mark twain\二学位修辞补充

1.Simile:1)Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.(GeorgeEliot)他傲得像只公鸡，以为太阳升起便是为了听它打鸣。(Thesuggestionofoverwhelmingconceit自负intheman.)2)Cold,dirtywaterlappedandlickedatPecosTuesdayeveninglikeapatientcattoyingwithacorneredmouse.3)Ilearnedagreatmanynewwordsthatday.Idonotrememberwhattheyallwere;butIdoknowthat'mother,father,sister,teacher'wereamongthem---wordsthatweretomaketheworldblossomforme'likeAaron'srod,withflowers‘.(HelenKeller)那天我学了非常多的字。我不记得究竟是哪些，其中的母亲、父亲、妹妹和老师我倒是记得；这些字让我的世界变成花样美好，就像摩西的兄长亚伦，拥有的那根长满花叶和果实的神杖（Aaron‘srod)。note:wemustavoidclutteringupourwritingwithtoomanysimiles,clogging（塞满）themindwithsomanyimagesthatnothingstandsout.Theviewfromthemountaintopwasbeautiful.Talltreestoweredlikepillars（柱子）tothesky,whilebelowinthevalleys,riversflowedlikestreamsofjade（翡翠）.Flowers,givingoffafragranceliketheincense（气味，香味）ofthegods,bloomedinamyriad（各种各样的）colors,whilethesingingofthebirdswaslikemusicinheaven.Similesareornamentsofproseand,likeallornaments,shouldbeusedtastefullyandsparingly.Theyshouldnotbegaudybaubles（小玩意）thatrepel（使人反感、厌恶）.2.Metaphor:theeyeofapotato(thedarkspotonapotatofromwhichanewplantcangrow)theteethofacombtheteethofasawLayheadstogether共同商量Talksomebody’sheadoff唠叨得使人厌烦Escapebytheskinofone’steeth死里逃生Keepbodyandsoultogether勉强活下去1)Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.2)Thedoctorwasanaffable(和蔼可亲的）localpractitionerwithwhitehair…“weallwantalittlepatchingandrepairing”.3)Theautodealerhijackedbuyersintopurchasingunwantedaccessories.汽车经销商强使顾客购买那些不需要的附件。Hijack:拦路抢劫→劫持→强迫→敲诈（抢劫犯命令受害者在枪口下高举双手的用语：Hi=high,commandtoraisehandsduringrobbery;Jack:泛指‘老兄’，（对陌生人的称呼4)Hewasastudentwhomarchedtothebeatofadifferentdrummer.学生时代他就有一种独行其是、另辟蹊径的作风。5)Thehallwaywaszebra-stripedwithdarknessandmoonlight.(KurtVonnegut,Jr.)(Adescriptionofthealternatebandsoflightandshadeinthehall,likeazebra'sstripes.)6)Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure（肥料）.(ThomasJefferson)自由之树常以爱国者和暴虐者的血液来浇灌方能生机勃勃郁郁葱葱。双方的血是它的天然肥料。(Thesuggestionhereisthatlibertycannotbeachievedordefendedwithoutbloodshed---thesheddingofthebloodofboththedefendersandtheoppressorsoflibertyinaviolentstruggle.Blood(manure)nurturesliberty.)extendedmetaphor进喻Inanextendedmetaphor,thereisusuallyabasiccomparisonwhichisdevelopedinsuchawaythateverynewstageofitsdescriptionthrowsnewlightonthesubject.Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages...大千世界是个舞台，所有男男女女不外是戏子；各有登场和退场，一生扮演着那么些角色，七样年龄分七幕。(W.Shakespeare:AsYouLikeIt)(Thebasiccomparisoninthisfamouspassageis"Theworldislikeastage.")SustainedMetaphor博喻ThesustainedmetaphorisaspecialtypeofEnglishmetaphors——itusuallyusestwo(ormore)vehicles（喻体）todescribethetenor(本体）.Itis'‘ametaphorwhichisdevelopedbyanumberofdifferentfigurativeexpressions”.(GeoffreyN.Leech).月光如流水一般，静静地泄在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛奶中洗过一样；又像笼罩着轻纱的梦。