美国硬木标准(英文版)

ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page2ContentsIntroduction1Measurement2-3FASandFAS/1Fgrades4No.1CandNo.2ACgrades5Characteristicsanddefects6-7Ash8Cherry9Cottonwood10Gum11Hardmaple12Softmaple13Redoak14Whiteoak15Tulipwood16Walnut17Additionalguidance18-19Acknowledgmentsandcontacts20Summarytable21Thispublicationisprotectedbycopyright.Theinformationcontainedinthispublication,however,isdesignedforstorageinretrievalsystemsandmaybereproduced.Allotheraspectsofthepublication,includingthephotographs,maynotbereproducedwithoutAHEC'spriorpermission.AHECtakesnoresponsibilityfortheinformation,whichisofferedasguidanceonly,andcannotbeheldresponsibleforanyconsequences.03/08ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page3IntroductionThepurposeofthispublicationistoprovideasimplifiedbutthoroughexplanationofthegradingrulesforAmericanhardwoodlumber.Theywereestablishedover100yearsagobythenewlyformedNationalHardwoodLumberAssociation(NHLA).TodaytheNHLAhasover2000membersworldwide,andtheNHLArulesarestillthenationalstandardfortheUShardwoodindustryandformthebasisforgradingofexportlumber.Woodisanaturalmaterialandbyitsverynaturemaycontaindifferentcharacteristicsanddefectsthatneedtobeunderstoodandallowedforinanygivenapplication.Thegradingofsawnwoodintocategoriesasitisprocessedhelpstodeterminetoalargeextentthevalueandpotentialusepossibleforeachboardofsawnlumber.TheNHLAgradingrulesprovideboththebuyerandsellerwithaconsistentlanguagetouseinspecifyinghardwoodlumbertransactions.AlthoughtheNHLAgradingrulesaretargetedfortheUSmarketplace,areasonableknowledgeisessentialforbuyersworldwideinordertoattaintheirexpecteddegreeofquality.Thegradeoflumberpurchasedbyamanufacturerwilldetermineboththecostandwastefactorthatisachieved.Becausethegradesarebasedonthepercentageofclearwoodintheboard,manyofthebeautiful,naturalcharacteristicsfoundinhardwoodsarenotconsideredincalculatingtheclearyield.Thisfactishighlightedbyphotographillustrationsofthemaingrades,for10importantUShardwoodspecies,containedinthispublication.Hardwoodlumberisusuallygradedonthebasisofthesizeandnumberofcuttings(pieces)thatcanbeobtainedfromaboardwhenitiscutupandusedinthemanufactureofahardwoodproduct.TheNHLArulesweredesignedwiththefurnituretradeinmindtoprovideameasurablepercentageofclear,defect-freewoodforeachgrade.Theuppergradesprovidetheuserwithlongclearpieces,whiletheCommongradesaredesignedtobere-sawnintoshorterclearpieces.Theuppergrades,whichwillincludeFAS,FAS-One-Face(FAS/1F)andSelects,aremostsuitableforlongclearmouldings,joineryproductssuchasdoorframes,architecturalinteriors;andfurnitureapplications,whichrequireaheavypercentageoflongwidecuttings.TheCommongrades,primarilyNumber1Common(No.1C)andNumber2ACommon(No.2AC),arelikelytobemostsuitableforthekitchencabinetindustry,mostfurnitureparts,andplankandstripflooring.Worthnotingisthefactthatoncere-sawn,thecuttingsobtainedfromtheCommongradeswillbethesameclearwoodastheuppergradesbutinsmaller(shorterand/ornarrower)cuttings.Thegradenamesimplydesignatesthepercentageofclearwoodintheboard,nottheoverallappearance.TheAmericanhardwoodtemperateforestresourceisthelargestofitskindanywhereintheworld,withasignificanthistoryofsustainability.ExploringtheCommongrades,wherepossible,isinvaluableinachievingthemostvaluebothinlumbercostandyield.Theseeffortswillalsohelptoensurethesustainabilityoftheresourceforgenerations.1ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page4MeasurementTheNHLAlumbergradingrulesadoptedbytheUShardwoodindustryarebasedonanimperialmeasurementsystemusinginchesandfeet.Incontrastmostexportmarketsaremorefamiliarwithametricstandard.Additionally,thegraderulesweredevelopedwithrandomwidthandlengthlumberinmind.Anyselectionforparticularspecificationsshouldbediscussedpriortoordering.BoardfootAboardfoot(BF)istheunitofmeasurementforhardwoodlumber.Aboardfootis1footlongx1footwidex1inchthick.