantee payment on; of checks; authorize officially vt. 证明; 证明合格; 授给执照(cert+ify动词后缀?弄清楚?证明) 【例句】Two witnesses must certify that this is your signature. 须有两个见证人证明这确是你的签字。 certificate /s?t'?f?k?t/ n. a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts n. 1. 证明书, 执照2. 文凭;结业证书;合格证书 (certify +icate名词后缀?证明的东西?证书) 16 【真题连线】If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.(2007) 如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的怪现象。 cid, cis – cut, kill 切开，杀 decision /d?s'???n/ n. the act of deciding; act of settling or terminating, as a controversy, by giving judgment on the matter at issue n. 1. 决定, 决心, 判断2. 果断, 坚决3. 决议, 结果(de表强调+cis + ion名词后缀) 【真题连线】Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job.(2009) 尽管这个问题目很有意思，但与主题无关。那篇文章的主题是解释环境内外如何对萨米决定放弃工作产生影响。 【同义】determination 【反义】indecisive 【派生】decisive adj. 1. 决定性的2. 坚定的, 果断的 ; decisiveness n. 果断性 homicide /h'ɑm?s,ɑ?d/ n. the killing of one human being by another n.杀人犯( homi人+cide ?杀人) 【真题连线】We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. (2002) 我们不能称那些死亡为谋杀是因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。 precise /pr?s'ɑ?s/ adj. sharply exact or accurate or delimited adj. 精确的, 准确的(pre 预先+cise ?预先切好?精确的) 【同义】accurate exact 【派生】precision n.精确，精确度(precis+ion名词后缀) 【真题连线】There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist.(2009) 纽约大学社会学家特洛伊达斯特说:“那些宣称可以做血统检测的人在散播一种 虚假的准确性。” civ –citizen 公民 civil /s'?v?l/ adj. of or occurring within the state or between or among citizens of the state; not rude adj. 1. 公民的, 平民的; 2. 民事的, 民法的3. 文明的, 有教养的(civ+il形容词后缀?市民的) 【真题连线】We will have a less civil society.(2004) 我们的社会将不再那么文明。 【同义】polite 【反义】uncivil 17 civilize /s'?v?l,ɑ?z/ vt. train to be discriminative in taste or judgment; to reclaim from a savage state vt. 1. 使文明, 使开化(civil 市民?文明+ize动词后缀?文明化) 【真题连线】Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. (2004) 该书的主人公逃避教化——不上学和不学习读书写字——因此他才得以保住善良的天性。 【同义】educate cultivate 【派生】civilization n. 文明 claim, clam – cry out, shout 呼喊， 叫喊 acclaim /?kl'em/ vi. to applaud ; to shout vt. 1. 向…欢呼, 向…喝彩2. 称赞…3. 欢呼或拥戴(某人)为… n. 热烈欢迎或赞同; 称赞(ac表强调+claim?喊出来?叫喊) 【例句】His achievements earned him the acclaim of the scientific community. 他的成就赢得了科学界的赞誉。 【同义】hail applaud 【派生】acclamation n. 欢呼 proclaim [pr?'kleim] vt. to make known by public announcement; to give wide publicity to vt. 宣布, 声明, 显示, 显露(pro 在前+claim?在前面喊?公布) 【真题连线】Hofstadter says our country‘s educational system is in the grips of people who ―joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.‖ (2004) 霍夫斯塔特说我们国家的教育体系掌握在这样一些人手中，他们“毫不掩饰自已对知识人的憎恶，对学习成绩同差 的学生表现出极大的认同，并且对自已的立场颇为得意”。 【同义】exclaim 【派生】proclamation n.宣告;宣言(pro在前+claim + ation名词后缀) clear, clar-clear 清楚，明白 clarity /kl'?r?ti/ n. clearness; brightness; splendor n. 1. 清楚, 明晰, 清澈2. 清晰的思维(或理解)能力 ( clar+ity名词后缀?清楚) 【例句】Clarity of diction is vital for a public speaker. 发音清晰对演说家至关重要。 【反义】obscureness declare /d?kl'?r/ v. to make clearly known or announce officially; to show, reveal, or manifest vt. 1. 宣布, 宣告; 声明2. 断言, 宣称, 表明(de向下+clare清楚 ?向下说清楚 ?宣告) 18 【同义】pronounce announce 【派生】declaration (declare + ation名词后缀) 【真题连线】Straitford‘s briefs don‘t sound like the usual Washington back-and –forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. (2003) 司特雷福布公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局常常提供的躲闪的言辞，政府机构往往避免发布引人注目的言论， 因为这些言论可能出错。 clos, clus, club –close 关闭 disclose /d?skl'oz/ vt. to make (information) known ;to allow to be seen; lay bare vt. 1. 说出, 表明2. 揭露, 揭开3. 使显露;使暴露 (dis 打开 + close ?把关闭的东西打开) 【真题连线】Meanwhile. the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America， disclosed on June 17th. overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. (2006) 同时6月17日公布的美国大约4千万信用卡帐户信息失窃事件让一天前美国联邦贸易委员会公布的一个重要决定黯然失 色，该决定通知美国公司如果不能提供充分的数据安全保障，就会按章惩罚。 【同义】uncover reveal 【反义】conceal conclude /k?nkl'ud/ vi. 1. to come to a termination; to make an end; to close; to end; to terminate 2. to form a final judgment; to reach a decision. vi. 结束, 终止, 决定, 作出结论 vt. 推断, 断定, 缔结, 议定(con全部+clude全部关掉?结束) 【真题连线】Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so.(2003) 有学者认为，由于政府资源有限，对于超过一定年龄的人——比如83岁左右——不应该提供医疗费用以延长其生命了。 【同义】infer assume; terminate 【派生】conclusion n. 结束, 缔结, 结论 ( conclu + sion 名词后缀) conclusive adj. 确实的, 最后的, 决定性的 ( sive 形容词后缀) exclude /?kskl'ud/ vt. 1. prevent from being included or considered or accepted 2. prevent from entering; shut out vt. 拒绝接纳, 把...排除在外, 排斥(ex 出 + clude ?关出去?排除) 【真题连线】This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals----the average scientist for one.(2006) 这一定义将许多通常被称为知识分子的人排除在外，那些普通科学家便宜是其中之一。 19 【同义】omit 【反义】include 【派生】exclusive adj. 排外的, 孤高的, 唯我独尊的, 独占的, 唯一的 preclude /pr?kl'ud/ vt. 1. keep from happening or arising; have the effect of preventing; 2. make impossible, especially beforehand vt. 排[消]除, 预防; 阻止, 妨[阻]碍 (pre 预先 + clude ?预先关好?预防) 【同义】prevent 【真题连线】All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.(2007) 这些活动会妨碍重要的沟通和思考能力的发展，孩子在未来大多数工作都需要的持续的注意力方面的发展很困难。 【派生】preclusion n.排除, 阻止 (preclu + sion 名词后缀) cogn – know 知道 recognize /r'?k?gn,ɑ?z/ vt. to perceive (a person, creature, or thing) to be the same as or belong to the same class as something previously seen or known; know again; to accept or be aware of (a fact, duty, problem, etc vt. 1. 认出, 识别出某人[某事物]2. 承认…有效[属实]; 认可3. 承认[认清](某事物); 认识到4. 察觉;意识到 (re 再 +cogn + ize 使动用法 ?再次知道?认出来) 【真题连线】The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.(2007) 几个世纪以来，欧洲的大学一直认为法学是一门基本学科。 【同义】acknowledge 【派生】recognition n.赞誉, 承认, 重视, 公认, 赏识 cognition /kɑgn'???n/ n. the act of knowing; knowledge; perception n. 1. 〈哲〉认识; 认识力(cogn + ition名词后缀) 【同义】knowledge 【派生】cognitive adj. 认知的, 认识的, 有感知的 【真题连线】This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.(2007)这次成功，连同后来证明“ 记忆本身不是遗传决定的”研究，使得埃里克森得出结论——记忆过程是一种认知练习，不是一种本能练习。 cracy, cra –rule 统治或政体; crat = ruler统治者 democracy /d?m'ɑkr?si/ n. government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained and directly exercised by the people. n. 民主政治, 民主主义(demo 人民+ cracy ?民主) 20 【真题连线】 Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.(2004) 如果孩子们缺乏批评性思考的能力，不能为自己的想法进行辩护，不能理解他人的观念，那么他们就不能充分地 参与我们的民主。 【派生】democratic adj. 民主的, 民主主义的 bureaucracy /bj?r'ɑkr?si/ n. a system of carrying on the business of government by departments or bureaus, each under the control of a chief, in contradiction to a system in which the officers of government have an associated authority and responsibility n. 1. 政府机构2. 官僚主义, 官僚作风3. 官僚体制;实行官僚体制的国家 (burea政府机构 + cracy ? 官僚统治) 【真题连线】Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs , bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources ,work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.(2005) 由现在每个省指定自己的药物清单，有自己的机构、程序和有议价能力这种情况改为资源共享，一同与渥太华合作 创建一个国家机构。 【派生】bureaucrat n. 官僚(bureau政府机构 + crat) autocracy /?t'ɑkr?si/ n. independent or self-derived power; absolute or controlling authority; supremacy. n. 独裁政治 (auto 自己 + cracy) 【例句】It has been a drastic change from autocracy to democracy. 从专权政治到民主政治，确实有很大的改变。 【同义】autarchy 【反义】democracy cre, creas –grow, make 增长，产生 creative /kri'et?v/ adj. having the power to bring into being adj. 创造性的( cre+ ate 动词后缀 ? 增长 ? 创造) 【真题连线】Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.(2004) 知识是精神世界中的批评、创造和沉思的一面。 【同义】originative decrease /d?kr'is/ vi. to grow less n. 减少, 减少之量 ;v. 减少 (de 向下+ crease 增长 ?向下增加?减少) 【反义】increase 【真题连线】Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 percent!(2005) 魁北克省的药物保险基金会发现药物支出费用猛增，每年的增幅由14.3%上升至26.8%。 21 concrete /k?nkr'it/ adj. relating to a particular instance or object; specific as opposed to general n. a construction material made of a mixture of cement, sand, stone, and water adj. 1. 实体的, 有形的2. 确实的, 明确的, 确定的3. 混凝土制的4. 具体的;实际的，实在的 n. 1. 混凝土2. 具体物;具体情况;具体概念 vi. 1. 凝固，固结，变坚固( con 共同 + crete =cre 制造?共同制造?混凝土) 【真题连线】Thus, the anthropological concept of ―culture,‖ like the concept of ―set‖ in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003) 因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。 【同义】substantial solid 【反义】abstract cri, cris – judge, discern 判断，分辨 critical /kr'?t?k?l/ adj 1: marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws;urgently needed; absolutely necessary adj. 批评的，决定性的，危险的，挑剔的; 临界的(crit +ical形容词后缀?批判的) 【真题连线】Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.(2004) 知识是精神世界中的批评、创造和沉思的一面。 【同义】crucial urgent criticism /kr'?t?s,?z?m/ n. disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings; a serious examination and judgment of something n. 批评，评论 ，评论性的文章(critic + ism表思想，流派) 【真题连线】Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.(2005) 将责任推到放任的20世纪60年代不足为奇，然而这不是对于教育衰退的另一场批判。 【反义】praise criteria /krɑ?t'?ri?/ n. a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated n. 标准，尺度(crit +eria 名词后缀?作出判断的依据?标准) 【真题连线】It‘s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.(2004) 这是一种具有交互功能的搜索工具，访问者只需键入自己的求职标准，诸如地点，职务和薪水。当数据库中有了合 适的职位，系统就会将这些求职需求以电子邮件的形式发送出去。 【同义】standard 22 cur – care关心 curious /kj'?ri?s/ adj. beyond or deviating from the usual or expected ; eager to investigate and learn or learn more adj. 好奇的，奇特的 (cur +ious 形容词后缀?关心的，好奇的) 【真题连线】Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(2003) 人类善于思考，又善于创造，拥有永不满足的好奇心。 【同义】queer odd 【派生】curiosity secure /s?kj'?r/ adj. free from fear or doubt; easy in mind; vt. get by special effort adj. 无虑的，安心的，安全的; vt. 固定，获得，使 ... 安全(se分开 + cure ?不关心，不担忧?安全的) 【真题连线】During the past generation，the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.(2007) 在上一代人中，曾经仰仗勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。 【同义】acquire obtain 【派生】security accurate /'ækj??t/ adj. in exact or careful conformity to truth, or to some standard of requirement adj. 准确的，精确的 (ac 表强调 + cur +ate形容词后缀?表强调关心，弄精确为止) 【同义】precise exact 【反义】inaccurate 【派生】accuracy n. 准确性;精确;准确度(accur+acy名词后缀?正确) 【真题连线】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy---far greater precision than highly skilled 由于电子学和微型机械仪器的不断微型化，现在已出现了一些机器人可以进行精确到严毫米的脑部和骨科手术， 其精确水平远远超过过了技术娴熟的医生用双手所能达到的水平。 cur,curs,cours – run 跑， 发生 current /k'??nt/ n. a flow of electricity through a conductor; a steady flow n. (水、气、电)流，趋势 adj. 流通的，现在的，最近的 ( curr +ent形容词后缀?跑的?流动的) 【真题连线】They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the ―shifting baseline‖. (2006) 他们相信这些资料支持目前在海洋生物学家中流行的一种观点，就是“动态捕捞取基线”的观点。 23 【同义】present stream 【反义】noncurrent 【派生】currency n. 流传，货币; currently 当前地，通常地 concur /k?nk'?/ v. be in accord; be in agreement; happen simultaneously v. 意见相同，一致，互助 【例句】The brothers rarely concur on any issues. 他们兄弟在任何问题上都很少有一致的意见。 【同义】coincide 【派生】concurrent adj. 同时的，共同的(concur +rent?同时的) incur /?nk'?/ v. make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to ; receive a specified treatment vt. 招致，蒙受 (in进入 +cur?跑进来?招惹) 【例句】I incurred his dislike from that day on. 从那天起我便惹他讨厌。 【同义】receive 【派生】incursion n. 侵入(incur +sion名词后缀) occur /?k'?/ vi. come to pass; come to one's mind vi. 出现，存在，发生，想到(oc 反复 + cur?反复跑?发生) 【真题连线】If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(2008) 如果当时有一个相关的重要想法，将它写进草稿里。 【同义】happen 【派生】occurrence n. 发生，事件，发现 recur /r?k'?/ v. happen or occur again; return in thought or speech to something v. 回到，重现，再来 (re 再次 +cur?