工厂化农业_新世纪中国农业的希望(Factory agriculture _ new century Chinese agriculture hope)
工厂化农业_新世纪中国农业的希望(Factory agriculture _ new
century Chinese agriculture hope)
The first
17 volumes of his "first
Phase 1
Journal of nanjing agricultural university
In 2001,
march
Vol117No. 1 journalofnanjingagriculturaltechnologycollege
Mar., 2001
Article number
: 100821895 (2001) 2001
Factory agriculture - the hope of agriculture in the new century
X
Wan fresh-from-stats-class
Garden department of nanjing agricultural college
,
In this paper,
:
The use of the greenhouse. It is suggested that factory agriculture represents the development direction of agriculture in the new century
Own special factory agriculture.
This paper introduces the origin and development of factory agriculture
Jiangsu nanjing 210038
The present situation and introduction of foreign factory agriculture are introduced
It is pointed out that China should focus on development
keywords
Factory agriculture
; Facility agriculture
; greenhouse
Intermediate number
: S201, S62 document identification code
B:
Agriculture: Hope of Chinese Agriculture in the 21st Cen tury
WAN Cheng2gang
(N anjing A gricultural Technology College, N anj ing 210038, Ch ina)
Abstract: The origin and development of industrialized agriculture are intorduced
The present situation of the industrialzed agriculture in foreign countries and the application of the
Introduced greenhouse in China are emphatically introduced. In the end, it is pointed out that
The industrialized agriculture stands for the developing trend of agriculture in the new 21st
Century, andChinashoulddevelop
theindustrializedagriculturewithChinesecharacteristics.
Key words: industrialized agriculture; Protected agriculture; greenhouse
0 the introduction
China is a large and resource-constrained agricultural country
The per capita appropriation of arable land is insufficient
01067 hm 2, just for the world average
1.3;
Water shortage
The average per capita amount is less than the world average
1.4. The resource shortage has become the restriction of our agriculture and the whole national economy development
The bottleneck. Decades of relying on resources and extensive management of agricultural growth have resulted in ecological imbalances, environmental degradation and resource atrophy
for
In the populous China
This kind of agricultural development has reached unsustainable levels. Facing the resource shortage, the population expansion is serious
reality
Facing the severe challenge of global economic integration in the new century and the fierce competition
The Chinese nation should live, develop and enter the world
The ranks of
We must change the way agriculture is inefficient and expensive
A way to replace resources with technology
We will follow the path of agricultural industrialization
[1]. As a
Agriculture out of resources
(arable land, water, climate, environment, etc
The only way to limit it is to develop factory production --
Factory farming.
Factory agriculture refers to the artificial control environment
(temperature, light, moisture, gas, etc
Under the condition of)
Industrial production
To realize
Intensive, efficient and sustainable development mode of modern production. Factory farming infuses biotechnology, electronics, information and computer technology
, it is
High-tech production system
; It will be the focus and important agricultural production mode of the global agricultural science and technology revolution in the new century. Some developed countries
X deadline
: 2000210208; Date of repair
: 2000212214
Author's brief introduction
: wan fresh-from-stats-class
(19452) man, the chongqing man
Associate professor of horticulture department of nanjing agricultural college
, mainly engaged in ornamental gardening research.
? the journal of the nanjing agricultural science and
technology
In 2001 the first
Phase 1
The agricultural production of the home has reached a high degree of industrialization
With the acceleration of market internationalization
A market for low-tech agricultural products
Competitiveness will be weaker
Countries around the world are vying for high technology for agriculture
For the market share of agricultural products
All of them increased their work
The technical input and construction investment of factory agriculture
[1]. China's agriculture and agricultural products will have a huge impact in the future
Agricultural enterprises in China
There will be a serious threat. so
To understand, learn and learn from the advanced experience of foreign factory farming
Reduce the gap with developed countries as soon as possible
In the future
In the 21st century, we developed our own factory agriculture
It is the task of Chinese agricultural science and technology workers.
