高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语

高中英语语法通霸1.句子结构成分主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语在下面画直线谓语在下面画曲线宾语在下面画双横线定语 在下面画虚线?（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语 下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考点1.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词4.不定式 5.动名词 6.主语从句等表示。7.名词化的形容词（如therich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。Onthedeskaresomebooks.(主语是books，所以用are)Downjumpstheboy.(主语是theboy，所以用jumps)Gonearethedays.(主语是thedays，所以用are)练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue.10.Therecomesthebus.11.Beyondthevillageliesasmallvillage.12.Nowcomesyourturn.考点2.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.B.复合谓语：1由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.Iwouldstayathomeallday.Hashecomeback?Hedidn’tattendthemeetingyesterday.2由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：Wearestudents.Yourideasoundsgreat.考点3.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.2.Isityours?3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.4.Thespeechisexciting.5.Threetimessevenistwenty-one.6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.7.Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.8.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.9.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.考点4.宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。练习3.画出下列句中的宾语,并说明由什么充当。1.Theyplantedmanytreesyesterday.2.(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.3.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.4.Iwantedtobuyacar.5.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.6.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.考点5.宾语补足语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.8.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.考点6.主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.考点7.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：A.副词用作定语一般要后置。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)Hedidn’tlikethemandownstairs.（楼下的那个人）B.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁边的那个人）C.介词短语作定语时要后置。TheboyunderthetreeisTom.（树下的那个男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我们班最高的那个男孩）D.现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译：我有要说的话)Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.（去年建的那座房子）练习5.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。1.TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.2.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.3.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.4.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.5.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.6.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.7.Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.8.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.9.Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.10.Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedonmeat.11.AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou.12.Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundonthewaybackhome.13.Therearemanyclothestobewashed.14.MostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywerefromAmerica.15.Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewastomarchpastthepalaceintheteam.考点8.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）Herunsveryslowly.（修饰副词slowly,因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）A.几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.Hewaswalkingslowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.B.英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。Iinvitedhimtowatchamovieat5p.m.onThursday,August28th,2015.Iwasbornat6a.m.,March16,2000.Helivesat?1120Green?Street,London.C.频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前。Youcannevertellwhathewilldo.Heisoftenlate.Heisalwayshelpingothers.Heoftencamelate.D.状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。练习6.指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.3.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.4.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.8.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.9.Theboyreallyneedsapen.10.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.11.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.12.Iamtallerthanheis.13.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.14.OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.15.Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.考点9.同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）It’sgoodtousstudents.练习7.画出下列句中的同位语。1.Theyoungman,mybrother,worksintheoffice.2.OurEnglishteacher,Mrs.Wang,oftenhelpsuswithstudy.3.They,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.I.单句改错根据所学主语相关内容，改正下列句中的错误。1.Beyondthemountainslieasmallvillage.2.GoneisthedayswhenIhadtogotoschoolonfoot.3.Playbasketballismyfavoritesport.4.GiveupEnglishisnotanoption.5.Bydoingpart-timejobscanhelpthemgainsocialexperience.6.Withoutafriendwillfeellonely.II.语法填空（每空至多填三词）7.Theyplanned______(take)twodaysoffnextweek.8.Hepracticed______(speak)Englisheveryday.9.Here______(be)yourbooks.10.Onthewall______(hang)twopictures.III.