Moonlightwasflowingquietlylikeastreamdowntotheleavesandflowers.Athingreenmistoverspreadthelotuspond.Theleavesandflowersseemedtohavebathedinmilkandlikeadreamshroudedingauze(薄纱）.3.metonymy借代DefinitionThesubstitutionofonethingforanother.AchangeofnameCrownforking,theWhitehouseforthepresident,kettleforwater(thekettleboils.)Shakespeare:Shakespeare’sworks1)Thepenismightierthanthesword.(theinstrument,penorsword,asthenameforthepeopleusingit)2)Surelyanyonewhothinksthatthequestionofartandcultivationmustgobeforethatoftheknifeandforkdoesnotunderstandwhatartmeans.Theknifeandfork:生计3)Thecoatwouldbebeyondhismiserablepocket.4)Sheiscoming,mylife,myfate.Lifeandfate:she5)Scepter（象征君主权位的）节杖andCrownMusttumbledown,AndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedScythe长柄大镰刀andSpade.(J.Shirley)显贵王侯全会倒毙，与贱农并肩齐埋在尘土之中。8)Hesettheroomroaringwithlaughter.9)Helikedthecupabittoomuch.(Hewastoofondofthebottle.)他太贪杯10)Heisinhiscupsagain.他又醉了。11)Ihavehisear,ofcourse.(倾听我的话）12)Shehadaneyeforbeauty.13)Wealladmireeloquentpen.（文笔）14)I’vecometopickyourbrains.我是来向你讨教专门知识的。15)Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.(体力）18)Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.Wolf:凶残pig:贪婪19)Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhissonguilty.Note:DifferencebetweenmetonymyandmetaphorMetaphoris‘comparingmaterialsacrossdomains;Militarygloryisabubbleblownfromblood.军事的荣耀是由血吹成的气泡。Metonymyis‘comparingmaterialswithindomains’.Thecoatwouldbebeyondhismiserablepocket.4.Parody仿拟Parodyisaliteraryorartisticworkthatimitatesthecharacteristicstylesofanauthororaworkforcomiceffectorridicule.----WinewasthickerthanbloodtotheMondavibrothers,whofeudedbitterlyovercontrolofthefamilybusiness,CharlesKrugWinery.对蒙特维兄弟来说‘酒浓于血’，他们为争夺这份家产---查尔斯·库勒格酿酒厂---而结怨成仇。Winewasthickerthanblood→Bloodisthickerthanwater.1)Emptyglassesspeaklouderthanemptywords.(asforHeinekenBeer).“Factsspeaklouderthanwords.”TheemptyglassestellthepotentialcustomerthatpeoplereallyenjoyHeinekenBeer.2)Betterlatethanthelate.Thisisasloganforsafedriving.from“betterlatethannever.”“Thelate”meansthedead.Therefore,theadmeansitisbettertodriveslowlyandtobelatethantodrivefastandcauseanaccidentinwhichdeathmayoccur.A.Replacement换词1）HeintendedtotakeanopportunitythisafternoonofspeakingtoIrene.Awordintimesavesnine.(Astitchintimesavesnine.)2)Oncechoose,alwaysuse.(advertisement)一旦选用，终身享用。（Onceathief,alwaysathief.)3)Acarrotadaymaykeepcanceraway.(Anappleadaykeepsdoctorsaway.)4）GivemeGreenWorld,orgivemeyesterday.(Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath!)5)WallStreetownsthecountry.Itisnolongeragovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople,butagovernmentofWallStreet,byWallStreetandforWallStreet.华尔街拥有了这个国家。它不再是民有、民治、民享的政府，而是一个华尔街有、华尔街治、华尔街享的政府。6)Agovernmentoffthepeople,buythepeople,andfarthepeople.7)‘Iwon’thaveRalphupset.Afterall,’shegrinned,‘ahusbandinhandisworthtwoinbush.’(Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.)8)Judge(indentistchair):Doyouswearthatyouwillpullthetooth,thewholetooth,andnothingbutthetooth?