再次跑来重现) 【真题连线】Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams .(2005) 卡特赖特认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩耗的重演。 【同义】repeat excursion /?ksk'???n/ n. a journey taken for pleasure; wandering from the main path of a journey n. 远足，短途旅行(ex 出 +curse?跑出去+ion名词后缀?远足) 【真题连线】Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.(2003) 科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。 24 【同义】journey tour 【派生】excursive adj. 游览的，离题的，散漫的 (ex +curs +ive ?思想跑出去，离题的) dict, dic – say, assert，说话，断言 dictate /d?kt'et/ n. an authoritative rule ; a guiding principle vt. issue commands or orders for vi. 听写; vt. 口述，口授 ; n. 命令，指挥，指令(dict 说话 +ate动词后缀?口授，命令) 【同义】prescribe order 【真题连线】George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.(2002) 波士顿大学分健康卫生法系主任乔治安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目标的开药，那么即使服用此药会 加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。 【反义】submit 【派生】dictation n. 听写， 口述 contradict /k,ɑntr?d'?kt/ vt. deny the truth of; be resistant to vt. 反驳，与 ... 矛盾(contra反 + dict ?反说?反驳) 【例句】The eyewitness contradicted earlier testimony. 目击者驳斥了早些时提出的证词。 【同义】refute deny 【反义】acknowledge 【派生】contradiction n. 反驳，矛盾; contradictory adj. 矛盾的 predict /pr?d'?kt/ v. tell in advance; indicate by signs v. 预知，预言，预报，预测 (pre预先 + dict ?预言) 【真题连线】Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.(2003) 上周，他的公司正在从远在世界的各个遥远的角落收集零散的信息，并预测在乌克兰将发生一场子危机。 【同义】foretell forecast 【派生】prediction n. 预言;预告(predict + ion名词后缀) dedicate /d'?d?k,et/ vt. give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause vt. 献出，提献辞，致力于 (de表强调 + dic 说 +ate 动词后缀?反复说?致力于) 【真题连线】After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? (2006) 25 那些几乎完全为了描写快乐的现代表现方式到底是什么呢, 【同义】devote 【派生】dedication n. 奉献 addict /?d'?kt/ n. a person who is devoted to something vb. to cause (someone or oneself) to become dependent (on something, esp a narcotic drug) n. 1. 有…瘾的人2. 入迷的人 vi. 1. 使沉溺，使醉心，使成瘾( ad表强调 + dict说?说了还说?沉溺) 【真题连线】Now he is suing the casino ,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. (2006) 现在他正在起诉这条赌船，控告它既然早知道他已经赌博上瘾，就应该阻止他继续光顾赌船。 【同义】hook 【派生】addiction n. 沉溺; addictive adj. 上瘾的，成瘾的; addicted adj. 沉溺于某种嗜好中的 verdict /v'?d?kt/ n. (law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment n. [律](陪审团的)裁决, 判决, 判断, 定论, 结论 ( ver 真实 + dict ? 说真话?裁决) 【真题连线】Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. (2001)人们开始关注:(接受报酬)可能会鼓励证人在法庭上夸大他们经历的事情，以保证(陪审团对被告)作出有罪的裁决。 du,dub,doub – two双，二 dubious /d'ubi?s/ adj. uncertainty or doubt adj. 可疑的, 不确定的(dub + ious?二种状态?不肯定，怀疑) 【例句】I am dubious about accepting the offer of the job. 我犹豫不定是否接受提供给我的那份工作。 【同义】questionable, uncertain doubtful /d'ɑ?tf?l/ adj. open to suspicion adj. 可疑的, 不确的, 疑心的(doubt 二种状态?怀疑+ful 形容词后缀) 【例句】I'm doubtful whether she's still alive. 我怀疑她是否还健在。 【同义】dubious， suspect 【派生】doubtless adj. 无疑的, 确定的(doubt + less形容词后缀) undoubtedly adv. 无庸置疑地, 的确地 duc, duct,duce – lead, bring 引导，带来 conduct /k?nd'?kt/ n. 1. manner of acting yourself 2. (behavioral attributes) the way a person behaves toward other people 26 v. direct the course of; manage or control n. 行为, 操行 ; v. 引导, 管理, 为人, 传导(con共同 + duct?引导大家一起做?指挥) 【真题连线】Nevertheless Williams‘s suit charged that the casino ,knowing he was ―helplessly addicted to gambling‖intentionally worked to ―love‖ him to ―engage in conduct against his will‖ well.(2006) 然而，威廉姆 斯的诉状指出赌场子明明知道他无可救地沉溺于赌博博，却故意引诱他做出违背自己意愿的作为。 【同义】behavior 【派生】conductor n. 管理者; 领队;指挥(conduct + or人) adduce /?'dju:s/ vt. advance evidence for vt. 引证, 举出(例证、理由、证据)(ad +duce引导?表强调引导?举例说明) 【例句】I could adduce several reasons for his strange behaviour. 对他的奇怪行为, 我能提出几点原因。 【同义】testify deduce /d?d'us/ vt. to obtain or arrive at as the result of reasoning vt. 推论, 演绎出(de向下 + duce 引?向下引?推论) 【真题连线】IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut， and to deduce numerical sequences，among other similar tasks.(2007) 进行智商测试时，你要做的题目有词语类比，图形类比，想象一些纸张被折叠，剪切后的形状，演绎数字序列， 以及其他类似的项目。 【同义】elicit reason 【派生】deduction n. n. 减除; 推论, 演绎 induce /?nd'us/ vt. cause to arise To lead in; to introduce vt. 劝诱, 促使, 导致, 引起, 感应(in进入 + duce?引进去?诱导) 【真题连线】 But particularly when viewed against America‘s turbulent past, today‘s social induces hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. (2006) 但是与美国动荡漾过去相比，这些社会指标说明美国的社会环境不会变黑暗，也没有在恶化。 【同义】cause stimulate 【派生】induction n. 感应, 感应现象, 归纳 productive /pr?d'?kt?v/ adj. bringing into being; causing to exist; producing adj. 生产性的, 生产的, 能产的, 多产的(pro向前 + duct引出来东西?产品+ive形容词后缀?多产的) 【真题连线】Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. (2009) 只有当人类开始以一种更富有成效的方式来获得食物的时候，才有时间从事其他活动。 【同义】fertile 27 【派生】productivity n. 生产力(ivity名词后缀) Emper,imper – command 命定，统治 imperial /?mp'?ri?l/ adj.relating to or associated with an empire adj. 皇帝的(imper帝国 + ial 形容词后缀) 【例句】By then Britain as an imperial power had declined. 到那时,英国作为一个帝国已经衰落. 【同义】royal imperative /?mp'?r?t?v/ n. a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior adj. expressive of command; containing positive command; authoritatively or absolutely directive n. 命令, 诫命, 需要, , 祈使语气 adj. 命令的, 强制的, 紧急的(imper + ative形容词后缀?命令的) 【真题连线】Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(1999) 社会科学研究的方法必须改变适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。 【同义】urgent equ, equi – equal, even相等，平均 equality /?kw'ɑl?ti/ n. the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status n. 等同性, 同等, 平等, 相等, 等式(equal + ity名词后缀?平等) 【真题连线】The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian，valuing equality of everything. (2007) 独立国家早期领导者们的理想通常用是平等主义，重视一切平等主义。 【同义】equivalence evenness 【派生】equate vt. 使相等(equ + ate动词后缀) equation n. 相等, 平衡(equal + ity名词后缀) adequate /'æd?kw?t/ adj. (sometimes followed by `to') meeting the requirements especially of a task adj. 适当的, 足够的(ad表强调 + equ + ate形容词后缀?足够) 【同义】decent 【派生】inadequate adj. 不充分的, 不适当的(in不) adequacy n. 适当, 足够(ad表强调 + equ + acy?数量相等了再增加?足够) 【真题连线】To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate.(2005) 为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。 28 ex, extr(e), exter – out出去 exotic /?gz'ɑt?k/ adj. being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world adj. 异国情调的, 外来的, 奇异的(exot =ex + ic 形容词后缀) 【真题连线】Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from ―exotic‖ language, were not always so grateful.(2005) 然而，本世纪初的其他语言学家对于研究来自于异族语言的奇异数据并不感兴趣，对两位先驱并无感激之情。 【同义】alien extra /'?kstr?/ n. a minor actor in crowd scenes adj. further or added adv. unusually or exceptionally adj. 额外的, 不包括在价目内的, 特大的, 特佳的 ; adv. 特别地, 非常, 另外 ;n. 额外的人(或物)(extr + a 形容词后缀) 【真题连线】But today，a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. (2007) 但现在，家庭财产的损失再也不可能通过呆在家里的配偶的额外收入弥补了。 【同义】unusually extreme /?kstr'im/ adj. of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity n. the furthest or highest degree of something adj. 尽头的, 极端的, 极度的, 偏激的, 最后的;n. 极端, 极端的事物(extr + eme表最高级?超出最高级别?极端的) 【真题连线】Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. (2003) 如果托运人感到他们被多收费，他们有权上诉到联邦政府的“地面运输系统”以争取价格下调。但这个过程耗财、 耗时，并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。 【同义】intense 【派生】extremness n.极端(extrem + ness名词后缀) fac, fact, fect, fic, fig =make, do做，制作 artificial /,ɑrt?f'???l/ adj.contrived by art rather than nature adj. 人造的, 假的, 非原产地的(art艺术，技巧 + fic 做?用技巧做出的?人工的) 【真题连线】 Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.(2002) 实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。 【同义】fictitious 29 manufacture /m,ænj?f'ækt??/ n. the organized action of making of goods and services for sale vt. put together out of components or parts vt. 制造, 加工 ; n. 制造, 制造业, 产品(manu +fact 做+ure名词或动词后缀?用手做?制造) 【真题连线】Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (2006) 与其他人一样，他们会在完成自己的日常任务时遇到道路德问题——他不应该伪造实验，捏造证据，修改#实验报告#。 【同义】fabricate construct 【派生】manufacturer n. 制造商 affect /?f'?kt/ n. the conscious subjective aspect of feeling or emotion vt. have an effect upon vt. 影响, 感动, 侵袭, 假装 n. 情感，感情(af使 +fect?使人做?影响) 【真题连线】Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.(2008) 对人类和动物的研究都显示出性激素在某种程度上影响对待压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的 女性比男性产生更多的触礁发性化学物。 【同义】impress impact 【派生】affected adj. 受到影响的, 受(疾病)侵袭的, 假装的, 做作的(affect影响 + ed 形容词后缀?被影响的?被感动的) affection n. 友爱, 爱情, 影响, 疾病, 倾向(affect + ion名词后缀?感动?感情) affective adj. 情感的, 表达感情的(affect感动 + ive表示主动的形容词?令人感动的) affectionate adj. 亲爱的, 挚爱的(affection感情 + ate形容词后缀) effect /?f'?kt/ vt.cause to happen or occur n.a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon n. 结果, 效果, 作用, 影响, (在视听方面给人流下的)印象 vt. 招致, 实现, 达到(目的等)(ef出 +fect?做出来?生效;效果) 【真题连线】In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.(2002) 在欧洲，税金在汽油零售价的比例高达五分之四，因此，及时原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的 影响也不会像过去那么显著。 【同义】 impression 【派生】effective adj. 有效的, 被实施的 infect /?nf'?kt/ vt.communicate a disease to 30 vt. [医] 传染, 感染(in进入 + fact?在内部做?传染进去) 【派生】infection n. 传染, 传染病 disinfected adj. 已消毒的(disinfect + ed形容词后缀) infectious adj. 传染的，传染性的(infect + ious 形容词后缀) 【真题连线】At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.(2008) 在20世纪初期，营养不良和儿童传染病毒妨碍了人们身体的增长。 perfect /p?f'?kt/ n.a tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed (sometimes regarded as perfective aspect) vt.make perfect or complete adj.being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish n. 完成式 adj. 完美的, 全然的, 理想的, 正确的, 熟练的, 精通的完成式的 vt. 使完美, 修改, 使熟练(per全部 + fect?全部做完?完美的) 【真题连线】Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study.(2005) 这些特性使它们成为布罗斯斯文.文南博士和德瓦尔士博士理想的研究对象。 【派生】perfection n. 尽善尽美 efficient /?f'???nt/ adj. being effective without wasting time or effort or expense adj. (直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的(ef 出 + fic +ent?能做出事来?有效率的) 【同义】effective 【派生】inefficient adj.效率低的，无能的 (in不 + efficient) efficiency n. 效率;功效(efficient + cy名词后缀) 【真题连线】With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. (2003)因特网上与求职相关的网址数以千计，寻找可能的职业空缺费时效率又低。 proficient /prɑf'???nt/ adj. having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude adj. 精通的, 熟练的(pro前 + fic + ient?以前做过?熟练的) 【真题连线】The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.(2006) 移民的子女几乎都说两种语言，且精通英语。 【同义】adept competent 【派生】proficiency n.熟练，精通(pro + fic + iency名词后缀) suffice /s?f'ɑ?s/ vb. to be adequate or satisfactory for (something) vi. 1. 足够,足以 ; vt. 1. 满足…的需要(suf在下面 + fice?在下面先做好?充足) 31 【同义】adequate 【派生】sufficient adj. 足够的; 充足的(suf在下面 + fic 形容词后缀?充足的) Insufficient adj 不足的;不恰当的 ( in不 + sufficient) 【真题连线】This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.(2009)这种越来越高的教育水平可能是必要的，但决 不是领导先进的经济成就所要求的复杂政治体系的充分条件。 profit /pr'ɑf?t/ n. the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses) vt. derive benefit from n. 利润, 益处, 得益; vi. 得益, 利用; vt. 有益于, 有利于(pro前 + fit做?先做的好处?有益于) 【真题连线】The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.(2008) 澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰霍克顿以及经合组织的格雷姆维科瑞共同撰写了该报告，报告将令那些目前为止获益颇 丰的出版商感到心情沉重。 【派生】profitable adj. 有利可图的,赢利的; 有益的,有好处的(profit + able形容词后缀?有利润的) fiction /f'?k??n/ n. a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact2. a deliberately false or improbable account n. 虚构, 编造, 小说(fict + ion名词后缀?制作出的故事?小说) 【真题连线】And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. (2002) 如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的的幻想，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。 