写作技能提升A.注意句子主语的形式。11.在我看来，早睡早起将对我们的健康有好处。（inmyopinion,getupearly,gotobedearly,doalotofgoodto,ourhealth）12.他这次考试不及格使他不高兴。（hefailedtheexam,make,upset）13.在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。（betweenthetwotallbuildings,stand,teachingbuilding）14.我们现在正在学的知识对我们将来的生活和工作都很有帮助。（whatwearelearningnow,beofgreathelpto,ourlifeandwork,inthefuture）B.用形容词作后置定语。15.你认识Tom旁边的那个人吗？（know,nextto）16.尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。（send…to,nearestto,assoonaspossible）17.我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（dininghall,largeenough,hold）C.注意状语的顺序。18.那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（dohishomework,intheclassroom,carefully,atthatmoment）19.上周日我们在校园内栽了很多树。（plantlotsoftrees,intheschoolyard）20.他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（performincrediblywell,speechcontest）D.注意频度副词的位置。QQ32995088521.我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will,forget,whathetoldme,never）22.我经常去那家超市。（frequently,thesupermarket）23.他总是帮助别人。（always,helping）24.我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。（never,treatanoldmanlikethat,should）25.活到老，学到老。（one,never,toooldtolearn）答案：练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式短语）5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue.(主语从句，that不能省略)10.Therecomesthebus.(副词不能作主语，本句为倒装句，名词thebus作主语)11.Beyondthevillageliesasmallvillage.(介词短语不能作主语，主语是后面的名词短语)12.Nowcomesyourturn.（副词不能作主语，主语是后面的名词）练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词/形容词，这样的分词已形容词化了）5.Threetimessevenistwenty-one.（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.（介词短语）9.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（从句）练习3.画出下列句中的宾语,并说明由什么充当。1.Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.（名词）2.(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.（数词）3.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）4.Iwantedtobuyacar.（不定式短语）5.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）6.Ithinkthatheisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当。1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）3.Letthefreshairin.（副词）4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）8.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.(过去分词短语)练习5.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。1.TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.桌子上的那封信是给吴先生的。（介词短语作后置定语）2.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.怀里抱婴儿的那个妇女是他的母亲。（with的复合结构作后置定语）3.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.我们需要一个比这个地方大两倍的地方。（形容词短语作后置定语）4.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.她提着一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。（形容词短语作后置定语）5.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.那是一本仅值一美元的书。（形容词短语作后置定语）6.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.它是一座距海岸很远的城市。（形容词短语作后置定语）7.Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.他有足够能买一辆车的钱。（形容词短语作后置定语）8.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.楼下的那个人正在尽力睡觉。（副词作后置定语）9.Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.在我们城市有许多需要维修的名胜。（现在分词短语作后置定语）10.Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedonmeat.属于食肉动物的老虎以肉为食。（现在分词短语作后置定语）11.AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou.一个自称为John的男孩想见你。（现在分词短语作后置定语）12.Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundonthewaybackhome.在回家的路上，他捡起一个躺在路上的钱包。（现在分词短语作后置定语；副词短语作后置定语）13.Therearemanyclothestobewashed.有许多要洗的衣服。意译为：有许多衣服要洗。（动词不定式短语作后置定语）14.MostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywerefromAmerica.大多数被邀请参加派对的歌手都来自美国。（过去分词短语作后置定语）15.Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewastomarchpastthepalaceintheteam.接着，他要列队游行经过宫殿的那一天到了。（定语从句修饰thegreatday）练习6.指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。1.时间状语2.地点状语3.原因状语4.方式状语5.伴随状语6.目的状语7.目的状语8.程度状语9.程度状语10.结果状语11.让步状语12.比较状语13.条件状语14.时间状语；地点状语15.原因状语练习7.画出下列句中的同位语。QQ3299508851.Theyoungman,mybrother,worksintheoffice.2.OurEnglishteacher,MrsWangoftenhelpsuswithstudy.3.They,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.1.把lie改为lies；介词短语不能作主语，主语是后面的asmallvillage。2.把is改为are；句子的主语是thedays。3.Play改为Playing；在这里指经常打篮球，要用动名词作主语。4.Give改为Togive；在做决定时，放弃英语不是一个选择。giveup指具体的某一次。5.去掉By，doing改为Doing;介词短语不能作主语。6.will前加we。介词短语不能作主语。7.totake;plan后跟动词不定式作宾语。8.speaking；practice后跟动名词作宾语。9.are；副词here不能作主语，主语是后面的books。10.hang；介词短语不能作主语，倒装句，主语是pictures。11.Inmyopinion,gettingupearlyandgoingtobedearlywilldoalotofgoodtoourhealth.12.Thathefailedtheexammadehimupset.13.Betweenthetwotallbuildingsstandsourteachingbuilding.14.Whatwearelearningnowwillbeofgreathelptoourlifeandworkinthefuture.15.DoyouknowthemannexttoTom?16.Pleasesendhimtothehospitalnearesttoyourhomeassoonaspossible.17.Wehaveadininghalllargeenoughtohold3,000students.18.Hewasdoinghishomeworkcarefullyintheclassroomatthatmoment.19.WeplantedmanytreesinourschoolyardlastSunday.20.Heperformedincrediblywellinthespeechcontestyesterday.21.Iwillneverforgetwhathetoldmethatday.22.Ifrequentlygotothesupermarket./Igotothesupermarketfrequently.23.Heisalwayshelpingothers.24.Weshouldnevertreatanoldmanlikethat.25.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.