1. Development process of foreign factory farming
Factory farming is gradually developed according to people's needs
Plastic greenhouse, plastic greenhouse, glass greenhouse came into being,
It began with vegetable soil cultivation. As early as during world war ii
, the British
State and American soldiers produce vegetables in uncultivated land on desert islands
[2]. As people live in need of constant improvement and industry and economy
The development of
,
Facility agriculture was developed
This is the factory farming of the initial state
;
The real factory farming is near
Developed in 20 years. Due to the development of economy and
science and technology
New materials and new technologies applied in
Agricultural facilities
A large aluminum alloy glasshouse has emerged
There is a single or even building
A greenhouse can reach dozens of hectares
; Greenhouse cover
Remove glass and plastic film
And there it is
PV C transparent board and polycarbonate hollow plate
(PC board), its transmittance, thermal insulation, strength and
Life expectancy has improved greatly. A large number of new and high technologies are applied to facility agriculture
To make the agricultural production factory go up a new step
Such as the soil cultivation technique
perfecting
There was deep flow cultivation
(D FT), nutrient membrane cultivation
(N FT), spray cultivation and solid matrix culture
Type. There has also been a breakthrough in simplifying technology and reducing costs
; The application of computers revolutionized agriculture
, 1
Computers can control hundreds of devices in a greenhouse
(such as vent, heater, fan, hot water valve, irrigation valve,
insulation screen, lighting, etc
).
Computers are controlled by many parameters
Such as indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, external wind direction, wind speed,
CO 2 concentration and day and night
moment
; The computer system can collect all the sensor data
Make a comprehensive evaluation of the situation
And every device in the greenhouse is available at any time
Give appropriate instructions
To maintain ideal conditions within the controlled greenhouse area
[3]. In addition
CO 2 fertilizer technology, nutrition liquid deployment technology,
It has been applied to bear bee pollination, matrix disinfection, mechanization and reprocessing technology.
scientists
The crop planting model is being studied
Make computers make decisions for growers
The artificial intelligence system appeared
To make plant management change
It's easy to do.
Introduction to factory agriculture in developed countries
Thanks to a series of high-tech support
Factory farming has developed in some developed countries.
In 1964, Austria began
Experiment with a plant of cultivated plants
(high
30 m, area
5, 000 m 2), a tomato plant in Austria
Staff only
30 people, average day
Tomato production
1317 t, production
1 kg of tomatoes consumes electricity
9 ~
10 kw h, the cost is only the dew
60% [2].
In 1974, Japan built a plant for electronic computer control
of flowers and vegetables
The plant by
1
Layer 2 buildings
(830 m 2) and two plants
Mr Greenhouse
(each
800 m 2)
In the
Two tulips and two irises in one year.
A crop of tomatoes
To make annual production. to
1998
Japan has been used for research, display and production of plant factories
Forty, of which are factories
17 [2].
Israeli factory farming has reached a high level of production
It USES desert wasteland to build plant factories
Per hectare of greenhouse
Season 1
Highest gain
3 million roses
The annual output of tomatoes is the highest per hectare
500 t, greenhouse flowers and vegetables exported to Europe
Countries [2].
Faitefem USES a completely computer-controlled plant to control the lettuce
From planting to harvesting
26 d. Utah
To plant wheat in plant factories
It is not in full growth
2 months
, 1 year can be
4 ~
5 times. The United States has an agricultural biological intelligence machine
Fully automatic factory farming facilities operated by the operator
In less than
20 m 3 space
A continuous cycle of food can feed a person
[2].
The darekard facility agricultural engineering company has developed a method to plant fruit trees
Success has now been achieved. This method doesn't work
The fruit trees were planted in the soil
Instead, insert the cuttings into a branch of a rubber pipe
The synthetic nutrient solution is transported to various branches through rubber tubing
, each
A branch can blossom like a tree
And the results and yields are very high
1 year can be harvested
3 -
Five times, it can be manufactured for the whole year
,
Always the first
47 wan chenggang
Factory farming --
The hope of agriculture in the new century
Previous experiments with apple branches, pear branches and
peach branches have been successful
[2].
Us, Japan, Britain, the Netherlands and other factories have
also developed the mushrooms
,
There are many mushroom factories
More than 10,000 m2
, it can be planted every year
-
Mr
Over 6 cycles
, each periodic contract
20 d, mushrooms
25 ~
27 kg ? m 2 [2].
These crops are generally needed from plant to harvest
50 -
60 d [4]. these
The most advanced is the biosphere, which is based in Tucson, Arizona
No. 2"
It's a building area
112 hm 2
Special building
112 m
Including wheat, potatoes, beans, vegetables and so on
Its production is all closed,
It simulates earth's oceans, rainforests, savannahs, desert regions, bushlands, temperate grasslands and works
We have learned,
Intensive farming areas
Plant factories,
Food production in the biosphere is higher than on earth
The United States conducted experiments on space plants,
The wheat is enough for one person, the maize plant is only 40
In addition, the crops such as mung beans, beans and potatoes have been tested successfully, and 2 is enough. 16 times [4], people living in the ring for seven years produce food and self-sufficiency
,
Initial success. To survive in space for the long term
The latest technology makes it small
Wheat growing
10000 strains,
M - 2, 2 -
50 cm will be ripe
Tomatoes per square meter
Kind of
100 -
120 strains; Currently supported
One man lives and eats in space
The things
,
We will strictly implement a comprehensive and effective control environment
Adopt advanced plant engineering technology
,
The whole process of production from sowing to harvesting is
continuous and highly automated and streamlined
To achieve continuous production throughout the year
It's completely out of the way
Limitations of natural conditions.
The rise of Chinese facilities agriculture
China has a long history of facilities cultivation
But modern facilities start late
Since the reform and opening up, facility cultivation has developed rapidly
First of all
It is good for governments at all levels to attach importance to the "vegetable basket project".
To build a series of greenhouse and greenhouse.
Since the 90s
The comparative effect of flowers
Profit is very high
, so a set of facilities to cultivate flower heat
, fresh cut flowers every year
It's increasing at 35 percent
All over the world to build solar greenhouses or from the state
Cut flowers out of the greenhouse. nearly
In the past 20 years, the garden has developed rapidly in our country
to
1997 includes big, middle and small booths
,
The national facility cultivation area has been reached
1 million
Hm 2, the total area is the largest in the world
The cultivation area of vegetable and flower facilities
86.17 million
Hm 2;
Large and medium small sheds account for a larger proportion of cultivation facilities
Because of the low production rate of the small shed
, the homework is inconvenient
And the intensity of labor
So it's going down year by year
Falling trend
And conventional solar greenhouses and energy-saving solar
greenhouses are soaring
, 1984 -
In 1997, general solar greenhouses
01.37 million
Hm 2 increase
to
71.82 million
Hm 2, growth
More than 20 times
; Energy-saving sunlight greenhouse by
01.03 million
Hm 2 expands to
141.13 million
Hm 2, growth
More than 470 times
[5].
Common daylight greenhouse and energy-saving solar greenhouse are the products of Chinese characteristics
For decades, it has been continuously improving the construction structure and environmental regulation
Technology and cultivation techniques
In the northern latitudes
40 ? ~
More than 41 ? cold region
In the case of no artificial heating or only a small amount of heating
,
In the winter season, fruits and vegetables and flowers are produced
And went public on New Year's day
, out of a factory agriculture with Chinese characteristics
Exhibition road
[3] was praised by its foreign peers. But we should be soberly aware that our country is still very poor in this respect with foreign advanced level
China's facility agriculture has developed rapidly in recent years
It has played an important role in raising farmers' incomes and getting rich out of poverty. Single from
statistically
China has a large agricultural area
, the total area of the world
50 percent, but in many ways we are not able to go abroad
Compared with shi
, our country farmer's simple big shed, steel tube big shed
There are only a few yuan and dozens of yuan per square meter
It's just a few dozen solar greenhouses
Yuan to
For 100 yuan, cheaper Israeli modern plastic greenhouse
requires investment per square meter
500 yuan; And the U.S. greenhouse is just a cover
A hard plastic sheet of carbonate
Per square meter
190 yuan [6]. Therefore, our agricultural facilities are not the same as the advanced agricultural facilities in foreign countries
Language. The solar greenhouse in China has the advantage of energy saving
But the disadvantages are also obvious
Compared with modern greenhouse, environmental control level and productivity water
Ping is also lower
Land use is also low
It is only suitable for the current level of rural economic development in China
Therefore in equipment, technology, management and
Industrialization should catch up with the advanced level of developed countries
We still have a long way to go.
4. The beginning and exploration of factory agriculture in China
To learn and learn from the advanced technology of industrial agriculture in developed countries
From the Netherlands, the United States, Israel, France, Japan and so on
11
A large number of greenhouses have been introduced in a country
The introduction of heat
The world's major producer houses are available in China.
In 1994 the national
Modern large-scale greenhouse area
50 hm 2. 1995 -
The modern greenhouse was introduced in 1999
200 hm 2, and there's a lot of it
? 28 ? nanjing agricultural and technical journal
In 2001 the first
Phase 1
Introduction plan to be implemented. At present, the large greenhouse area of national modernization is about
400 hm 2, 5 years of modern large-scale greenhouse area growth
Eight times [5].