【派生】fictious adj. 假想的, 编造的, 虚伪的 fer – bring, carry带来，拿来 fertile /f'?t?l/ adj. capable of reproducing adj. 肥沃的, 富饶的, 能繁殖的(fert=fer+ile?能带来粮食?肥沃的) 【真题连线】The aswan Dam, for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods Left——all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.(1998) 以阿斯旺大坝为例， 它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来 的是这么一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。 【同义】productive 【派生】fertility n. 肥沃, 丰产(fertile + ity名词后缀) fertilize vt. 施肥, 使丰饶(fertile + ize动词后缀?施肥带来粮食) confer /k?nf'?/ vt. have a conference in order to talk something over; present; compare (used in texts to point the reader to another location 32 in the text) vt. 授予(称号、学位等), 赠与, 把...赠与, 协议 v. 协商, 交换意见(con共同 +fer?共同带来观点?协商) 【真题连线】That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. (2002) 这种创造欲望导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。 【同义】bestow 【派生】conference n. 会议, 讨论会(ence名词后缀) conferment n. 给予(ment为名词后缀) defer /d?f'?/ vt. hold back to a later time vi. 推迟, 延期, 听从, 服从 vt. 使推迟, 使延期(de表强调 + fer?强调带来所有的东西?所以延期) 【同义】postpone submit 【派生】deference n. 顺从(defer + ence名词后缀) 【真题连线】There is ―the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference‖ characteristic of popular cultrue.(2006) 这就是民主化的着装和言谈，并且还有种随意和缺乏尊重感，这些成了通俗文化的特性。 differentiate /d,?f?'?n?i,et/ vt. 1. mark as different ; be a distinctive feature, attribute, or trait ; become distinct and acquire a different character v. 区别, 区分(dif分开 + fer +ent 形容词后缀 + iate?不同化) 【例句】It is wrong to differentiate between pupils according to their family background. 按家庭出身区别对待学生做法是错误的。 【同义】distinguish 【反义】integrate infer /?nf'?/ vt. reason by deduction; establish by deduction ; draw from specific cases for more general cases v. 推断( in进入 + fer?从里面出来的意义?推断) 【真题连线】Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out ,providing clues for inferring duration.(1995) 显然， 遗忘记有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡忘，新的记忆往往就突出， 从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。 【同义】deduce 【派生】inference n. 推论 (infer + ence名词后缀) inferable adj. 能推理的, 能推论的(able形容词后缀) prefer /pr?f'?/ 33 vt. like better; value more highly vt. 更喜欢, 宁愿 (pre预先 + fer?先拿?更喜欢) 【同义】favor 【派生】preference n.偏爱, 优先选择(ence名词后缀) preferable adj. 更可取的, 更好的 【真题连线】While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. (2007) 律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。 refer /r?f'?/ vt. have to do with or be relevant to; think of, regard; seek information from vt. 提交, 谈及, 归诸于, 指点把...提交, 使求助于 vi. 提到, 涉及, 查阅, 咨询( re再次 + fer?再次带来?提到) 【真题连线】If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. (2002) 如果你在和一群经理们交谈，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作缺乏条理;相反，如果你和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论他们 老板杂乱的工作方式。 【同义】denote 【派生】referable adj. 归咎于..., 可交付的(able形容词后缀) reference n. 提及，涉及;参考 referee n. 仲裁人, 调解人 transfer /trænsf'?/ n. the act of transporting something from one location to another vt. to convey from one place or person another; to transport,remove n. 迁移, 移动, 传递, 转移, 调任, 转帐, 过户, 转让 vt. 转移, 调转, 调任, 传递, 转让, 改变 vi. 转移, 转学, 换车(trans 交换 + fer?交换带走?转移) 【真题连线】NBaC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. (2005) NBaC的成员明确表示，他们呼吁由私人提供资金的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核转移去克隆人。 【同义】shift transplant 【派生】transferable adj. 可转移的, 可转换的, 可传递 firm坚定 infirm /?nf'?m/ adj. lacking physical strength or vitality; weak and feeble adj. 弱的, 不坚固的, 柔弱的(in不+firm?虚弱) 34 【真题连线】Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.(2003) 有人引用科罗拉多州长理查德拉 姆的话:年老体弱者“有义务死去，并腾出位置”，让更年轻、更健康的人去发挥其潜能。 【同义】weak feeble affirm /?f'?m/ v. establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; to declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true v. 断言, 确认, 肯定(af表强调 + firm ?表强调坚定地说?证实) 【例句】He affirmed his loyalty to his country. 他声言忠于自己的国家。 【同义】confirm assert 【派生】affirmative adj. 肯定的(affirm + ative形容词后缀) confirm /k?nf'?m/ vt.establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; strengthen or make more firm vt. 确定, 批准, 使巩固, 使有效 v. 确认, (基督教中)给...行按手礼(con全部 + firm?全部坚定?确实) 【真题连线】It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. (2006) 俗话说，贤父知已子，但是如今男人可以提升自己的智慧，至少可以确认自己是孩子的父亲了。 【同义】affirm 【派生】confirmed adj. 证实的, 惯常的( confirm + ed形容词后缀) confirmation n. 证实, 确认(confirm + ation名词后缀) fin – end结束，范围 finite /f'ɑ?n,ɑ?t/ adj. bounded or limited in magnitude adj. 有限的, [数]有穷的, 限定的(fin + ite形容词后缀?有限的) 【真题连线】Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so. (2003) 有学者认为，由于政府资源有限，对于超过一定年龄的人——比如83岁左右——不应该提供医疗费用以延长其生命了。 【同义】bounded limited 【派生】infinite adj. 无穷的, 无限的, 无数的(in无) confine /k?nf'ɑ?n/ vt. prevent from leaving or from being removed; to close within bounds, limit or hold back from vt. 限制, 禁闭 ; n. 界限, 边界(con全部 + fine 限制?全限制?监禁) 【真题连线】In march 1998, a friend of Williams‘s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams‘s gamblers. (2006) 35 1998年三月，威廉姆斯的一个朋友在他不情愿意的情况下将他送入治疗中心，戒除赌瘾，并写信告知赌场威廉姆斯上 瘾的事实。 【同义】restrain 【派生】confined adj. 被限制的, 狭窄的 define /d?f'ɑ?n/ vt.give a definition for the meaning of a word; determine the essential quality of vt. 定义, 详细说明; 限定,規定 【真题连线】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. (2006) 我将知识份子定义为这样的人。他把用苏格拉底的方法思考 道德问题作为自己的主要责任和人生乐趣。 【同义】characterize 【派生】definition n. 定义 force, fort – strong 强大 reinforce /r,i?nf'?rs/ vt. to give added strength or support to; to give added emphasis to; stress, support, or increase vt. 1. 加固;使更结实2. 加强;充实;使更强烈3. 给…加强力量(或装备);使更强大(re再次 + in + force?再次增加力量) 【真题连线】Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. (2009) 迪尔凯姆认为宗教信仰能够在加强社会团结方面起作用。 【同义】strengthen intensify 【派生】reinforcement n. 1. 援军;增援警力2. (感情或思想等的)巩固,加强,强化 comfort /k'?mf?t/ n. a state of ease or well-being ; relief from affliction, grief, etc vb. to ease the pain of; soothe; cheer n. 1. 舒服;安逸;舒适2. 安慰;慰藉 vt. 1. 安慰;抚慰;宽慰2. 使得到慰藉;鼓舞(com共同 + fort 力量?一起给力量?安慰) 【真题连线】We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.(2005)我们无意识地养成了习惯，任由大脑自动操作，且不知不觉在熟悉的常规中感到轻松舒适。 【同义】assure console 【派生】 comfortable adj. 1. 愉快放松的;舒服的;安逸的2. 丰富的(able 为形容词后缀) uncomfortable adj. 不舒服的，不舒适的(un不) discomfort v. 使不安，不愉快(dis不) form – shape形状 formulate /f'?rmj?l,et/ vt. to put into or express in systematic terms; express in or as if in a formula; to devise 36 vt. 用公式表示, 明确地表达, 作简洁陈述 ;阐明 (form 形式+ula名词后缀?形式的东西?公式+ate动词后缀?用公式表示) 【真题连线】 The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.(2002) 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得以阐明，而环境内外在塑造和保持个体行为方面的选择 作用则才刚刚被告认识和研究。 【同义】express describe 【派生】formulation n. 明确的表达;阐明 conform /k?nf'?rm/ vt. 1. be similar, be in line with; 2. adapt or conform oneself to new or different conditions vt. 使一致, 使遵守, 使顺从; vi. 符合, 相似, 适应环境; adj. 一致的, 顺从的(con共同 + form?共同形式?一致) 【真题连线】 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians ,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the events of the past .(1999) 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并 对其做出解释。 【同义】adapt adjust 【派生】conformity n. 一致, 符合 inform /?nf'?rm/ vt. to give information to; tell ; to make conversant (with) vi. to give information regarding criminals, as to the police, etc vt. 1. 告诉, 通知2. 了解;熟悉3. 对…有影响 ; vi. 检举, 告密(in进 + form?进入形式?正式通知) 【真题连线】 In march 1998, a friend of Williams‘s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams‘s gambling problem.(2006) 1998年三月，威廉姆斯的一个朋友在他不情愿意的情况下将他送入治疗中心，戒除赌瘾，并写信告知赌场威廉 姆斯上瘾的事实。 【同义】report 【派生】information n. 通知;资料(ation名词后缀) informative adj. 情报的, 提供情报的, 见闻广博的 transform /trænsf'?rm/ vt. change or alter in form, appearance, or nature ; convert (one form of energy) to another vt. 转换, 改变, 改造, 使...变形 vi. 改变, 转化, 变换(trans 变换 + form?变形) 【真题连线】During the past generation， the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. (2007) 在上一代人中，曾经仰仗勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。 【同义】convert alter 37 【派生】transformation n. 转变，变形 uniformity /j,un?f'?rm?ti/ n.lack of diversity or variation n. 1. 一致;单调;无差异;无变化; 相同; 统一(uni 一个 + form?一种形状?一致的+ity名词后缀) 【真题连线】There is ―the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference‖ characteristic of popular culture .(2006) 美国社会呈现出“服饰和话语趋于平发化、一致化，自在随意和尊重缺失”通俗文化的特点。 【同义】consistency perform /p?f'?rm/ vt. to carry out or do (an action) ; to fulfil or comply with vt. & vi. 1. 执行; 履行2. 表演; 扮演; 工作(per 完全，彻底 + form形状 ?从头到尾做出形状?表演) 【真题连线】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy---far greater precision than highly skilled physicians 由于电子学和微型机械仪器的不断微型化，现在已出现了一些机器人可以进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨科手术，其精确水 平远远超过了技术娴熟的医生用双手所能达到的水平。 【同义】execute 【派生】performance n. 履行，执行;表演;性能(ance名词后缀) fus – pour 流，泻 confuse /k?nfj'uz/ vt.mistake one thing for another; be confusing or perplexing to; to make unclear vt. 搞乱, 使糊涂; 2. 混淆, 把…混同3. 混乱, 搞乱(con 共同 + fuse?流到一起?混合，混乱) 【真题连线】History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (2005) 历史和新闻的界线变混淆了，人们对于大众媒体的印象往往是一种怀疑和乐观情绪的结合。 【同义】mistake puzzle 【派生】confusion n. 困惑; 混乱 diffuse /d?fj'us/ vt. & vi. to scatter or cause to scatter; to spread or cause to spread in all directions vt. & vi. 1. (使)扩散, (使)弥漫, (使)传播2. (使)慢慢混合 【真题连线】Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.(2008) 爱尔活瑞茨 的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和技能之前找到方法去疏导它， 这一点很重要。 【同义】distribute 【派生】diffusion n.普及;弥漫 38 gl – light 光 glimpse /gl'?mps/ n. a brief or incomplete view vt. to catch sight of briefly or momentarily vt. 1. 瞥见2. 开始领悟到，开始认识到 n. 1. 一瞥, 一看2. 短暂的感受 【真题连线】But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.(2002) 但是人脑瞥一眼快速变化的场景，就能够迅速排除98%的不相干的信息，立即聚焦于蜿蜒的森林道路旁的一只猴子， 或者人群中的一张可疑的面孔上。 【同义】glance gloom /gl'um/ n. partial or total darkness; a dim or dark place; vt. to look sullen or depressed n. 1. 昏暗, 阴暗2. 忧郁, 沮丧, 失望(gl光 + oom隐约出现?隐隐不明的光) 【真题连线】So where are the headlines warning of gloom 那么这次警告人们大难临头的头条新闻又在哪里呢, 【同义】somberness dimness 【派生】gloomy adj.阴暗的，阴沉的，阴郁的(gl + oom + y 形容词后缀) gnos, gnor – know 知道 diagnosis /d,ɑ??gn'os?s/ n. the identification of diseases by the examination of symptoms and signs n. 1. 〈医〉诊断法; 诊断结论(dia通过 + gnos + is?通过身体知道?诊断) 【真题连线】Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.(2007) 现在一纸解雇通知书、一份病毒重诊断或夫妻离异都可能让一个稳定的中产家庭在几个月内变成新的贫困户。 ignore /?gn'?r/ vt. to fail or refuse to notice; disregard n. disregard vt. 1. 不顾, 不理, 忽视2. 对…不予理会3. 佯装未见;不予理睬(i不 + gnore 不知道?不理睬) 【真题连线】While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (2009) 我们很容易忽略在接触中我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成年人交往时，这种影响是不容易被忽略的。 【同义】disregard neglect 39 【派生】ignorant adj. 无知的，愚昧的;不知道(ant形容词后缀) ignorance n. 无知 grat, gree – pleasing 感激， 高兴 grateful /gr'etf?l/ adj. thankful for gifts, favours, etc; appreciative adj. 1. 感激的, 感谢(grate+ful形容词后缀) 【真题连线】Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from ―exotic‖ language, were not always so grateful.(2004) 然而，本世纪初的其他语言的部族或是消亡，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言，因而这些语言中有一些已经消失了。 【同义】thankful gratify /gr'æt?f,ɑ?/ vt. to satisfy or please vt. 1. 使高兴;使满意(grat + ify 使…,动词后缀?使人满足，高兴) 【真题连线】Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.(2009) 例如，为了保证从推翻强权中得到的好处，避免邪恶势力的影响，宗教团体出现了;为了满足人们的食欲，保持家庭 稳固，家庭生活开始了。成体系的劳动，很大程度上也是由于奴役他人产生的。 【同义】satisfy please 【派生】gratification n. 1. 满足;满意;喜悦2. 使人满意之事;可喜的事物 grav, grief, griev – heavy重 gravity /gr'æv?ti/ n. the force of attraction that moves or tends to move bodies towards the centre of a celestial body n. 1. 万有引力; 地心引力; 重力2. 严重性; 严肃, 庄严( grav + ity名词后缀?庄重) 【真题连线】Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars, plants and eventually, even humans. (1998) 数十亿年来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星、行星， 并最终甚至产生人类。 aggravate /'ægr?v,et/ vt. to make (a disease, situation, problem, etc) worse or more severe vt. 1. 使恶化, 使更严重2. 激怒, 使恼火(ag表强调 + grav + ate动词后缀?加重) 【例句】Ice water aggravated my toothache. 冰水使我的牙痛加重了。 【同义】anger 【派生】aggravation n. 更恶化,恼怒 grieve /gr'iv/ 40 vi. to feel or cause to feel great sorrow or distress vi. 1. 感到悲痛, 伤心, 悲伤 vt. 1. 使…伤心; 使悲伤; 使悲痛 【同义】sorrow 【派生】grievance n. 牢骚，苦水(griev 悲伤 + ance名词后缀?说悲伤的话?牢骚) 【真题连线】 Such behaviour is regarded as ―all too human‖, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. (2005) 这种行为被认为是“人之常用情”，它假定了其他动物没有这样高度发达的不满情绪。 her,hes – stick粘附 adhere /?dh'?r/ vi. to stick or hold fast; to be devoted (to a political party, cause, religion, etc); be a follower (of) vi. 1. 黏附, 附着2. 坚持, 支持(ad增加 + here?黏上) 【例句】There were several pages that adhered to each other. 有几页书粘连在一起了。 【同义】stick cling 【派生】adherent n. 皈依者，门徒 (adher + ent名词后缀?粘着;坚持的人) adhesive adj. 发粘的 (ive形容词后缀) cohere /k??h??/ vi. to hold or stick firmly together vi. 1. 黏合;联合,结合2. (指看法、推理等)前后一致,连贯(co共同 + here?共同粘?连贯) 【例句】The adornments do not cohere with the Basic design.装饰物与设计的基调不协调。 【同义】hang cling 【派生】cohesive adj. 粘合性的，有结合力的 coherent adj. 一致的，协调的(cohere + ent形容词后缀) inherent /?nh'?r?nt/ adj.existing as an inseparable part adj. 1. 固有的; 内在的(in 里面 + her +ent形容词后缀?天生连着?天赋的) 【真题连线】The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. (2009) 目前标准化测试主要强调分析法和程序法这两种方式，也就是说，我们中很少有人会本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。 【同义】intrinsic hesitate /h'?z?t,et/ vi.to hold back or be slow in acting; be uncertain vi. 1. 犹豫; 踌躇; 迟疑不决2. 顾虑 【真题连线】Do we think we‘re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly , 41 and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. (1995) 我们自以为害羞而优柔寡断吗,那么这种恐惧感便会使我们犹豫不决，行动迟缓，而且在确保安全无恙后才前进一步。 【同义】doubt delay 【派生】hesitation n.踯躅，犹豫 hum – earth土，地 humane /hjum'en/ adj. characterized by kindness, mercy, sympathy, etc adj. 1. 仁爱的,慈善的(hum + ane?大地是仁爱的) 【真题连线】Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.(2003) 科研机构应该对游人开放，向人们展示实验室里的动物得到人道的对待。 【反义】inhuman 【派生】humanity n. 人类，人性，人情(human +ity名词后缀) humble /h'?mb?l/ adj. near the ground; not high or lofty adj. 1. 谦逊的, 谦虚的2. (级别或地位)低下的, 卑微的(hum 土地 + ble形容词后缀?接近地面的?谦恭的) 【真题连线】As a nation, we may be over-funding the quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. (2003) 作为一个民族， 我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多， 而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上 花钱太少。 【同义】modest 【派生】humility n.谦让; 低下 humiliate /hjum'?li,et/ vt. to lower or hurt the dignity or pride of vt. 1. 羞辱;使丧失尊严(hum+iliate使..动词后缀?使人到地上?羞辱别人) 【同义】abase 【派生】humiliation n. 丢脸;羞辱;耻辱;蒙羞 【真题连线】Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues.(2004) 结果是他们能力欠佳，这是因为他们得到个人关注太少，在公众场 合说话时信心不足。这种歧视还在持续着。 integr –whole完整 integrate /'?nt?gr,et/ vt. to make or be made into a whole; incorporate or be incorporated vt. 1. 使结合成为整体2. 使一体化;使结合;使合并(常与with，into连用)3. 使完整;使完善(integr + ate动词后缀?使结合) 【真题连线】Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning. (2009) 42 这个理论的支持者将文化看做各综合部分的集合，它们一同发和用保证地系统的运转。 【同义】incorporate 【反义】 disintegrate 1. (使)破裂〔分裂, 粉碎〕;(使)崩溃 【派生】integration n. 1. 结合;整合;一体化 inter – 在内，在中间;相互 internal /?nt'?n?l/ adj. of, situated on, or suitable for the inside; inner ; coming or acting from within adj. 1. 内部的, 里面的2. 国内的, 内政的3. 体内的(inter在内 + nal形容词后缀?内在的) 【真题连线】Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999) 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。 【同义】interior 【反义】external interfere /,?nt?f'?r/ vi.to come between or in opposition; hinder; obstruct vi. 1. 干预; 调停2. 妨碍3. 干涉;干预;介入(inter相互 + fer带来 + ence名词后缀?干涉) 【真题连线】It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. (2000) 这就意味着，各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门以便提高产量并确保产品会得到最好的利用。 【同义】intervene hinder 【派生】interference n.干涉 ject-throw, cast投掷，扔 inject /?nd?'?kt/ vt. to introduce (a new aspect or element) vt. 1. (给…)注射(药物等)2. (给…)注射(液体)(in 进 + ject?扔进去?注射) 【真题连线】Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. (2002) 考虑一下你的谈话，挑出一些词汇和句子加以改动，并注入一些幽默。 【同义】infuse 【派生】injection n.. 1. 注射, (液体)注入，喷入 object /'ɑbd??kt/ n. a tangible and visible thing n. 1. 物体2. 对象; 客体3. 目标; 意向; 目的(ob 反 +ject?反着 【真题连线】First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (2006) 首先，我们要对研究对象进行定义。什么是知识分子, 43 【同义】aim target 【派生】objective adj. 客观的 真实的;n.目标，目的(ive形容词后缀) project /pr'ɑd??kt/ n. a proposal, scheme, or design vt. to propose or plan n.项目, 计划, , 课题; v. 投射，放映;设计，规划(pro 向前 +ject向前扔?目标; 项目) 【真题连线】Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. (2009) 一些公司使用的数据库里的数据并非系统性的采集而得，而是将不同研究项目的信息胡乱搜集在一起。 【同义】undertaking task 【派生】projection n. 投射;放映 reject /r?d?'?kt/ vt. to refuse to accept, acknowledge, use, believe, etc vt. 1. 拒绝, 驳回2. 舍弃, 排斥, 退掉(re回+ ject?扔回来?拒绝) 【真题连线】Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (2002) 如果这些问题目得不到解决，对行为技术的研究就会继续受到排斥，而解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。 【同义】refuse decline 【派生】rejection n. 拒绝(reject + ion名词后缀) judg, judic – judge判断 prejudge /prid?'?d?/ vt. to judge beforehand, esp without sufficient evidence v. 1. 预先判断(pre预先 +judge ?预先判断) 【例句】The most effective measure to guard against the ambush trial and prejudge in the criminal procedure are to establish the charge-statement-only doctrine and the count and also the disclosure of evidence in the criminal proceeding structure which are organic parts of the adversary ways of court trials. 在刑事诉讼中防止伏击审判和法官预断现象的最有效措施 ,是在刑事诉讼结构中确立起诉书一本主义、诉因制度和证 据展示制度 ,由上述三项诉讼制度所构筑的公诉方式是抗辩制庭审形式不可或缺的有机组成部分。 【派生】prejudgement n. 预先判断 judicial /d?ud'???l/ adj. of or relating to the administration of justice adj. 1. 司法的, 法庭的, 审判的2. 明断的, 公正的(judic 判断 + ial形容词后缀?司法的) 【例句】a man with a judicial mind 内心公正的人 【派生】judicious ad明智的，有判断力的(judic + ious形容词后缀?有判断力的) 44 prejudice /pr'?d??d?s/ n.an opinion formed beforehand, esp an unfavourable one based on inadequate facts n. 1. 成见, 偏见, 歧视 vt. 1. 使有偏见2. 不利于, 损害(pre 预先 +judice?预先判断?偏见) 【真题连线】To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.(2004) 要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。 just – 公正，正当 justice /d?'?st?s/ n.the quality or fact of being just n. 1. 正义; 公正, 合理2. 法律制裁; 司法; 审判3. 法官(just +ice名词后缀?正义) 【真题连线】Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. (2003) 最高法院法官司桑德拉欧洲康奈现在已70有余，前外科协会主任C库普80岁时还主管一个互联网公司的初创工作。 【同义】justness 【反义】injustice justify /d?'?st?f,ɑ?/ vt.to prove or see to be just or valid vt. 1. 证明…有理; 为…辩护2. 对…作出解释;为…辩解(just + ify 动词后缀?证明…是正当的) 【真题连线】Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill 近年来，医生一直使用这项原则，为自己给病危患者注射大量的吗啡镇痛的行为辩护，尽管不断增加的剂量最终会 杀死病人。 【同义】confirm 【派生】justification n. 正当的理由 adjust /?d?'?st/ vt. & vi.to alter slightly, esp to achieve accuracy vt. & vi. 1. (改变…以)适应;(ad表强调 + just 正;使变正?调整，校正) 【真题连线】Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.(2004) 智力寻求理解、把握、重组和调整，而学识力求审视、沉思、探究、建设立理论、批评和想象。 【同义】change alter 【派生】adjustment n. 适应 45 lat – bring out拿出，带出 relate /r?l'et/ vt.to tell or narrate; make a logical or causal connection vt. & vi. 1. 联系，(把…)联系起来，使有联系 vt. 1. 讲述; 叙述;讲(故事) 【真题连线】This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. (2005) 这就意味着要减少对北美市场的依赖，该市场的节目里包含了不同于我们的经历的文化传统。 【同义】tell 【派生】relation n. 关系，联系;亲属，亲戚(relate + ion名词后缀) relative adj. 相对的 ，比较的，有关系的(ive形容词后缀) correlate /k'?r?l,et/ vt. & vi. to place or be placed in a mutual, complementary, or reciprocal relationship vt. & vi. 1. 有相关性2. 相互关联影响;相互依赖(cor共同 + relate) 【真题连线】Research has found that IQ predicted leadership sills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions， but under high-stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is it predicted the opposite. (2007) 研究表明当智商测试在压力小的环境下进行时，它能预测领导能力。当智商测试在压力大的环境下进行时，智商与领导力 负相关，即它预测的内容正好相反。 【同义】associate 【派生】correlative adj. 相关联的 llect, lig – choose, gather选择，收集 collect /k?l'?kt/ vt.to gather together vt. 1. 收集, 采集2. 领取; 接走; 拿走3. 收藏; 搜集; 收集 【真题连线】Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.(2009) 一些公司使用的数据库里的数据并非系统性的采集而得，而是将不同研究项目的信息胡乱搜集在一起。 【同义】gather 【派生】colletion n.收藏品 collective n.集体 ; adj. 集体的，共同的(col一起 +lect + ion名词后缀) intellect /'?nt?l,?kt/ n.the capacity for understanding, thinking, and reasoning, as distinct from feeling or wishing a mind or intelligence, esp a brilliant one n. 1. (尤指高等的)智力，思维逻辑领悟力2. 才智非凡的人; 知识分子;智力高的人;才智超群的人 【真题连线】Americans today don‘t place a very high value on intellect. (2004) 美国人现在不太重视学识。 46 【派生】intellectual n. 知识分子 intelligence /?nt'?l?d??ns/ n.the capacity for understanding; ability to perceive and comprehend meaning ; good mental capacity n. 1. 智力, 智慧; 理解力2. 情报, 消息3. 情报人员(intel在…中间 +lig + ence名词后缀?从中选出好的 品质?智力) 【真题连线】Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. (2004) 实用、常识及本能的智力被视作比书本中的东西更崇高的素质。 【同义】ability power 【派生】intelligent adj.聪明的，明智的，理智的(ent形容词后缀) neglect /n?gl'?kt/ vt. to fail to give due care, attention, or time to n. lack of due care or attention vt. 1. 疏忽; 忽略; 遗漏2. 疏于照顾;未予看管3. 忽略;忽视;不予重视 vt. 1. 忽略, 疏忽, 玩忽2. 被忽略的状态(neg没有 +lect?没有选?忽视) 【真题连线】To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.(2009) 通过这条途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和对于教会的不同理念——这是否我们不可忽略 的重要课题。 【同义】disregard ignore 【派生】negeligence n. 忽略 eligible /'?l?d??b?l/ adj. fit, worthy, or qualified, as for an office or function adj. 1. 有资格当选的, 有条件被选中的2. 合适的, 适当的(e出 +lig + ible?选出来的?合格的) 【例句】Is she eligible for sickness pay? 她有资格获得病假工资吗, 【反义】ineligible diligent /d'?l?d??nt/ adj. careful and persevering in carrying out tasks or duties adj. 1. 勤奋的, 勤勉的(di吸取 +lig选择 s+ ence名词后缀) 【例句】He is anything but diligent.他一点也不勤奋 【同义】assiduous 【派生】diligence n. 勤勉 lect, leg –speak, read 讲，读 dialect /d'ɑ??l,?kt/ n.a form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area 47 n. 1. 方言, 土语(dia在…之间 + lect?在一部分之间说的?方言) 【真题连线】As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .(2005) 作为语言学家，他声称所有类型的人类语言其中包括黑人英语这样的非标准备语言都具有强大的表现力，在世界上不 存在任何不能够表达复杂思想的语言或方言。 legible /l'?d??b?l/ adj. (of handwriting, print, etc) able to be read or deciphered adj. 1. 易读的,清晰可读的,清楚的(leg +ible形容词后缀?能够读的) 【例句】The price must be legible to a purchaser. 价格要写得清楚些，让买家一眼能辨认出。 【同义】readable 【反义】illegible allege /?l'?d?/ vt. to declare in or as if in a court of law; state without or before proof vt. 1. 断言, 宣称, 辩解(al表强调?lege?表强调讲?宣称) 【同义】assert 【派生】allegation n.主张，断言 【真题连线】Hearing allegations cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone woukd deliberately harm an animal. (2003) 当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。 leg, legis – law法律 legitimate /l?d?'?t?m?t/ adj. born in lawful wedlock; enjoying full filial rights adj. 1. 合情合理的; 合法的2. 法律认可的;法定的(leg + itim表最高级 +ate动词后缀?服从法律?使合法) 【真题连线】George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.