(Judgesoftensayinthecourt:Doyouswearthatyouwilltellthetruth,thewholetruth,andnothingbutthetruth?)B.Structurealteration结构变化（1）Hethoughtofhispast,itscold（过时的）splendor(光辉）.Butheknewthatforhimtherewasnoturning.Hisboatswereburnt.(toburnone’sboats破釜沉舟)4.Pun双关语1)Whenthecollegegirlannouncedthatsheweighed140poundsandstripped(脱衣服）forgym,heranxiousfatherwantedtoknowwho‘Jim’was.4)---Whyareparliamentaryreportscalled‘BlueBooks’?-----Becausetheyareneverred.red→read5)----WhyistheMiddleAgesalsocalledtheDarkAges?------Becausetherearesomanyknights.knights→nights6)----Whycanyouneverexpectafishermantobegenerous?---Becausehisbusinessmakeshimsellfish.sellfish→selfish7)----Whyarelawyersalluneasysleepers?----Becausetheyliefirstononeside,andthen(lie)ontheother,andremainwidewakeallthetime.8)---Whatdolawyersdowhentheydie?---Liestill.5Alliteration压头韵Deepindebt.(债台高筑）Nowornever.(机不可失，时不再来）Beswifttohear,slowtospeak,slowtowrath.勤倾听，缓开口，慢发火。（1）Whenwinesinks,wordsswim.酒下肚，话糊涂。（2）Pennywise,poundfoolish.小事聪明，大事糊涂。（3）Sparetherodandspoilthechild.孩子不打不成器。（4）Feasttoday,fast（禁食）tomorrow.Stufftoday,starvetomorrow.今天大吃大喝，明天忍饥挨饿。6.Antithesis对偶DefinitionAntithesisisthesettingofcontrastingphrasesorstatementsoppositeeachotherforemphasis.1)Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake:butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath.我不知道其他人有何良策，但对我自己来说，不自由，毋宁死。2)Everythingisgoodwhennew,butfriendswhenold.物莫如新，友莫如旧。4）Crafty（狡猾的）mencontemn(蔑视）studies;simplemenadmirethem;andwisemenusethem.狡猾者轻视学问；无知者崇拜学问；聪明者利用学问。（Bacon:OfStudies)7.Parallelism排比Withthisfaithwewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostruggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.(MartinLutherKing:IHaveaDream)怀着这个信念，我们就将能够一同工作，一同祈祷，一同斗争，一同入狱，一同争取自由，因为我们知道，终有一天我们将获得自由。(2)studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。8.Repetition重复1)WhenDellahadfinishedcrying,shewenttothewindowandlookedoutsadlyatagreycatwalkingalongagreyfenceinagreyback-yard.2)Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.8.Euphemism委婉达法Fat:plump丰满的(female)stout,mighty壮实的(male)chubby胖乎乎的(child)full-figure(富态)Thin:slenderslimlean(精干）(male)OnceIworemyapronlow;NowIwearmyapronhigh.Love,ohlove,ohcarelesslove!Seewhatlovehasdonetome.9.hyperbole夸张1）Thesoundofdrumsandgongs(铜锣）reachedthestars.2)Thenoisewasloudenoughtowakeupthedead.5)Hehadagreatmanysorrows.→Hehadanoceanofsorrows.6)Ihavemanymanythingstodo.→Ihaveathousandandonethingstodo.10.OnomatopoeiaAndnowyou’dhearthunderletgowithanawfulcrash,andgorumbling,grumbling,tumblingdowntheskytowardtheundersideoftheworld,likerollingemptybarrelsdownstairs…whereit’slongstairsandtheybounceagooddeal,youknow.…当时你听见可怕的炸雷‘哗啦’一声响，紧接着是‘轰隆、轰隆’连续不断的雷鸣，然后才是低声沉闷的‘轰轰、轰轰’的雷声，从高空滚滚向地面传来；雷声就好像无数个空铁桶从楼梯上直往下滚时发出的响声，又因楼梯高、距离长，铁桶相互碰撞、上下弹跳，那种风猛厉害的劲头，你是可想而知的。(MarkTwain:TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn)