8大学英语四级考试精讲班篇章词汇理解讲义(1).doc

8大学英语四级考试精讲班篇章词汇理解讲义(1).doc 大学英语四级考试精讲班第31讲讲义 篇章词汇考点 篇章词汇理解 篇章词汇考点分析 篇章词汇部分的文章长度一般在220词左右，题材多为社会生活，文化教育等方面。篇章词汇理解的考查方式是选词填空，文章中留出10个单词的空，考生要从给出的15个备选单词中选出10个，填入相应的空中，使文章意思连贯、达正确。篇章词汇理解要求老先生能够把握文章逻辑内容的连贯性、一致性，同时还要有一定的篇章词汇理解和运用能力——将理解全文、弄清文章的宏观结构结合到每个微观理解和应用上。 篇章词汇空中所缺的词的词性分配情况一般为:3个左右名词，3个左右动词，3个左右形容词，1个左右副词。而备选项中有15个选项，选项中一般有4-5个名词，4-5个动词，4-5形空词，2个左右的副词。其中包括既能做动词又能做名词的选项。另外还有5个多余选项均有一定的干扰性，其干扰性主要在于这些选项与正确选项的词性相同，适用语境相近。另外，十个正确选项之间可能出现两个选项相互干扰。 篇章词汇理解的考查点主要有: 一、把握全文结构的能力: 文章结构体现作者的行文思维，而掌握行文思维又是阅读的首要技巧，简单了解英语文章常见的语篇类型及其结构模式对我们全文结构及大概意思有很重要的作用。一般在四级阅读比较常见的文章是就某一问题由总到分进行论述:即一般到特殊，段落开头先给一个总论或主题句，之后的部分是分述。这类结构模式小短文可分为文章总分型和段落总分型，甚至有些句际关系也为总分型。 二、把握文章逻辑照应的能力: 作为一个整体，篇章词汇理解中的词汇在全文各个部分都有一定的照应。这些主要体现在逻辑内容的对应上，包括同义复现、反义比照，上义词、下义词及同义词复现等，这种文章行文之间的逻辑联系对理解全文、正确运用词汇起着至关重要的作用。例如: „ In the past, such vital curriculum was not always readily _48_ for children who needed it. One person who experienced the _49_ of school life without a bilingual program was UH education Yolanda Padron. „ A) little B) major C) impossible D) tested E) finally F) response G) own H) happiness I) lost J) received K) difficulties L) knowledge M) available N) basically O) overcome 在上述例子中，48空中缺少做表语的内容，后句是对前句的进一步说明，即not _48_ 与without构成同义复现关系，都表示否定。七个形容词中只有形容词M) available符合。 三、考查对篇章语境词义的理解和应用能力: 篇章意义的准确把握与词汇意义的准确应用是相辅相成的。篇章是理解和运用词汇的环境，是文章主旨内容表现的具体框架，有了框架的要求，词汇串的使用就会具有一定语体色彩和意义。例如: Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of _1_ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lend to burnout. „ A) process B) high C) enjoying D) anxiety E) settle F) cautious G) cooperate H) greatly I) dropping J) hardly K) low H) greatly M) aspiration N) critical O) procedure L) focus 上述例子中，由of 和or可知，1空中应填名词。根据句意的理解，可选项有anxiety和aspiration，但由句首criticism from„可推出，压力会给运动员造成过多的焦虑，而不是渴望，故排除aspiration而选anxiety。 四、考查对篇章语境中词汇功能的应用: 词汇是构成篇章的关节和要素，因此词汇在一定的篇章语境下起着连接构成文章的功能。而每个词汇的不同语法功能和词性都决定了它的不同搭配及运用。把握这一点对准确推断正确选择词汇有着十分重要的作用。 „ Despite the awkwardness of being placed back two grade levels, Padron ________ some much-needed attention from concerned teachers. „ A) little B) major C) impossible D) tested E) finally F) response G) own H) happiness I) lost J) received K) difficulties L) knowledge M) available N) basically O) overcome 上述例子空中缺少动词，备选项中有四个词可以用作动词，后文出现介词from，所以这里需要一个可以与from搭配的词，J) received符合。 篇章词汇技巧 一、篇章词汇解题法: 篇章词汇的解题过程可以分为三步: (一)略读文章，了解文章主题: “篇章词汇理解”不同于完形填空，也不是单句的填空，它是短文的填空，所以篇章词汇解题前一定要选略读全文，把握文章的主题。尤其要特别注意理解文章首句，它是对短文内容的概括性或引导性提示，对我们了解文章的中心内容有着十分重要的作用。 一篇短文的主题性词语会在文章中多次重复出现，略读时一定要注意把握这些很明显的词语，这些词语可能是简单重复，也可能会出现词形的变化。阅读能力稍好的学习者还可以在这个略读的过程中同时了解文章的发展脉络或者作者的态度。以样题为例: (1)文章 When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a _47_. “I couldn’t understand anything,” he said. He _48_ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out. Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his _49_ Spanish. “She helped me stay smart while teaching me English,” he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he _50_ confidence and began to succeed in school. Today, he is a _51_ doctor, runs his own clinic, and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he _52_ through bilingual education to treat his patients. Roberto’s story is just one of _53_ success stories. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most _54_ way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students _55_ outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college _56_ rates of more than 90%. In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation. (2)主题性词语及主题推测: 本文首句说主人公的英语水平存在问题，并且几乎在后面每段开头都反复出现了和语言相关的词语: 第一段English,第二段bilingual educator, 第三段Language, 第四段bilingual education。在最后一段作为性段落中还出现了一个极为关键的词语success。 总结这些关键词，可以大概推测出本文论述的可能是双语教学对人们的成功的有十分积极的意义。 (二)细读文章，选词填空: 通读完文章并对文章的意思有了一个概括性了解之后，接下来就要逐字逐句地读短文，填单词了。对于英文水平相对不错的考生，细讯文章、选词填空可以分为两步来完成:1)读题目了解文章篇章语境，确定空中所缺内容及词性;2)看选项，排除干扰，确定符合语境和词性要求的选项。 然而，如果刚开始训练，对这类题型没有十足的拿分把握，可以遵循以下四步解题法，按部就班的。时间长了之后，自然而然的就可以缩减这些步骤，在两步之内快速解题。篇章词汇的解题法是固定的，重要的是熟练掌握和灵活运用，我们希望考生能够在更多的练习中提高自己。以下仅以样题的第1题为例对篇章词汇解题法作详细阐述: 1.分析空缺部分前后内容的逻辑关系，确定空中应填内容。 分析逻辑关系就是要对空缺前后的内容加以推理分析，找出句子中或者句际存在的逻辑关系，以及那些可以帮助确定空缺处词语意义的限定性成分。根据这些逻辑关系和限定性成分，就可以基本判断出空缺处应该填的词语的意思。这和词汇题、完形填空题的做法很相似。 (1)文章题目: When Roberto feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a _47_ . I couldn’t understand anything,” he said. He _48_ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out. (2)读题分析一: 47. 本段开头提到knew only a few words of English是47题内容的原因，之后couldn’t understand anything 是47题内容的结果。由这些词构成的语境可知本处应该填入一个表示消极意义的词语。 2.确定空中所缺单词的词性: 确定空中所缺单词的词性是非常简单的，可以在做第1步的同时完成。但是我们在这里专门将它提出来，就在于这简单的一步对于缩小选项范围，排除干扰项有着十分重要的意义。 (1)文章题目: When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a _47_ . “I couldn’t understand anything,” he said. He _48_ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out. (2)读题分析二: 47.根据47空前的不定冠词a可判定，本题明显应该填入一个名词，而选项中以用作名词的词只有五个，题目15选1的难度降为5选1。 3.根据空中所缺词的词性查阅备选单词，同时了解挑选出的备选词的词义: 特别注意:在做第一题时，应该对15个备选全部过一遍，对它们的词性有一个了解，这样才不会拉掉符合某个空缺处词性要求的备选项。 在做具体的某一个题目时，要对符合本空词性要求的备选项的意思做出明确判断。如样题第47题缺少名词，那么在做本题时只需对备选项中的所有名词的意思做出判断。 大学英语四级考试精讲班第32讲讲义 篇章词汇考点分析 (1)备选项分析: A) wonder n. v. 奇迹;感到吃惊 B) acquired v. a. C) consistently ad. D) regained v. E) nightmare n. 令人不愉快的事物 F) native a. G) acceptance n. 接受 H) effective a. I) hid v. J) prominent a. K) decent a. L) countless a. M) recalled v. N) breakthrough n. 突破 O) automatically ad. 4.重读文章空缺词汇前后内容，根据篇章语境或词汇搭配排除干扰项，选项正确选项。 要注意的是，3和4两步都是排除干扰项，其实在第1步我们就已经对文章的篇章语境有了把握，第4步是可以和第3步同时完成的，考生在最初作题的时候可以这样分步骤完成，但在练习过程中要注意培养自己的语境意识，把语境作为解题的大框架，统领全部解题过程，逐步养成语境解题的好习惯。 (1)文章题目: When roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a _47_ . “ I couldn’t understand anything ,” he said. He _48_ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out. (2)可选项分析: A) wonder n. v. 奇迹;感到吃惊 E)nightmare n. 令人不愉快的事物 G) acceptance n.. 接受 N) breakthrough n. 突破 (3)篇章语境结合分析: 47.本段开头提到knew only a few words of English，之后又提到couldn’t understand anything, in tears, dropping out，由这些都可以知道47题应该是一个表示消极意义的词语。而各个选项中只有E)nightmare表达了Roberto Feliz因为语言问题，学习受阻的痛苦心情，符合文章本部分语境要求，是正确选项。 注意:刚开始训练做篇章词汇时，做完一道题之后，要将已选择的答案用铅笔在被选项中标记出来，以免在下面做题时重复选择，干扰对其他题的选择。 (4)备选项: A)wonder n. v. 奇迹;感到吃惊 B) acquired v. a. C) consistently ad. D) regained v. E) nightmare n. 令人不愉快的事物 F) native a. G) acceptance n. 接受 H) effective a. I) hid v. J) prominent a. K) decent a. L) countless a. M) recalled v. N) breakthrough n. 突破 O) automatically ad. (三)通读验证选项: 通读空缺前后的内容，从篇章段落的角度将文章中的关键点与空中填入的内容连接，检查空中内容是否与 文章中的关键词及关键意思相呼应。 二、样题试做: Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Rach choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a _47_ . “ I couldn’t understand anything,” he said. He _48_ from is teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out. Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his _49_ Spanish. “She helped me stay smart while teaching me English,” he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he _50_ confidence and began to succeed in school. Today, he is a _51_ doctor, runs his own clinic, and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he _52_ through bilingual education to treat his patients. Roberto’s story is just one of _53_ success. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most _54_ way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students _55_ outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college _56_ rates of more than 90%. In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation. A) wonder B) acquired C) consistently D) regained E) nightmare F) native G) acceptance H) effective I) hid J) prominent K) decent L) countless M) recalled N) breakthrough O) automatically 参考答案: Section A: 47.E) 48.I) 49.F) 50.D) 51.J) 52.B) 53.L) 54.H) 55.C) 56.G) 文章大意: 文章第一、二、三段用Roberto Feliz的双语学习的成功经历做例证，最后一段还用使用双语教学的学校学和流失率降低说明了双语学习的好处。 答案解析: 47.选E)。根据不定冠词a可判定，本题应该填入一个名词，而选项中名词只有五个，题目15选1的难度降为5选1。由上文he knew only a few words of English及下文的“I couldn’t understand anything.”, He _48_ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out.知道上文应填一个表示“泄气”或“不愉快”的词，故只有选E)nightmare符合上下文意思，意为“无法摆脱的恐惧”。 48.选I)。句子缺少谓语，所以此处填一个动词，后半句出现了came和thought，为了保持时态一致，该动词应一般过去时，B)、D)、I)、M)入选;再根据词汇搭配，只有I)符合搭配要求，hid from意为“躲避(某人)”。 49.选F)。本题需要填一个形容词，并且能够与表示语言的Spanish构成搭配，只有F)native符合。 50. 选D)。本题需要填入一个动词，在B)、D)、M)中选择。本段关键要搞清段际关系，上一段“I couldn’t understand anything,” he said. He _48_ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out. 表明Roberto Feliz已失去信心，第二段经双语教师帮助后， 他重新获得了信心，只有D)符合。 51.选J)。本题需要填入一个形容词，在B)、H)、J)中选择。本句说他有了自己的诊所，在多家医院任职，这都说明了他现在是一名出色的医生。B)“得到的”;H)“有效果的”;K)“得体的”，因此只有J)“杰出的”最符合。 52.选B)。句子缺谓语，空中应填入动词，从A)、B)、M)中选择。空中动词的宾语是skill，只有B)可与之搭配，表示获得技能。 53.选L)。此处要填入一个形容词。在one of „success stories 中使用。表示众多之一。只有L)“无数的”符合。 54.选H)。此处要填入一个形容词。本题要明白句内语境:succeed academically，即学业有成。只能选择H)，而且用在此处也最合适:双语教学是„最有效的办法。 55.选C)。此处应为副词，与动词outperform搭配。C)“一贯地”，O)“自动地”。表现可以一贯出色，但却不能自动出色，所以C)符合。 56.选G)。此处填入一个名词与dropout相对应，构成句内比较结构。A)、G)选项中，G)acceptance与rates搭配，表升学率，与dropout rates对照，说明双语教学的好处。