(2002) 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治安纳斯认为， 只要医生开药是出于合法的医疗目的，那么病人即使服用此药会加速死亡， 医生的行为也没有违法。 【同义】justify 【派生】legitimation n. 合法化 legal /l'ig?l/ adj. established by or founded upon law; lawful adj. 法律上的; 合法的; 法定的 【反义】illegal adj. 不合法的, 违法的 【派生】legality n. 1. 合法性,法律性 48 【真题连线】Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C.(2004) 雷德曼键入法律、知识产权以及华盛顿哥伦比亚特区几个关键词。 legislate /l'?d??sl,et/ vt. to make or pass laws vt. & vi. 1. 立法;制定法律(legis+late拿出，带走?拿出法律?立法) 【同义】enact 【派生】legislation n. 法律;立法 【真题连线】That may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D.C.(2007) 这种情况很快就会改变:许多有关数据安全的立法提案正在华盛顿特区进行讨论。 liter – letter 文字，字母 literate /l'?t??t/ adj. able to read and write adj. 1. 有读写能力的2. 有文化修养的(liter +ate形容词后缀?识字的) 【同义】educated 【派生】literacy n. 识字, 有文化, 会读写(acy名词后缀) illiterate adj. 1. 目不识丁的,文盲的 illiteracy n. 文盲 【真题连线】In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms.(2006) 在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众媒体是教堂，它可以提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵 处于危于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。 literature /l'?t??t??/ n. written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc, esp works of imagination n. 1. 文学, 文学作品2. 文献, 图书资料(liter + ature表状态，名词后缀?文字状态?文学) 【真题连线】We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress.(2000) 如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。 【派生】literary adj. 1. 文学(上)的2. 精通文学的;爱好文学的 literal/l'?t??l/ adj. word for word adj. 1. 照字面的, 原义的2. 逐字的(liter + al 形容词后缀?文字上的) 【真题连线】With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. (2005) 通过多次练习，人们完全可以学会在梦中这样做。 log,logu – speak说话 49 logical /l'ɑd??k?l/ adj. capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning adj. 1. 逻辑(上)的, 符合逻辑的2. 推理正确的, 合乎常理的,必然的,合乎情理的(log + ic名词后缀?说话的学问? 逻辑学+al形容词后缀?合乎逻辑的) 【真题连线】As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.(2001) 这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。 【反义】illogical analogy /?n'æl?d?i/ n. drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect n. 1. 类似, 相似2. 类推, 类推法(ana一样 +log + y名词后缀?说的一样?类比) 【真题连线】IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce Numerical sequences. (2007) 进行智商测试时，你要做的题目有词语类比，图形类比，想象一些纸张被折叠，剪切后的形状，演绎数字序列， 以及其他类似的项目。 【同义】comparison 【派生】analogize vt. 以类推法表明或解释(ize动词后缀) monologue /m'ɑn?l,?g/ n.a long speech made by one actor in a play, film, etc, esp when alone n. 1. (戏剧)长篇独白2. 滔滔不绝的讲话3. 独角(mono 一个人 +logue说?独白) 【例句】The comedian gave a long monologue of jokes. 喜剧演员讲了一长段由笑话组成的独白。 【派生】monologuize vt. 发表长篇大论,独白,表演独角戏 man, manu – hand手 manage /m'æn?d?/ vt. to be in charge (of); administer vt. to succeed in being able (to do something) despite obstacles vt. & vi. 1. 经营, 管理; 控制, 操纵; 办理; 设法对付 ;能解决(问题);应付 (man + age?用手做?引申为管理) 【真题连线】He says medical licensing boards ―must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." (2002) 他说，行医执照颁发委员会“必须明确表明„„病人痛苦的死亡可能是医生失职行为所致，应该因此吊销其从医资格执照”。 【同义】handle contend manifest /m'æn?f,?st/ vt. to show plainly; reveal or display 50 adj. easily noticed or perceived vt. 1. 清楚表示; 显露 2. 显现;使人注意到 adj. 1. 明白的, 明显的 【同义】testify 【派生】manifestation n. 显示， 表现 【真题连线】At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. (2000) 不过，对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言，这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表白。 manipulate /m?n'?pj?l,et/ vt. to handle or use, esp with some skill, in a process or action vt. 1. 熟练控制[操作]2. (暗中)控制，操纵，影响 (mani + pul一捆 +ate动词后缀?同时用手做一堆事情?巧妙处理) 【真题连线】intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, which intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. (2004) 智力寻求的是理解、运用、整合和调节，而才学是审视、思考、探究、形成理论、批判和想象。 【同义】handle 【派生】manipulation n. (熟练的)操作;操纵;控制 mand,mend –order命令 demand /d?m'ænd/ vt. to require or need as just, urgent, etc vt. 1. 要求2. 需要3. 想要知道, 查问 n. 1. 要求, 所需求之物2. 需求, 需要(de表强调 + mand?表强调令人做?苛求) 【真题连线】Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. (2008) 结论段也要同等重视，因为它留给读者最后的印象。 【同义】request need recommend /r,?k?m'?nd/ vt. to advise as the best course or choice; counsel vt. 1. 推荐, 介绍, 赞许某人[某事物] 2. 劝告, 建议(re表强调 +commend?推荐) 【真题连线】Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a national drug agency. (2005) 且不用说其他专家的报告，罗马诺医疗委员会和科尔比医疗委员会都建议设立一个国家药物机构。 【同义】advocate 【派生】recommendation n. 建议，劝告 command /k?m'ænd/ vt. & vi. to order, require, or compel 51 n vt. & vi. 1. 命令2. 指挥, 控制*(com 一起 + mand?命令一起做?指挥) 【真题连线】If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. (2008) 如果你用文字处理器写作，可以利用其添加、删节除、移动整段的功能，只需要发送几个简单的键盘指令即可。 【同义】dominate control med-middle中间 mediate /m'idi,et/ vi.to intervene (between parties or in a dispute) in order to bring about agreement vt.to bring about (an agreement) vi. 调停, 调解, 斡旋; vt.居间促成(med +iate形容词或动词后缀?在中间?调停) 【同义】intercede 【派生】mediation n.调解，仲裁 mediator n. 调解人 【真题连线】Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who ― until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if thatmight hasten death.‖ (2002) 蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希. 都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑惑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为， 如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话，那就不能这样做。 intermediate /,?nt?m'idi?t/ adj. occurring or situated between two points, extremes, places, etc; in between adj. 1. 中间的; 中级的2. 中级的;中等的;适合中等程度者的 (inter在…之间 + medi中间 + ate形容词或名词后缀) 【例句】Gray is intermediate between black and white.灰色介于黑色和白色之间。 medium /m'idi?m/ adj. midway between extremes; average n. an intermediate or middle state, degree, or condition; mean n. 媒介, 手段, 方法, 工具 adj. 中等的, 适中的(med + ium名词后缀?中间物，媒介) 【真题连线】In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. (2006) 在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众媒体是教堂，它可以提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵处 于危于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。 【同义】average intermediate migr – remove 迁移 migrate /m'ɑ?gr,et/ vt. to go from one region, country, or place of abode to settle in another, esp in a foreign country 52 vi. 1. 迁移; 移往(migr + ate动词后缀?迁居) 【同义】move 【派生】migration n. 迁移 emigrate vt. 移居国外(e出+migr + ate?移出) immigrate vi. 移入(im进 + migr + ate?移进) immigration n. 外来的移民 immigrant n. 移民，侨民(ant形容词后缀) 【真题连线】Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today‘s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation.(2006) 格利高利罗德里格斯为《国家移民论坛》撰写文章，他在报道路中指出， 如今移民既没有创新高，也不拒绝被同化。 mini, min –small minister /m'?n?st?/ n.a person appointed to head a government department n. (英国及其他许多国家的)部长，大臣(mini + ster?小人?古代大臣称自己是小人?部长，大臣) 【真题连线】The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. (2009) 在新大陆的历史上，被告研究的最彻底的学者是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。 administer /?dm'?n?st?/ vt. to direct or control vt. 1. 管理, 支配 管理(公司、组织、机构);治理(国家)(ad表强调 + minister?做部长?管理) 【同义】manage 【派生】administration n. 经营，管理 【真题连线】"Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. (2008) 在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神病学家叶沪德博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或 焦虑性障碍。” minify /minifɑ?/ v. to minimize or lessen the size or importance of v. 缩小(mini + ify 动词后缀?缩小) 【同义】lessen decrease 【派生】minimize vt. 把…减至最低数量 minimum n. 最小值;最小化 【真题连线】To help homeless people toward independence, the federal government must support job training programs, raise the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. (2006) 为了帮助无家可归者走向独立，联邦政府必须支持就业培训项目、提高最低工资并资助建设更多低价住房。 53 minimum /m'?n?m?m/ n.the least possible amount, degree, or quantity n. 1. 最低限度, 最小量2. 极小量 adj. 1. 最低的, 最小的(mini + mum名词后缀) 【反义】maximum 【真题连线】That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.(2006) 这很重要，因为理论表明当某一目标物种的数量是原来的50%时，人们能够从渔业得到最大的可持续性的产出。 diminish /d?m'?n??/ vt. & vi.to make or become smaller, fewer, or less vt. & vi. 1. (使)减少; 缩小2. 减弱…的权势(di向下 + min + ish?小下去?缩小) 【真题连线】Most of us have roughly the same number of off-spring. Again, difference between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. (2000) 人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会已经减少。 【同义】decrease lessen miss, mise, mit –send, cast送，放出 commission /k?m'???n/ n.a duty or task committed to a person or group to perform n. 1. 授权, 委托2. 委员会3. 佣金, 回扣(com 共同 +miss + ion共同送出选出的人?委员会) 【同义】committee 【真题连线】Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a national drug agency. ( 2005) 且不用说其他专家的报告，罗马诺医疗委员会和科尔比 医疗委员会都建议设立一个国家药物机构。 dismiss /d?sm'?s/ vt. to remove or discharge from employment or service vt. 1. 解雇; 撤职; 开除2. 使退去; 解散 【真题连线】He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish — “the worst sort of ambulance-chasing‖ 他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾 —— “典型的劳而无获”。(1998) 【同义】fire disregard emissive /i'misiv/ adj. sending out adj. 1. 发射的,放射性的(e出 + miss送 + ive名词后缀?送出去?发出的) 【派生】emission n. 发出，放射(ion名词后缀) 54 emit v. 发出;放射 【真题连线】According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew Outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.(2006) 根据这一理论，宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散，随着放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子， 然后形成气体原子。 omission /om'???n/ n.something that has been omitted or neglected n. 1. 省略, 删节;遗漏2. 略去或漏掉的事(或人) 【同义】deletion 【真题连线】If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.(2008) 如果你用文字处理器写作，可以利用其添加、删节除、移动整段的功能，只需要发送几个简单的键盘指令即可。 submission /s?bm'???n/ n.an act or instance of submitting n. 1. 归顺, 降服, 投降2. 屈从, 服从, 顺从(sub下面 + miss + ion名词后缀?放在下面?屈服) 【派生】 submissive adj. . 顺从的, 唯命是从的 submit v. 屈服, 认输 【真题连线】It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their res Research to a journal. (2008) 过去事情是如此直截了当。实验室里工作的一组研究者给某个期刊递交其研究成果。 promise /pr'ɑm?s/ vt. to give an assurance of (something to someone); undertake (to do something) in the future vt. & vi. 1. 允诺; 答应2. 有…希望; 预示 n. 1. 承诺, 诺言2. 希望, 前途(pro前面 + mise ?在做事之前送出的话?允诺) 【真题连线】Hofstadter says our country‘s educational system is in the grips of people who ―joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.‖ (2004) 霍夫斯塔说，我们国家的教育制度被那样一些人所牢牢掌握，“他们兴高采烈而又咄咄逼人地宣扬自己对学识的敌视以及 对最缺乏学识孩子的认同”。 【同义】hope 【派生】promising adj. 有希望的，有前途的( promis +ing形容词后缀) compromise /k'ɑmpr?m,ɑ?z/ n.settlement of a dispute by concessions on both or all sides n. 1. 妥协, 折中方法2. 互让;和解 55 vi. 1. 折中解决(com共同 + promise?共同答应?妥协) 【真题连线】Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. (2008) 几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期的领袖们在道德方面所做的妥协，以及美国在建国初期的脆弱本质。 commit /k?m'?t/ vt. perform an act, usually with a negative connotation; to hand over, as for safekeeping; charge; entrust vt. 1. 犯罪; 犯错2. 承诺; 使自己受约束3. 把…托付给;托，委托;委任(com共同 + mit?共同送?委任) 【真题连线】Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values. (2004) 归咎于社会的观点认为青少年犯罪是由于不能提高自己的社会经济地位，或为了表示对中产阶级价值观的叛逆。 intermit v.cease an action temporarily v. 中断 【例句】Doubt seems hepatitis case not diagnose or before eliminating, should intermit works formerly. 疑似肝炎病例未确诊或排除前，应暂时停止原工作。 【同义】pause break 【派生】intermission n. 间断 intermittent adj. 1. 间歇的; 断断续续的(ent形容词后缀) transmit /trænzm'?t/ vt. & vi. to pass or cause to go from one place or person to another; transfer vt. & vi.1. 发射, 播送, 广播(trans跨越 +mit?送过去?