翻译理论(英文)PPT课件

TRANSLATIONTHEORYDr.MashadiSaid(SecretaryofMaster’sPrograminTranslationofGunadarmaUniversity,Jakarta)Drs.InEnglishLiteratureandEducation,1984PostGraduateDiplomainAppliedLinguistics,1990MagisterinEnglishEducation,1994PhD.inEnglishEducation,19981.Whatistranslation?a.Translationconsistsoftransferringthemeaningofthesourcelanguagetextintothereceptorlanguagetext.Whatistranslation?B..Catford(1965:20)Translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage.(Penerjemahanadalahpenggantianmateritekstualdalamsuatubahasadenganmateritekstualyangpadandalambahasalain.Whatistranslation?C.Translatingconsistsofreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle(NidaandTaber,1982)Whatistranslation?D.Translationisthegeneraltermreferringtothetransferofthoughtsandideasfromonelanguage(source)toanother(target),whetherthelanguagesareinwrittenororalform;whetherthelanguageshaveestablishedorthographiesordonothavesuchstandardizationorwhetheroneorbothlanguagesisbasedonsigns,aswithsignlanguagesofthedeaf(Brislin,1976)Whatistranslation?E.TranslationisaprocessoffindingaTLequivalentforanSLutterance.(Pinhuhuck,1977:38)F.Translationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage.(Newmark,1981:7)Whatistranslation?G.(McGuire,1980:2)Translationinvolvestherenderingofasourcelanguage(SL)textintothetargetlanguage(TL)soastoensurethat(1)thesurfacemeaningofthetwowillbeapproximatelysimilarand(2)thestructureoftheSLwillbepreservedascloselyaspossible,butnotsocloselythattheTLstructurewillbeseriouslydistorted.Whatistranslation?H.TranslationisatransferprocesswhichaimsatthetransformationofawrittenSLtextintoanoptimallyequivalentTLtext,andwhichrequiresthesyntactic,thesystematicandthepragmaticunderstandingandanalyticalprocessingoftheSL(WilssandNoss,1982).Whatistheprocessoftransferringthemeaningintothereceptorlg.text?Translationconsistofstudyingthelexicon,grammaticalstructure,communicationsituation,andculturalcontextofthesourcelanguagetext,analyzingitinordertodetermineitsmeaning,andthenreconstructingthissamemeaningusingthelexiconandgrammaticalstructurewhichareappropriateinthereceptorlanguageanditsculturalcontext.Whatarethecharacteristicsoflanguagewhichaffecttranslation?Meaningcomponentsare“packaged”intolexicalitems,buttheyare‘packaged’differentlyinonelanguagethaninanother.Manytimesasinglewordinthesourcelanguagewillneedtobetranslatedbyseveralwords.Itischaracteristicoflanguagethatthesamemeaningcomponentwilloccurinseveralsurfacestructurelexicalitems(forms).Itisfurthercharacteristicsoflanguagesthatoneformwillbeusedtorepresentseveralalternativemeaning.Wholesentencesmayalsohaveseveralfunctions.Aquestionformmaybeusedforanonquestion.Asinglemeaningmaybeexpressedinavarietyofforms.Whatarethecharacteristicsoflanguagewhichaffecttranslation?Whatisthegoalofatranslator?Thegoalofatranslatorshouldbetoproduceareceptorlanguagetext(translation),whichisidiomatic;thatis,onewhichhasthesamemeaningasthesourcelanguagebutisexpressedinthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage.Themeaning,nottheform,isretained.Isitnecessarytochangetheformwhentranslating?Anythingthatcanbesaidinonelanguagecanbesaidinanother.Itispossibletotranslate.Thegoalofthetranslatoristokeepthemeaningconstant.Whenevernecessary,thereceptorlanguageformshouldbechangedinorderthatthesourcelanguagemeaningnotbedistorted.Sinceameaningexpressedbyaparticularforminonelanguagemaybeexpressedbyquiteadifferentforminanotherlanguage,itisoftennecessarytochangetheformwhentranslating.Itisnotuncommonthatpassiveconstructionswillneedtobetranslatedwithanactiveconstructionorviceversa,dependingonthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage.WhatisliteralTranslation?Literaltranslationorform-basedtranslationattempttofollowtheformofthesourcelanguage.Whatisidiomatictranslation?Idiomatictranslationormeaning-basedtranslationsmakeseveryefforttocommunicatethemeaningofthesourcelanguagetextinthenaturalformsofthereceptorlanguage.Thebasicoverridingprincipleisthatanidiomatictranslationreproducesthemeaningofthesourcelanguage(thatis,themeaningintendedbytheoriginalcommunicator)inthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage.Howdoesatranslatorknowthatheissuccessfulinhistranslationtask?Hewillknowthatheissuccessfulifthereceptorlanguagereadersdonotrecognizehisworkasatranslationatall,butsimplyasatextwritteninthereceptorlanguagefortheirinformationandenjoyment.Howdoesatranslatormakehistranslationasdynamicastheoriginaltext?Forthetranslationtohavethesamedynamicsastheoriginal,itwillneedtonaturalandeasytounderstandsothatthereaderswillfinditeasytograspthemessage,includingboththeinformationandtheemotionaleffectintendedbythesourcelanguagewriter.Whatisnon-equivalence?Non-equivalenceatwordlevelmeansthatthetargetlanguagehasnodirectequivalentforawordwhichoccursinthetext.Whynon-equivalence?Culture-specificconcepts(Religiousbelief,asocialcustom,oratypeoffoodandtools).Howdowehandleanon-equivalenceTranslationbyamoregeneralword(superordinate)Translationbyamorenatural/lessexpressivewordTranslationbyculturalsubstitutionTranslationusingaloanwordorloanwordplusexplanationTranslationbyparaphraseusingarelatedwordTranslationbyparaphraseusingunrelatedwordsTranslationbyomissionTranslationbyillustrationHowdowehandleanon-equivalenceHowdoweestablishatranslationproject?Thereareanumberofmatterswhichincludethetext,thetarget,theteam,andthetoolswhichneedtobeclearlyunderstoodbeforebeginningatranslationproject.TextreferstothesourcelanguagedocumentwhichistobetranslatedTargetreferstotheaudience.Forwhomisthetranslationbeingprepared?Howdoweestablishatranslationproject?Teamreferstothepeoplewhowillbeinvolvedintheproject.Theteammayconsistof1)co-translator,whereoneisaspecialistinthesourcelanguageandtheotheraspecialistinthereceptorlanguage,2)atranslatorwithcapabilitytohandlebothsourcelanguageandreceptorlanguagemattersandadadvisororconsultant,3)acommitteeworkingtogetherwithspecificresponsibilitiesdelegatedtoeachone.Howdoweestablishatranslationproject?Toolsreferstothewrittensourcematerialswhichwillbeusedbythetranslatorsashelps.Theseincludedictionaries,lexicons,grammars,culturaldescriptions,etc.Howdoweestablishatranslationproject?