Such as
In 1995, the forestry system introduced seedling greenhouse from Holland
3 840 m 2, built in fujian fuqing, sanming and longyan city
[7]. 1996 Shanghai citation
In the Netherlands, Israel, French greenhouse total area is
150000 m 2, the largest set in Shanghai huixin modern horticulture field
, covers an area of
100000 m 2;
In 1996, Ricky corporation of France built a greenhouse in our
country
1119 million m 2, distributed in Shanghai, Beijing, kunming and other places
[7]. In 1998, south agriculture was introduced
Fat dragon greenhouse
5, 000 m 2 for the teaching, scientific research and production management of potted plants, fresh cut flowers and foliage plants. These are the introduction of greenhouse technologies
High amount of
Make it reach the average greenhouse of 10
The introduction of greenhouse has been developed for many years abroad.
In mechanized operations,
Temperature is easy to control,
Can regulate the environment
The application of computer management, high production efficiency
Construction area of 1,320 m
Using computer to control greenhouse temperature, ventilation,
lighting and nutrient components, etc.
~ 20 times, nissan vegetables 5t
Technically sophisticated,
, such as
In 1997, shenzhen and Canada formed a joint venture of green
and long vegetable
Greenhouse, which USES Canada's "deep.
It is.
Total investment
Us $5.6 million
The first phase of the project
Us $2.6 million
2,
Pond floatation vegetable technology"
,
High quality, high
Speed up the production of vegetables
, [7]
Compare with the sunlight greenhouse in our country
Because of the large space
,
Labor productivity more than doubled
The utilization of land has been improved
More than 40%
, daylighting is good
Indoor shadows are low
And the temperature points
Cloth evenly
The crops grow neatly
Big production potential
[2]. But look everywhere
There are also many questions about the introduction of greenhouse
First, the problem of greenhouse design
The Dutch greenhouse is suitable for Dutch climate
Holland is in northern Europe
The latitude is very high
, but
Influenced by the Gulf Stream
Winter and warm summer cool
; The disadvantage is that the winter sun is short
, minimum daily
2 h, the sun is weak
So Dutch temperature
The room is designed to have a good, closed and tight glass greenhouse
The summer production of the sunshine is the largest in the whole year
While winter is leisure
[8].
Dutch greenhouses introduce east China
High temperature and humidity in summer are not easy to solve
In winter, the glass surface is hot, insulated and energy intensive
And the shadow
Sound use benefits. Like the Israeli greenhouses
Israel is located on the east side of the Mediterranean
Climate drought
Great difference in temperature,
Hot resources are good
Season,
The change is not obvious
Therefore, the Israeli greenhouse does not need to use the top window to get wet
It's ok to have the plastic membrane
Use side Windows and fans at home
The cooling effect is very good
; But Israeli greenhouses are used in eastern China
Because of the difficulty of getting wet
, plus the top film is easily dripping water
Room,
The moisture in the interior is falling
The crops are susceptible to disease
[8], the greenhouse is too shallow
It's easy to overspill when it rains
It is also far less profitable than Israel.
For the above reasons and many other factors
The vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions are operating at
a loss. Take Shanghai for example
Introduced in the 1990s
The greenhouse
Only two of the five bases have a small surplus in the east China sea and sun bridge
And the rest
3 big losses
[9], and the above calculation does not include facilities depreciation charges.
Therefore, it is simply introduced to realize industrial agriculture
For a big agricultural country like China, it is totally undesirable
For the current citation
The heat should be cooled down
In particular, blind introduction should be avoided
reintroduction
; It should be introduced, digested and absorbed
Set up the right fit for me
The modern greenhouse system of national conditions
To cultivate our own agricultural facilities production enterprises
In order to develop China's factory agriculture
The foundation of reality. It is gratifying that the state attaches great importance to the development of factory agriculture
In 1997, approved by the state science and technology commission, "factory is efficient and efficient
The project has been launched and implemented by Beijing, Shanghai, liaoning, zhejiang and guangdong provinces
, after
Three years of
Force,
Some have achieved periodic results. Such as the national factory, efficient agricultural demonstration project guangdong yuwang company
The first stage of investment
1 2.57 million yuan
,
The greenhouse, canopy and production base have been established
Due to the abnormal operation of the mechanism
; In 1998, the operation mechanism was solved well
The company has developed rapidly
There are no pollution-free vegetable bases
6617 hm 2, drive the farmers
100; Radiation base
200 hm 2.