传达) 【真题连线】In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to ―push information directly out to toTo consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. (1999) 去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，这些技术使得公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。 【同义】transfer convey 【派生】transmission n.传送, 传播, 传达 mob – mobe, manner 方式，模式，风度 modest /m'ɑd?st/ adj. having or expressing a humble opinion of oneself or one's accomplishments or abilities adj. 1. 谦虚的, 谦恭的，谦逊的2. 适中的, 适度的(mod + est最好的?最后的模式?礼貌的，谦虚的，适当的) 【真题连线】Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy‘s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (2003) 很多人还说虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们对于经济的长期前景还是保持乐观态度。 【同义】decent humble 56 【反义】immodest 【派生】modesty n. 谦虚, 谦逊 moderate /m'ɑd??t/ adj. not extreme or excessive; within due or reasonable limits adj. 1. 中等的, 适度的, 不很大的2. 温和的; 有节制的(moder=mod + ate形容词后缀?做事有风度?适度的) 【真题连线】we believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to moderate the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.(2009) 我们认为，如果让动物管理实验室的话，它们会对我们进行测试，来确定我们的忍耐度、我们的忠诚度、我们对地域的记忆力。 【同义】restrained 【派生】moderation n.1. 自我节制;自我控制 2. 缓和,减轻 modify /m'ɑd?f,ɑ?/ vt. & vi. to change the structure, character, intent, etc, of vt. & vi. 修改, 更改(mod + ify动词后缀?规范化?修改) 【真题连线】Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.(2009) 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。 【同义】change alter 【派生】modification n. 修正 modulate /m'?d?julet/ vt. to change the tone, pitch, or volume of; to adjust or regulate the degree of vt. 1. 调整,调节,控制2. (使)缓和(mod+ulate动词后缀?对模式进行调整?调整) 【例句】Additionally, neurons can modulate the activities of glia. 不仅如此，神经元也可以反过来调控胶质细胞的活性。 【同义】adjust vary 【派生】modulation n. 调制 accommodate /?k'ɑm?d,et/ vt. to supply or provide, esp with lodging or board and lodging vt. 1. 容纳; 提供空间2. 向…提供住处; 提供住宿(或膳宿、座位等)3. 使适应，使适合;使符合一致;调节;改变…以适应 (ac表强调 +com共同 + mod+ ate动词后缀?方式相同?与…符合) 【真题连线】And they also need to give serious thought to how they can best accommodate such changes. (2003) 同时，教师还必须认真思考青少年如何能更好地适应这些变化。 【派生】accommodation n. 住处(尤指仅供短期使用的);停留处 57 muni, mun – public公共的 municipal /mjun'?s?p?l/ adj. of or relating to a town, city, or its local government adj. 1. 市政的;地方政府的(muni +cip头 + al形容词后缀?市政的) 【真题连线】It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, toward collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. (1996) 而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。 【同义】domestic 【派生】municipality n.1. 自治市; 自治区 communicate /k?mj'un?k,et/ vt. & vi. to impart (knowledge) or exchange (thoughts, feelings, or ideas) by speech, writing, gestures, vt. & vi. 1. 传达, 表达, 传递(想法、感情、思想等)(commune交流 + ic + ate动词后缀?大家交谈?交流) 【真题连线】Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.(2003) 科学必须用一种富于同情心通俗易懂的语言将信息传达公众，应使用一般人能够明白的语言，而不是使用分子生物学的术语。 【同义】convey transmit 【派生】communication n. 通讯，传达 immunity /?mj'un?ti/ n. the ability of an organism to resist disease n. 1. 受保护;豁免;免除2. 免疫力(im 不 +mun + ity 名词后缀?不公共?不和公共场所的人一样得病?免疫) 【同义】invulnerability 【派生】immunize v. 使 免疫; 免除(ize动词后缀) not – know知道，注意 notable /n'ot?b?l/ adj. worthy of being noted or remembered; remarkable; distinguished adj. 1. 值得注意的;重要的, 显著的; 著名的((not + able形容词后缀) 【真题连线】Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of ews and advertisements to subscribers’computer monitors. (2000) 最突出的例子是pointcast 网络，该网络使用了一种屏幕保护系统，将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。 【同义】noteworthy 【派生】notably adv. 显著地，特别地 58 notation /not'e??n/ n. any series of signs or symbols used to represent quantities or elements in a specialized system n. 1. 记号, 标记法(not 知道+ation名词后缀?符号) 【真题连线】On Notation of Sustainable Development. (1999) 可持续发展的涵义及其实现的基本条件与手段的探讨。 【同义】annotation notion /n'o??n/ n. an idea, concept, or opinion n. 1. 概念, 观念, 看法2. 突然的念头, 奇想; 意图, 打算(not + ion名词后缀?见解) 【真题连线】Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages , Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism. (2004) 尽管萨皮尔和沃夫都强调语言的差异性，但是萨皮尔本人从来没有明确表示过支持语言决定论的观点。 【同义】idea thought notorious /not'?ri?s/ adj. well-known for some bad or unfavourable quality, deed, etc; infamous adj. 1. 臭名昭著的, 声名狼藉的(not + orious形容词后缀?做坏事被人知道?恶名昭著的) 【真题连线】If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. (2004) 如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就能够了解你们共有的经历和问题，你可以对餐厅极难吃的饭菜或领导 在选择领带方面差劲的品味评头论足。 【同义】infamous 【派生】notoriety n. 恶名(oriety名词后缀) denote /d?n'ot/ vt. to be a sign, symbol, or symptom of; indicate or designate vt. 1. 为…的符号; 为…的名称,标志;预示;象征2. 指示(d表强调+note?表强调注意?指示) 【例句】Listlessness and silence denote the lover. 爱的最深的人,通常最不善于表白. 【同义】mean intend 【派生】denotation n. 指示;意义 nov –new新的 novel /n'ɑv?l/ 59 adj. of a kind not seen before; fresh; new; original adj. 1. 新奇的; 新颖的; 新的(nov + el形容词后缀?新颖的) 【真题连线】Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. 奇怪的是，大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后，我被这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏“的试验，却使我老掉牙的借口变成了绝对的现实。 【同义】fresh new 【派生】novelty n. 新奇，新颖 innovate /'?n?v,et/ vi. to invent or begin to apply (methods, ideas, etc) vt. bring something new to an environment vi. 1. 改革, 创新; vt. 1. 引入(新事物、思想或方法)(in进入 + nov + ate动词后缀?进入新的状态?革新) 【真题连线】The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.(2009) 《开放思想》一书的作者达瓦纳.马可瓦说:“革新所需要的第一样东西就是对好奇的着迷。” 【同义】initiate 【派生】innovation n.1. 改革, 革新, 创新2. 新观念, 新方法, 新发明 ori,orig- rise, begin升起，开始 orient /'?ri,?nt/ n. the eastern sky or the dawn vi. to adjust or align (oneself or something else) according to surroundings or circumstances vi. 1. 适应2. 朝东，向东;转向某特定方向 n. 1. 东方, 亚洲((ori +ent动词或名词后缀?太阳升起的地方?东方) 【真题连线】Anthropology is a field——study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(2003) 人类学是一个重视实地考察的学科，在研究中大量使用对比分析法。 【派生】oriental adj. 东方的，东方诸国的 n. 东方人 orientation n. 方向，方位，定位 origin /'?r?d??n/ n. the beginning of something; first stage or part n. 1. 起点; 来源2. 出身, 血统3. 由来，起因(orig + in ?生命开始?起源) 【真题连线】The 1990 Census revealed that ―a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ?well‘ or ?very well‘ after ten years of residence.‖(2006) 1990年的人口普查表明“绝大多数移民在美国居住10年后英语说得好或很好，他们来自15个最常移民的国家。” 60 【同义】original adj. 最初的，原文的;新颖的 【派生】original adj. 1. 起初的; 原来的2. 独创的; 新颖的 originate vi. 1. 起源于, 来自, 产生(ate 动词后缀?起源) par-equal 平等 parity /p'?r?ti/ n. equality of rank, pay, etc n.1. 同等,相等,对等( par + ity名词后缀) 【例句】The two currencies have now reached parity. 这两种货币现已达到同等价值。 【派生】imparity n. 不平等 disparage /d?sp'?r?d?/ vt. to speak contemptuously of; belittle vt. 1. 轻视,贬低;批评,非难(dis 不 + par +age?不平等对待?轻视) 【真题连线】With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.(2004) 而对于其他听众，你就不能试图插入这中幽默，因为他们会反感外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有藐视之词。 【同义】belittle 【派生】disparaging adj. 蔑视，轻视 compare /k?mp'?r/ vt. & vi. to regard or represent as analogous or similar vt. & vi. 比较, 对照 ; n. 相比(com 共同 + pare?平等放在一起?比较) 【真题连线】The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.(2005) 国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价以均价每桶22美元的水平维持一年，与1998年的13 美元一桶相比，这也只会使富裕经济体石油进口支出的增长额占到国民生产总值的0.25至0.5个百分点。 【派生】comparable adj. 可比较的，比得上的(compare +able形容词后缀) comparison n. 比较，对比，比喻，比拟(ison名词后缀) comparative adj. 比较的，相当的(ative形容词后缀) part,port –part, divide 部分，分开 partial /p'ɑr??l/ adj. relating to only a part; not general or complete adj. 1. 部分的, 不完全的2. 热爱;钟爱 3. 偏颇;偏袒 ( part + ial 形容词后缀?偏见的) 【真题连线】In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan.(2000) 61 在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的、而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。 【同义】unfair incomplete 【派生】impartial adj.公正的(im无 +partial 有偏见的?无偏见的) counterpart /k'ɑ?nt?p,ɑrt/ n. a person or thing identical to or closely resembling another n. 1. 与对方地位相当的人, 与另一方作用相当的物 【真题连线】Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ―goods and Services‖than males. (2005) 最重要的是，就像女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更注意商品和服务的价值。 【同义】equivalent participate /pɑrt'?s?p,et/ vt. & vi. to take part, be or become actively involved, or share vt. & vi. 参加, 参与(parti +cip拿 + ate 动词后缀?拿到这部分中?参加) 【真题连线】Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.(2004) 如果不能批评地思考，不能维护自己的观点，不能理解他人的思想，他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主。 【同义】act move 【派生】participation n. 参加,参与 proportion /pr?p'?r??n/ n. the relationship between different things or parts with respect to comparative size, number, or degree n. 1. 均衡; 相称, 协调2. 一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系; 比例; 倍数关系(pro 前面 + port + ion名词后缀? 前面的部分?比例) 【真题连线】Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can‘t possibly cope.(2006) 而且，无家可归者所占的比例已经大到地方政府都无法应对的地步。 【反义】disproportion n. 不均衡,不成比例 pass-feeling感情 passion /p'æ??n/ n. ardent love or affection n. 1. 激情, 热情2. 狂怒, 盛怒(pass + ion名词后缀) 【真题连线】Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots.(2009) 在这些测试当中，最受欢迎的是父子关系及亲属关系测试——被收养的孩子可以用它来找到与自己有血缘关系的亲属， 62 家庭也可以用此来查收供收养的小孩子的亲属关系。 【同义】warmth 【派生】passionate adj. 表现[充满]激情的, 激昂的 impassioned adj.充满激情的, 热烈的 compassion /k?mp'æ??n/ n. a feeling of distress and pity for the suffering or misfortune of another n. 1. 怜悯, 同情(com共同 + pass + ion?共同感情?同情) 【真题连线】 Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.(2003) 科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用善解人意和通俗易懂的语言，即大众化的语言，而不要使用 分子生物学的术语。 【同义】pity 【派生】compassionate adj. 富有同情心的(ate形容词后缀) patience /p'e??ns/ n. tolerant and even-tempered perseverance n. 1. 耐性, 忍耐力, 耐心2. 坚忍, 坚持, 毅力(pat=pass + ience名词后缀?有感情就有耐心?耐心) 【真题连线】we believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to moderate the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.(2009) 我们认为，如果让动物管理实验室的话，它们会对我们进行测试，来确定我们的忍耐度、我们的忠诚度、我们对 地域的记忆力。 【同义】forbearance 【反义】impatience 【派生】impatient adj. 不耐烦的，急躁的(im 不 + patient?烦躁的) pel,puls – drive, push驱动，推 compel /k?mp'?l/ vt. to cause (someone) by force (to be or do something) vt. 1. 强迫, 使不得不2. 引起反应(com共同 + pel推?一起推?强迫) 【同义】oblige 【派生】compulsion n.1. 强迫,被迫2. 欲望 compulsory adj. (因法律或规则而)必须做的，强制的，强迫的 【真题连线】That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. (2002) 这种创造欲望导致了机器人科学的产生—— 一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。 63 impel /?mp'?l/ vt. to urge or force (a person) to an action; constrain or motivate vt. 1. 推动、推进或敦促某人做某事(im 内 + pel?内在推动?驱动) 【例句】Financial pressures impel the firm to cut back on spending. 财政压力迫使公司减少开支。 【同义】propel expulsion /?ksp'?l??n/ n. the act of forcing out someone or something n. 1. 喷出, 排出2. 开除, 驱逐(ex出 + puls +ion名词后缀?推出去?驱逐) 【例句】His bad behaviour resulted in his expulsion from school. 他的不良行为导致他被学校开除了。 【同义】exclusion impulse /'?mp?ls/ n. an instinctive motive n. 1. 凭冲动行事, 突如其来的念头2. 推动, 冲力, 刺激, 推动力(im内+ pulse?内在推动?冲动) 【真题连线】As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.( 2004) 因此，在美国，作为一种健康的冲动，一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，它所得到的支持也许 比以往任何时期都低。 【同义】motivation motive 【派生】impulsive adj. 冲动的 repulse /rip'?ls/ vt. to drive back or ward off (an attacking force) ; to reject with coldness or discourtesy vt. 1. 击退2. 驳斥3. 拒绝 n. 1. 击败2. 驳斥(re反 + puls + e名词后缀) 【例句】Her repulse was quite unexpected. 她的拒绝是完全出人意料的。 【同义】repel 【派生】repulsive adj. 排斥的，击退的 pet- seek追寻，寻求 compete /k?mp'it/ vt. to contend (against) for profit, an award, athletic supremacy, etc; engage in a contest (with) vi. 1. 竞赛; 竞争2. 比得上, 媲美3. 参加比赛 (com共同 + pete?共同追求一个目标?竞争) 【真题连线】Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market.(2005) 64 显然，在这样一个利润丰厚竞争激烈的市场，只有最大最灵活的公司才有竞争力。 【同义】contend 【派生】competent adj. 有能力的, 能胜任的,称职的(ent形容词后缀) incompetent adj.无能的 (in无) competence n. 能力, 技能 competitive adj. 竞争的, 比赛的 competition n. 竞争，比赛 perpetuate /p?p'?t??w,et/ vt. to cause to continue or prevail vt. 使永存;使人记住不忘;使不朽 vt. & vi. 使永久化;使持久化;使持续(per全部，永久 + pet +uate?追求永久) 【真题连线】―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness.(2009)这是我们延续的一个谎言，它助长了共性。 【同义】continue 【派生】perpetual adj. 永久的; 终身的2. 不断的; 常发生的 ple, plen,plet,pil –full,fill 满，填满 complement /k'ɑmpl?m?nt/ n. a person or thing that completes something; one of two parts that make up a whole or complete each other vt. to add to, make complete n.. 补充物;补足物; 补语 vt. 1. 补足, 补充, 使完美, 使更具吸引力(com 全部 + ple + ment?全部满?补足) 【真题连线】In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.(2004) 不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。 【同义】increment 【派生】complementary adj. 补充的，补足的 implement /'?mpl?m?nt/ vt. to carry out; put into action; perform vt. 实现，完成，履行(协定,承诺); 执行，履行;贯彻，落实;使生效(im进 + ple + ment名词后缀?进入后就满了?完成) 【真题连线】As seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil. (2000) 为耕种留下种子;应付难以预料的坏天气的后备;将之作为商品出售，以更新旧农具并购得肥田用的化肥。 【同义】enforce apply 【派生】implementation n.贯彻，执行，履行，完成 supplement /s'?pl?m?nt/ n. an addition designed to complete, make up for a deficiency, etc 65 n. (书籍的)补编，补遗，附录 vt. 1. 增补, 补充(sup在下面，次要+ple+ment名词后缀?增加些次要的?增补) 【真题连线】For the past several years， the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called ―Ask Marilyn.‖(2007) 过去几年，《星期日报》的增刊《检阅》开设了一个名叫“询问玛丽琳”的专栏。 【同义】appendix 【派生】supplementation n.增补,补充,追加 complete /k?mpl'it/ adj. having every necessary part or element; entire; vt. to make whole or perfect adj . 1. 完整的, 完全的2. 完成的, 结束的3. 完满的, 圆满的 vt. 1. 完成, 结束2. 使完善(com 全部 + plete满?完全的) 【真题连线】Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. (2003) 到明年，一系列兼并活动完成之后，四家铁路公司将控制90%以上的铁路运输业务。 【同义】finish 【派生】completion n. 完成, 结束 plic, pli,ply – fold重叠，折叠 complicate /k'ɑmpl?k,et/ vb. to make or become complex vt. 1. 使复杂化(com全部 +plic +ate动词后缀?全部重叠起来?弄复杂) 【真题连线】What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented---and human perception far more complicated---than previously imagined.(2005) 在试图模仿人类思维的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明，人类的感 觉器官也比以前想象的更复杂。 【同义】perplex 【派生】complicated adj. 错综复杂，麻烦的，难解的 complication n. 混乱，复杂(compliate + ion名词后缀) explicit /?kspl'?s?t/ adj. precisely and clearly expressed, leaving nothing to implication; fully stated adj. 详述的, 明确的, 明晰的, 陈述或文章 清楚明白的, 易于理解的(ex 出 +plic +it形容词后缀?说话不重叠的?直截了当的) 【例句】It's an explicit statement. 这句话说得很明确。 【同义】declared stated 【派生】explicitness implicate /'?mpl?k,et/ vt. to show to be involved, esp in a crime 66 vt. 1. 牵涉，涉及(某人)2. 表明(或意指)…是起因(im进 + plic + ate ?说话重叠?含蓄表达) 【同义】entail 【派生】implication n. 含意，暗示，暗指;牵连 【真题连线】The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. (2004) 最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀的裁决，对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个方面来说，具有重要的意义。 implicit /?mpl'?s?t/ adj. implied; indirect adj. 1. 不言明[含蓄]的2. 无疑问的, 绝对的(im 进 + plic +it 形容词后缀?重叠表达?含蓄的) 【真题连线】Implicit within Tylor‘s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.(2003) 泰勒的定义中隐含的一个概念是文化是可以通过学习获得的，可共享的，模式化的行为。 【反义】explicit absolute 【同义】underlying pos,pose,posit-put，放 pose /p'oz/ vt. to pretend to be or present oneself n. affected manners intended to impress others vt. & vi. 1. 使摆姿势; 以…身份出现 n. 1. 姿势, 姿态 【真题连线】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves---goals that pose a real challenge.(2002) 但是如果机器人要进入节省劳动力的下一阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人类监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些 决定——这些才是真正有挑战性的目标。 【派生】posture compose /k?mp'oz/ vt. to put together or make up by combining; put in proper order vt. 1. 组成, 构成2. 使安定, 使镇静，使平静((com 一起 + pose?放到一些?组成) 【真题连线】Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.(2008) 不要一开始就试图写一篇毫无错误的文章。 【同义】calm 【派生】composure n. 镇静, 沉着(ure名词后缀) composition n. 1. 创作, 写作, 作曲2. 作文, 作品 discompose vt. 使不安,使烦恼(dis为否定后缀) depose /d?p'oz/ 67 vt. to remove from an office or position, esp one of power or rank vt. 罢免,免职(de 去掉 + pose放，职位?免职) 【例句】Investigators will depose the witness behind closed doors.调查员们将让证人们在关闭的门后宣誓作证 【同义】expel 【派生】deposition n. 罢免;废黜 expose /?ksp'oz/ vt. to display for viewing; exhibit to bring to public notice; disclose; reveal vt. 1. 暴露;显露;露出 2. 使面临，使遭受(危险或不快)3. 使接触;使体验 4. 曝光 (ex 出 + pose?放出来?暴露) 【真题连线】I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.(2008) 我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。 【同义】unmasking 【派生】exposure n. 暴露，揭露 impose /?mp'oz/ vt. to establish as something to be obeyed or complied with; enforce vt.1. 强迫, 强加, 迫使, 把…强加于2. 课税(im上面 +pose?放置在上面?强加) 【真题连线】But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloing. (2004)但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令彻底禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。 【同义】enforce 【派生】imposition n. 征税 repose /rip'oz/ n. 休息;安眠;宁静 n. a state of quiet restfulness(re再 + pose?再次放下工作?休息) 【例句】His ashes repose in Westminster Abbey. 他的遗体下葬在西敏寺。 【同义】rest prais, preci,price -value appraise /?pr'ez/ vt. to assess the worth, value, or quality of vt. 1. 估价;估计;估量2. 评价(ap表强调 + praise ?给以价值?评估) 【例句】Discussing How to Appraise LU Su谈谈对鲁肃的评价 【同义】assess 【派生】appraisal n. 对…作出的评价 appreciate /?pr'i?i,et/ 68 vt. to feel thankful or grateful for; to take full or sufficient account of vt. 1. 感激, 感谢; 为…表示感激(或感谢)2. 欣赏, 赏识, 重视, 鉴赏(ap + prec+iate动词后缀?给以价值?评价) 【真题连线】Most of all, these new adults must fell that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them. (2007) 最重要的是，这些刚刚长大的孩子必须要感受到他们受尊敬，得到一个欣赏他们的家庭的支持。 【同义】acknowledge apprize 【派生】appreciative adj. 1. 有欣赏力的;能确认价值的2. 表示赞赏的,感谢的 appreciable adj. 1. 可预见的, 可估计的2. 增值的 appreciation n. 欣赏;鉴别 press- press挤; 压 compress /k'ɑmpr?s/ vt. to squeeze together or compact into less space; condense vt. 1. 压紧, 压缩2. 精简 【真题连线】Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans. (2001) 数十亿来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星、行星，并最终产生人类。 【同义】compact 【派生】compression n. 挤压,压缩 compressible adj. 可压缩的 depress /d?pr'?s/ vt. to lower in spirits; make gloomy; deject vt. 1. 压下; 推下; 拉下2. 使愁苦; 使沮丧(de向下+press?向下压?使情绪低下) 【真题连线】"Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. (2008) 就职于纽约退伍军人管理医院的首席精神病学家叶路德博士说“与男性相比，女性在面对压力时更容易沮丧，易于 患焦虑症。” 【同义】deject dismay 【派生】depression n. 沮丧 depressed adj. 感到压抑的 repress /ripr'?s/ vt. to keep (feelings, etc) under control; suppress or restrain vt. 1. 抑制,压制;约束2. 镇压,平息;制止(re回+ press?压回去?镇压) 【例句】I could not repress my laughter. 我忍不住笑出来。 【同义】suppress 【派生】repression n. 压抑; 约束 suppress /s?pr'?s/ 69 vt. to put an end to; prohibit vt. 1. 政府、统治者等 镇压;(武力)平定;压制 2. 禁止发表, 查禁; 3. 抑制 【例句】Each nation suppressed news that was not favorable to it.每个国家都扣留对它不利的消息。 【同义】restrain repress 【派生】suppression n.镇压，平定 quest,quir, quis,quer –seek, search 寻求，询问 request /r?kw'?st/ vt. n. to express a desire for, esp politely; ask for or demand vt. n. . 请求, 要求(re再 +quest?再寻求?要求) 【真题连线】Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. (2000) 像Virtual Vineyards 网上文化推崇这样一个概念，即流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现的。 【同义】petition acquire /?kw'ɑ??/ vt. to get or gain (something, such as an object, trait, or ability), esp more or less permanently vt. 1. 获得, 得到, 养成2. (通过努力、能力、行为表现)获得，得到 【真题连线】They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.(2003) 他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时作出答复，以防止动物权利的误导言论畅通无阻，而被人当做真理。 【同义】gain 【派生】acquisition n. 取得，学到，养成习惯;获得的东西(ac表强调+quis + ition名词后缀) acquirement n. 获得，学识 acquired adj. 后天习得的(ed形容词后缀?后天习得的) acquisitive adj. (对钱财等)渴望得到的; 贪得无厌的 inquire /?nkw'ɑ?r/ vt. & vi. to seek information; to ask (a person) for information vt. & vi. 打听, 询问(in进入 +quire?问进去?盘问) 【例句】Inquire about financial position. 查询财力状况。 【同义】investigate 【派生】inquiry n.询问，打听，调查(y名词后缀) inquisition n. 调查，审问(in进入 + quis +ition?进去问?调查) require /r,ikw'ɑ??/ vt. to have need of; depend upon; want to impose as a necessity; make necessary vt. 1. 有赖于…; 需要2. 命令, 指示3. 要求, 规定 vi. 1. 要求;规定(re再 +quire?再次询问?请求) 70 【真题连线】Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.(2008) 就在10年前，这样的行为在费吉尼亚州还需要得到法律的许可。 【同义】command 【派生】requirement n. 需要，需要的东西，要求 conquer /k'ɑ?k?/ vt. to overcome (an enemy, army, etc); defeat vt. vi. 1. 攻克, 征服2. 破除, 克服(con全部 + quer?全部寻求到?征服) 【真题连线】Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”(1997) 过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果:记住，第一位跑马拉松的费地皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒 便倒地而死。 【同义】suppress rupt – break断裂 abrupt /?br'?pt/ adj. sudden; unexpected adj. 1. 突然的, 意外的2. (言语、行为)粗鲁的，莽撞的((ab离开 + rupt?断开?突然断开?突然的) 【真题连线】Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.(2008) 段落中的每一句话都要与一个主题有关，两段之间要有过渡，这样不会有一个突然跳跃或让读者感到困惑。 【同义】sharp sudden corrupt /k?'?pt/ adj. lacking in integrity; open to or involving bribery or other dishonest practices vt. & vi.to become or cause to become dishonest or disloyal adj. 1. 堕落的, 腐败的, 贪赃舞弊的2. 不道德的 vt. & vi. 1. (使)败坏, (使)腐化(cor全部+rupt断?全断了?腐败了) 【真题连线】”You have sold you souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”(1997) 你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子不成, 【同义】bribe 【派生】corruption n. 腐败 disrupt /d?sr'?pt/ vt. to throw into turmoil or disorder vt. 1. 使混乱, 扰乱,使中断,打乱(dis分开 + rupt?分开断?分裂) 【同义】interrupt 【派生】disruption n. 分裂 【真题连线】But today，a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an 71 otherwise-stay-at-home partner.(2007) 但现在，家庭财富的中断不能再得到弥补，过去，这种弥补通过是由一个在正常情况下赋闲在家的伴侣出去工作获得的。 erupt /?r'?pt/ vi. start abruptly vi. 1. (火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出2. 突然发生(e出 + rupt?断裂而喷出) 【例句】A dormant volcano may erupt after an interval. 睡眠状态的火山经过一段时间后还会喷发。 【同义】burst 【派生】eruption n. 爆发 scrib, script – write 写 describe /d?skr'ɑ?b/ vt. to give an account or representation of in words vt. 1. 描写, 叙述2. 画出(图形等)3. 形容,把...说成 (de表强调 +scribe?着重写?描写) 【真题连线】Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.(2008) 爱尔活瑞茨指出，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力。 【同义】depict 【派生】description n. 描写 inscribe /?n'skra?b/ vt. to make, carve, or engrave (writing, letters, a design, etc) on vt. 1. 写;刻(in进入+ scribe?刻写进去?铭刻) 【例句】Will you inscribe your name in the book? 能否请你在这本书上签名? 【同义】engrave 【派生】inscription n. 铭刻 prescribe /pr?skr'ɑ?b/ vt. to lay down as a rule or directive vt. & vi. 1. 给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方) 【真题连线】George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.(2006) 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治.安纳斯认为，只要医生开药是出于合法的医疗目的，那么病人即使服用此药会加速死亡， 只要医生开药是出于合法的医疗目的，那么病人即使服用此药会加速死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。 【同义】order 【派生】prescription n. 药, 治疗方法2. 处方, 药方 sens, sent – feel感觉 sensation /s?ns'e??n/ 72 n. the power of perceiving through the senses n. 1. 感觉, 感受2. 直觉;莫名其妙的感觉;经历;回忆(sens 感觉+ation名词后缀) 【同义】excitement 【派生】sensational adj. 1. 轰动性的;引起哗然的2. (报章等) 哗众取宠的;耸人听闻的 【真题连线】Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.