Drive the farmers
300 households, greenhouse
88 seats
6167 hm 2. Recently, the company has established a modern agricultural fruit and vegetable garden
, an increase of
0167
Hm 2 production and production of large shed
1 800 m 2 sightseeing and popular science education show booths
And from all over the world, hundreds of strange ideas have been introduced
Look for fruits and vegetables
For stereo production
To be a base of education, leisure agriculture and tourism
; It was produced in 1999
Value $2.406 million
Foreign exchange earning,
Us $630000
Profits,
111.14 million yuan
[10]. It's a good example. After several years of hard work
And in the
The research and development of the main intellectual property rights facilities, the combination selection and breeding of high-quality varieties of horticulture, cultivation methods
and techniques, post-mining processing and supporting facilities
A number of scientific research achievements have been made in technical research. The related science and technology industry has also developed rapidly
Around the world, there have been greenhouse equipment manufacturing,
Multi-functional longevity film production, factory production of production facilities, irrigation equipment manufacturing and other production enterprises. Some of them are in line with the ecology of our country
The greenhouse and supporting facilities with independent intellectual property rights have been gradually popularized and applied
Our country designs intelligentized large building greenhouse already
Close to the level of similar products abroad. All this suggests that factory farming has taken a welcome step forward in our country.
The prospect of factory agriculture in the new century
The reform and opening up has made our economy develop rapidly
The national strength has been enhanced
The economically developed coastal areas of the east have been well off
And,
Always the first
47 wan chenggang
Factory farming --
The hope of agriculture in the new century
The process of realizing agricultural modernization has been speeded up. As one of the hallmarks of agricultural modernization -
Factory farming has been taken from central to local
Governments at all levels attach great importance to it. A new form of organization has emerged in the quickening of the pace of agricultural modernization
This is the agricultural science park or
Modern agricultural science and technology demonstration garden. With the support of governments at all levels
A large number of agricultural science and technology demonstration gardens have been set up
The preliminary statistics have been issued
Show to
4 more than 000
The agricultural science and technology park above the city level has also been reached
More than 500. Jiangsu, hubei and other provinces
The cities and counties are required to be built
Demonstration garden
The momentum is strong
Through the display, demonstration and technical training of the park
The traction of the market will bring the rapid development of factory agriculture.
So that farmers can see agriculture high
The result of new technology and application prospect
, and imitated the application. The emergence of agricultural science park
For the promotion of new agricultural technologies and agricultural facilities
It has found an effective way
[11].
In addition, cities are planning to develop urban agriculture and foreign exchange agriculture
To join
W TO our country
The entry of horticultural products into the international market has created a good opportunity
Strategic decision making for big development,
The area of the exhibition is the dry and semi-arid region [12]
,
And a rapidly growing factory
The agricultural and agricultural facilities industry will inject new vitality into China's economic development
Become a new growth point of our economy. The party central government carried out the west
It is bound to plant the wings for factory farming. According to Israeli agricultural experts
The most suitable for agricultural hair
; In the new century
The vast area of western China
Some desert areas will be developed
The important bases of agricultural production and factory agriculture in our country. Modern agriculture will blossom in all parts of the country
The development of high technology will make
Our agriculture is out of the earth
Go to space
The bright future of the new century is encouraging us to keep forging ahead.
reference
:
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, etc. Factory -
Exploration and practice of agricultural innovation in China
[A].
National science and technology department
1999. The cover page,
.
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Development status and trend of domestic and foreign factory agriculture
[A]
[C]. Science and technology
. 1999. 24239.
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[A]
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. 1999. 216.
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American facilities agriculture development overview
[A]
[C]. Ministry of science and technology
1999, 1999.
[5] wei-jie jiang
The development trend and sustainable development of facilities in China
[J]. Chinese agriculture bulletin
, 2000, (3) : 61263.
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The present situation and development of domestic and foreign facilities agriculture
[A]
[C], ministry of science and technology
. 1999. 55259.
[7] wang
, etc. China's introduction of greenhouse
[A]
[C]. Ministry of science and technology
. 1999. 1062108.
[8] Soviet
Technical and economic analysis of factory agriculture in
Shanghai
[A]
The ministry of science and technology
. 1999. 91293.
[9] PangLian
The present situation and development prospect of Shanghai
vegetable greenhouse
[A]
The ministry of science and technology
[C]. 1999. 1062108.
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, etc., etc
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[A]. Dunnan
Workshop on sustainable development of industrial agriculture
[C].
Beijing:
Press.
, 2000. 91292.
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The present situation and development trend of agricultural science and technology park in China
[A]. Dunnan
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[C]. Beijing press
,
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