(2001) 在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。 sensible /s'?ns?b?l/ adj. having or showing good sense or judgment adj. 1. 明智的, 合情理的, 切合实际的2. 可感觉到的 【真题连线】However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (2000) 但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而 未决的问题。 【同义】reasonable 【反义】insensible 【派生】sensibility n. 识别力, 敏感性, 灵敏性 sentiment /s'?nt?m?nt/ n. susceptibility to tender, delicate, or romantic emotion n. (对怜悯、怀旧等的)柔情2. 态度或意见(senti + ment + al形容词后缀) 【真题连线】Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produced Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy. (2007) 对结束印地安人的上贡问题和对混血人种的税收问题的早期承诺较晚才实现，这是因为新独立的国家仍然需要这些政策 所带来的税收收入。 【同义】feeling 【派生】sentimental adj. 多感情的; 感伤的 consent /k?ns'?nt/ n &vi. to give assent or permission (to do something); agree n &vi. 准许, 同意, 赞成(con共同 + sent?共同感觉?同意) 【真题连线】In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “ I don’t like this contract?(1997) 此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又有多少约束力，因为有人要是说“我不喜欢这项契约”， 那你又如何作答呢, 【同义】permission 73 resent /r?z'?nt/ vt. to feel bitter, indignant, or aggrieved at vt. 1. 对…感到愤怒(re反 + sent?反感?怨恨) 【真题连线】With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. (2003) 而对于其他听众，你就不能试图插入这中幽默，因为他们会反感外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有藐视之词。 【同义】dislike 【派生】resentment n. 愤怒，怨恨 secut, sequ, sue – follow跟随 sequence /s'ikw?ns/ n. an arrangement of two or more things in a successive order n. 1. 有关联的一组事物, 一连串2. 先后次序, 顺序, 连续(sequ+ence名词后缀?跟随?连续) 【真题连线】IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.(1997) 智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，以及 其他类似的项目。 【同义】series 【派生】subsequent adj. 随后的，后来的 serv- serve, keep服务，保持 deserve /d?z'?v/ vt. to be entitled to or worthy of; merit vt.1. 应受, 应得, 值得(de表强调 + serve?表强调服务?值得重视) 【真题连线】Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. (1997) 但因为人们常常给出观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。 【同义】merit conserve /k?ns'?v/ vt. to keep or protect from harm, decay, loss vt. 1. 保护, 保藏, 保存;节约，节省 【真题连线】If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures . (2005)如果政府不主动采取立法措施，国会就将帮助它开始采取立法措施了。 【同义】maintain 【派生】conservation n. 保存，保护 conservative adj. 保守的， 守旧的 observe /?bz'?v/ 74 vt. & vi. to see; perceive; notice vt. & vi. 观察; 研究 vt. 1. 看到; 注意到2. 遵守; 遵循(ob表强调 + serve?一直保持?遵守，引申为观察) 【真题连线】However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. (2005) 但是，当把两只猴子分别关在相邻的两个房间，它们能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就 会变得明显不同。 【同义】detect 【派生】observation n. 观察，观测，监测 observance n. 惯例;遵守 reserve /r?z'?v/ vt. to keep back or set aside, esp for future use or contingency vt. 1. 保留[储备]某物2. 具有或保持(某种权利)3. 预订或保留(座位、住处等); 订购 【例句】The judge reserved his decision.那法官延迟了他的判决。 【同义】withhold 【派生】reservation n. 保留;预定 reserved adj. 保留的;沉默的 sid – sit 坐 reside /r?z'ɑ?d/ vi. to live permanently or for a considerable time (in a place); have one's home (in) vi. 1. 居住; 定居2. 驻扎;属于(re再 + side?再次坐下，就住下了?居住) 【同义】dwell 【派生】residence n. 居住;住宅 resident n. 居民，常住者 residential adj. 居住的，住宅的 【真题连线】The 1990 Census revealed that ―a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ?well‘ or ?very well‘ after ten years of residence.‖(2004) 1990年的人口普查表明“绝大多数移民在美国居住10年后英语说得好或很好，他们来自15个最常移民的国家。 preside /pr?z'ɑ?d/ vi. to sit in or hold a position of authority, as over a meeting vi. 1. 主持(会议、仪式等);担任(会议)主席(pre 前面 + side?在前面坐?主持) 【同义】control command 【派生】president n. 总统，校长(ent人) 【真题连线】President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. (2007) 75 布什总统致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报 率的投资回报。 subside /s?bs'ɑ?d/ vi. to become less loud, excited, violent, etc; abate vi. 下降至较低或正常水平; 平息(sub下 + side?坐下去?沉淀) 【例句】The flood waters subsided. 洪水退去了。 【同义】lessen sink 【派生】subsidence n. 沉淀,陷没,下沉 subsidy /s'?bs?di/ n. a financial aid supplied by a government, as to industry, for reasons of public welfare n. 1. 补贴, 津贴, 补助金(sub向下 + sid + y名词后缀?补助金) 【真题连线】The townsfolk don‘t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.(2006) 不管怎样，该镇居民不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款。 【同义】grant 【派生】subsidiary adj. 辅助的，附带的, 次要的 insidious /?ns'?di?s/ adj. subtle, cunning adj. 隐伏的,潜在的,暗中为害的(in内 + sid + ious形容词后缀?坐在内部的坏人?阴险的) 【真题连线】But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. (2004) 然而一种潜在的歧视却一直盛行，这就是按字母顺序排序。 【同义】seductive sist- stand 站立 assist /?s'?st/ vt. to give help or support to (a person, cause, etc); aid vt. & vi. 1. 帮助, 协助, 援助; 促进 vt. 1. 为…的助手，为…当帮手;辅助;搀扶(as表强调 +sist?站在一起?帮助) 【真题连线】Even demographics are working against the middle class family， as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation. (2007) 甚至人口统计学的结果也对中产阶级家庭不利，因为如果有一个年老力衰的父母亲，随之而来的照料所需要的精力 和财力在一代的时间内也增加了八倍。 【同义】help aid 【派生】assistant adj. 帮助的，辅助的; n. 助手，助教 (assist+ant?帮助之人) 76 assistance n.协助; 援助 consist /k?ns'?st/ vi. to be composed (of); be formed (of) vi. 1. 由…组成，构成;包括，包含(con共同 + sist?站在一起?组成) 【真题连线】More families consist of one parent households or two working parents.(2004) 更多的家庭成为单亲家庭或双职工家庭。 【同义】comprise 【派生】consistence n. 无矛盾，一致(ence名词后缀) consistent adj. 1. 一贯的, 始终如一的2. 一致的, 符合的 insist /?ns'?st/ vt. & vi. to make a determined demand (for) vt. & vi. 1. 坚决宣称, 坚持认为，坚持说，固执己见(in进入 + sist?站进去?坚持) 【真题连线】doctors until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.(2002) 这些医生在此之前一直强烈地坚持说，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话那就不能这样做。 【同义】assert 【派生】insistence n. 坚持;强调(ence名词后缀) persist /p?s'?st/ vt. & vi. to continue to exist or occur without interruption vt. & vi. 1. 坚持, 固执2. 维持;保持;持续存在 【真题连线】Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.(2005) 那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助。 【同义】persevere 【派生】persistent adj. 坚持的;顽固的 persistence n. 坚持，持续，存留 resist /r?z'?st/ vt. & vi. to stand firm (against); not yield (to); fight (against) vt. & vi. 1. 使用武力阻止(某事)发生[取得成功]; 抵抗; 对抗(re反+ sist?站在相反的立场?反抗) 【同义】defy 【派生】resistant adj. 抵抗的，有抵抗力的(ant形容词后缀?抵制的) resistance n. 抵抗, 反抗, 抵抗能 irresistible adj. 不可抗拒的 【真题连线】Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. (2005) 77 魁北克省对全国性代理机构的抵制是该省的意识形态问题。 spect, spec, spic – look, see看 inspect /?nsp'?kt/ vt. to examine closely, esp for faults or errors vt. 1. 检查;查看;审视2. 视察(in内+spect?看进去?视察) 【例句】We want to inspect sample. 我们想检验一下样品。 【同义】 examine 【派生】inspection n. 视察 prospect /pr'ɑsp?kt/ n. a probability or chance for future success, esp as based on present work or aptitude n. 1. 景象, 景色2. 前景; 前途3. 可能成为主顾的人; 有希望的候选人(pro 向前 + spect?向前看?展望) 【真题连线】Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy‘s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.(2003) 很多人还说虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们对于经济的长期前景还是保持乐观态度。 【同义】potential 【派生】prospective adj. 预期的(ive形容词后缀) respect /r?sp'?kt/ n. an attitude of admiration or esteem vt. 1. 尊重, 敬佩 n. 1. 尊敬, 尊重2. 考虑, 关心, (re再 + spect?反复看?尊敬) 【真题连线】A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.(2005) 这个口号既具有一致的目标，又尊重每个国家的不同特点。 【同义】esteem 【派生】respectable adj. 可敬的 respectable adj. 可敬的(able形容词后缀) respective 各自的，各个的 suspicion /s?sp'???n/ n. the act or an instance of suspecting; belief without sure proof, esp that something is wrong n. 1. 怀疑, 嫌疑2. 疑心, 猜疑(sus +spic + ion名词后缀?在下面看?怀疑的) 【真题连线】A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.(2005) 一些省的政府官员们对于联邦政府的交易感到怀疑。 【同义】suspect 【派生】suspicious adj. 可疑的，多疑的 78 speculate /sp'?kj?l,et/ vt. & vi. to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds vt. & vi. 思索; 猜测, 推测((spec + ulate动词后缀?看准了?思考，投机) 【真题连线】The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. (2000) 这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。 【同义】suppose 【派生】speculation n. 思考;投机(ualte名词后缀) spir –breathe呼吸 spirit /sp'?r?t/ n. the force or principle of life that animates the body of living things n. 1. 精神, 心灵2. 神灵, 幽灵3. 情绪; 心情(有呼吸?有精神) 【真题连线】“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says. (1999) 从思想上说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎， 用手抓面罩时的情景。”他说。 【同义】soul 【派生】spiritual adj. 精神上的; 心灵的(ual形容词后缀) aspire /?sp'ɑ?r/ vi. have a powerful or ambitious plan, desire vi. 1. 渴望, 追求(a表强调+spire?看到渴望的动词表示强调呼吸?热望) 【真题连线】Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.(2005)而公众人物自己也不渴望这样。 【同义】hope 【派生】aspiration n. 渴望，热望 expire /?ksp'ɑ?r/ vi. to finish or run out; cease; come to an end vi. 1. 期满, (期限)终止; 文件、协议等(因到期而)失效, 终止 【例句】My passport is due to expire. 我的护照要到期了。 【同义】perish 【派生】expiration n. 满期，届期;截止，告终 tend, tent, tens –stretch 伸展 tend /t'?nd/ vt. be inclined; to care for 79 vt. 易于; 倾向; 照料, 照顾 【真题连线】Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ―goods and services‖ than males. (2005年)最重要的是，就像女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更注意商品和服务的价值。 【同义】incline 【派生】tendency n. 趋势，倾向(ency名词后缀?伸出去的状态?偏向一边?倾向) intense /?nt'?ns/ adj. of extreme force, strength, degree, or amount adj. 1. 强烈的, 剧烈的; 极端的2. 热情的, 热切的3. 紧张的, 认真的(in不+tense?不能再拉?紧张的，强烈的) 【真题连线】And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competition for gambler‘s dollars has become intense.(2006年)自从1995年建立了第一个赌博网站以来，争夺赌博资金的竞争加剧。 【同义】severe fierce 【派生】intensify vt. 变猛烈 intensity n.强烈，剧烈 pretense /prit'?ns/ n. the act of giving a false appearance; pretending with intention to deceive n. 1. 假装;矫饰;虚伪;做作2. 借口,托词(pre前+tense伸展) 【例句】It is merely a pretense. 这只是托词而已。 【同义】pretext 【派生】pretension n. 自负(pre提前 +tens+ion?提前摆出一种姿态?自负) ver, vert, vers –turn 转 versatile /v'?s?t?l/ adj. capable of or adapted for many different uses, skills, etc adj. 1. 有多种学问、技能或职业的; 多才多艺的(versat+vers +ile形容词后缀?玩的转的?有才能的) 【例句】She is a versatile and superlative actress. 她是位多才多艺、演技高超的女演员。 【同义】capable talented 【派生】versatility n. 多才多艺 controvert /'k?ntr?v?:t/ vt. to deny, refute, or oppose vt. 1. 争论,反驳,否定(contro相反 +vert?相反转?反驳) 【真题连线】He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.(2008) 他普及了一种观点，即某些以前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。 80 【同义】refute contradict 【派生】controversy n. 反驳(y名词后缀) controversial adj. 有争议的, 引起争议的 incontrovertible adj. 不容争议的(in 不+controvert 反驳 +ible?不容反驳的) revert /r?v'?t/ vi. to go back to a former practice, condition, belief vi. 1. 恢复, 回复到(re回+ert ?转回来?恢复) 【例句】Let us revert to the original subject.我们回过来谈原来的主题吧。 【同义】return 【派生】reversion n. 恢复原状 adverse /ædv'?s/ adj. contrary or opposite in direction or position; unfavourable to one's interests adj. 1. 不利的, 有害的2. 逆的, 相反的, 敌对的(ad向 +vers + e 形容词后缀?反向转?不利的) 【例句】Adverse winds hinder ships. 逆风使船只受阻。 【同义】unfavorable 【派生】adversary n. 敌手， 对手(ad + vers逆反+ary 人?逆反之人?对手) diverse /dɑ?v'?s/ adj. having variety adj. (形式、种类、性质等)不同的，各不相同的，相异的(di 分开 +vers +e ?转开了?不同的) 【真题连线】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (2004) 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在 欧洲扎下了根。 【同义】different 【派生】diversify v. 多样化(di 分开 +vers + ify动词后缀) diversity n. 多样性 reverse /r?v'?s/ vt. & vi.to turn or set in an opposite direction, order, or position adj. opposite or contrary in direction vt. & vi. 1. (使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转 adj. 1. 相反的, 颠倒的, 反向的(re 反+ verse?反着转?颠倒) 【真题连线】Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.(2003)然而很少人愿意扭转这种趋势。 【同义】return 81 【派生】irreversible adj. 不可挽回的,不可反转的 82