(1foot=0.305metres,1inch=25.4mm)Theformulafordeterminingboardfeetinaboardis:(Widthininchesxlengthinfeetxthicknessininches)dividedby12Thepercentagesofclearwoodrequiredforeachgradearebasedonthis12'unitofmeasure.SurfacemeasureSurfacemeasure(SM)isthesurfaceareaofaboardinsquarefeet.Todeterminesurfacemeasure,multiplythewidthoftheboardininchesbythelengthoftheboardinfeetanddividethesumby12roundingupordowntothenearestwholenumber.Thepercentageofclearwoodrequiredforeachgradeisbasedonthesurfacemeasure,nottheboardfeet,andbecauseofthisallboards,nomatterwhatthethickness,aregradedinthesameway.Someexamplesforsurfacemeasurecalculationsareasfollows:61⁄2"x8'÷12=41⁄3=4'SM8"x12'÷12=8'SM10"x13'÷12=1010⁄12=11'SMExampleofSMandBF:Theboardaboveisa2"thick,61⁄4"wide,and8'long.61⁄4"x8'÷12=41⁄6,thustheSMis4'.MultiplytheSMbythethickness2"andtheBFis8'.Whenpreparingabundletallyforexport,theboardsarerecordedbytheirwidthandlength.Randomwidthsaboveorbelowthehalfinchareroundedtothenearestwholeinch.Boardwidthsfallingexactlyonthehalfincharealternativelyroundedupordown.Lengthsthatfallbetweenwholefootincrementsarealwaysroundeddowntothenearestwholefoot.Forexampleaboard51⁄4"widthand81⁄2'longistallied5"and8'.8'61⁄4"2ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page5StandardthicknessforroughsawnlumberStandardthicknessforroughsawnlumberisexpressedinquartersofaninch.Forexample1"=4⁄4.ThemajorityofUShardwoodlumberproductionissawnbetween1"and2",althoughotherthicknessesareavailableinmorelimitedvolumes.Thestandardthicknessesandtheirexactmetricequivalentareshownbelow.3/4(3⁄4"=19.0mm)8/4(2"=50.8mm)4/4(1"=25.4mm)10/4(21⁄2"=63.5mm)5/4(11⁄4"=31.8mm)12/4(3"=76.2mm)6/4(11⁄2"=38.1mm)16/4(4"=101.6mm)Standardthicknessforsurfaced(planed)lumberWhenroughsawnlumberissurfaced(planed)toafinishedthickness,defectssuchaschecks,stain,andwarparenotconsideredwhenestablishingthegradeofaboard,iftheycanberemovedinthesurfacing(planing)process.Thefinishedthicknessforlumberof11⁄2"andlesscanbedeterminedbysubtracting3⁄16"fromthenominalthickness.Forlumber13⁄4"andthicker,subtract1⁄4".MeasurementofkilndriedlumberNettally:Theactualboardfeetofkilndriedlumbermeasuredafterkilndrying.Grossorgreentally:Theactualboardfeetmeasuredbeforekilndrying.Whenkilndriedlumberissoldonthisbasis,thebuyercanexpecttoreceiveapproximately7%lessboardfeetbecauseofshrinkageinthekilndryingprocess.EstimatingboardfeetinabundleoflumberTodeterminetheboardfeetofoneboard,theprocedureistomultiplythesurfacemeasurebythethickness.Abundleoflumbercanbeestimatedinmuchthesamemanner.First,calculatethesurfacemeasureofonelayerofboards.Dothisbymultiplyingthewidthofthebundle,minusgaps,bythelengthofthebundleanddividethesumby12.Ifthereareseverallengthsinthebundle,useanaveragelength.Onceonelayerisestimated,multiplythissumbythetotalnumberoflayers.Example:Averagewidthofunit40"(lumberonly,afterallowingforgapsbetweenboards)Lengthofunit10'40"x10'=400÷12=33.33Thicknessoflumber8/4x2=66.66Numberoflayersx10=666.67------------Estimatedboardfeetofthebundle667BFConversionfactors1":25.4millimetres(mm)1m3:424boardfeet(BF)1m:3.281feet1m3:35.315cubicfeet(cu.ft)1,000BF:(1MBF)2.36cubicmetres(m3)3ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page6FASandFASOneFace(Selects)FASTheFASgrade,whichderivesfromanoriginalgrade"FirstAndSeconds",willprovidetheuserwithlong,clearcuttings-bestsuitedforhighqualityfurniture,interiorjoineryandsolidwoodmouldings.Minimumboardsizeis6"andwiderand8'andlonger.TheFASgradeincludesarangeofboardsthatyieldfrom831⁄3%(10⁄12ths)to100%clear-woodcuttingsovertheentiresurfaceoftheboard.Theclearcuttingsmustbeaminimumsizeof3"wideby7'longor4"wideby5'long.Thenumberofthesecuttingspermitteddependsonthesizeoftheboardwithmostboardspermittingonetotwo.Theminimumwidthandlengthwillvary,dependingonspeciesandwhethertheboardisgreenorkilndried.BothfacesoftheboardmustmeettheminimumrequirementforFAS.FASOneFace(F1F)ThisgradeisnearlyalwaysshippedwithFAS.ThebetterfacemustmeetallFASrequirementswhilethepoorfacemustmeetalltherequirementsoftheNumber1Commongrade,thusensuringthebuyerwithatleastoneFASface.Oftenexportshipmentsareassembledwithan80-20mix,80%beingthepercentageofFASboardsand20%beingthepercentageofF1Fboards.Thesepercentagesarestrictlylefttoindividualbuyerandselleragreement.SelectsThisgradeisvirtuallythesameasF1Fexceptfortheminimumboardsizerequired.Selectsallowboards4"andwiderand6'andlongerinlength.TheSelectsgradeisgenerallyassociatedwiththenorthernregionsoftheUSAandisalsoshippedincombinationwiththeFASgrade.OftenexportshipmentsofuppergradesaresimplyreferredtoasFAS.TheconventionalbusinesspracticeforAmericanhardwoodsistoshiptheseuppergradesinsomecombination.Workingcloselywiththesupplierwillenablethebuyertobesurethattheexpectedqualitywillbereceived.WhetherFASiscombinedwithF1F(FaceAndBetter)orSelects(SelAndBetter)everyboardintheshipmentmusthaveaminimumofoneFASface.Primegrade:ThisgradehasevolvedfromtheNHLAgradeofFASfortheexportmarket.Itissquareedgedandvirtuallywanefree.Theminimumclearyieldwillbeselectandbetterwithappearancebeingamajorfactor.Minimumsizeoftheboardsvaries,dependingonthespecies,region,andsupplier.Comselgrade:ThisgradehasevolvedfromtheNHLAgradesofNumber1CommonandSelects.FortheexportmarkettheminimumclearyieldshouldbeNumber1Commonorslightlybetterwithappearanceamainfactor.Minimumsizeoftheboardsvaries,dependingonthespecies,regionandsupplier.Note:ThetermsPrimeandComselsarenotstandardNHLAdefinitionsandthereforefalloutsidetheofficialrangeoftheNHLAgradingrules.8"12'10'8"12'5'5'Note:Minimumyield831⁄3%clearwoodcuttingsonthepoorfaceoftheboard.4ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page7No.1CommonandNo.2ACommonNumber1Common(No.1C)TheNumber1CommongradeisoftenreferredtoastheCabinetgradeintheUSAbecauseofitsadaptabilitytothestandardsizesofkitchencabinetdoorsusedthroughouttheUnitedStates.Number1Commoniswidelyusedinthemanufactureoffurniturepartsaswellforthissamereason.TheNumber1Commongradesincludesboardsthatareaminimumof3"wideand4'longandwillyieldclearfacecuttingsfrom662⁄3%(8⁄12ths)upto,butnotincluding,theminimumrequirementforFAS(831⁄3%).Thesmallestclearcuttingsallowedare3"by3'and4"by2'.Thenumberoftheseclearcuttingsisdeterminedbythesizeoftheboard.BothfacesoftheboardmustmeettheminimumrequirementforNumber1Common.Number2ACommon(No.2AC)TheNumber2ACommongradeisoftenreferredtoastheEconomygradebecauseofitspriceandsuitabilityforawiderangeoffurnitureparts.ItisalsothegradeofchoicefortheUShardwoodflooringindustry.TheNumber2ACommongradeincludesboardsthatareaminimumof3"wideand4'longthatyieldfrom50%(6⁄12ths)upto,butnotincluding,theminimumrequirementforNumber1Common(662⁄3%).Thesmallestclearcuttingallowedis3"by2'andthenumberofthesecuttingsdependsonthesizeoftheboard.IfthepoorestfacemeetstheminimumrequirementsforNumber2ACommon,itdoesnotmatterwhatthegradeofthebetterfaceis.TheseStandardGradesformtheframeworkbywhichallAmericanhardwoodsaretraded.Itisimportanttonotethatbetweenbuyerandselleranyexceptiontotheserulesispermissibleandevenencouraged.ForacompletedescriptionoftheNHLAgrades,consulttheNHLA's"RulesfortheMeasurementandInspectionofHardwoodsandCypress".8"12'6"4'6'8"12'4'4'8"12'7'4"4'2'4"4"8"12'4'4"3'2'Note:IfthebetterfacemeetstherequirementsforFASandthepoorfacemeetstherequirementsforNumber1Common,thegradehasthepotentialofbeingaF1ForSelects.5Note:IfthebetterfacemeetstherequirementsforeitherFASorNumber1CommonandthepoorfacegradesNumber2ACommon,thegradeoftheboardisNumber2ACommon.TherearelowerNHLAgradesthanNumber2ACommonbuttheyareusuallyconvertedintodimensionparts,flooringparts,oruseddomesticallyintheUSA.ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page8ThefollowingpagesshowcharacteristicsthatoccurinUShardwoods.Someareinherenttocertainspeciesandothersaregenerictoall.Thesecharacteristicseitheroccurnaturallyinthelumberorasaresultofthedryingprocess.Ashasalreadybeendiscussed,thegradesarebasedonthepercentageofclear,defectfreewoodintheboard.TheNHLAgradingrulesallowthefollowingcharacteristicsintheclearcuttingpercentagesforallgradesandtheyarethereforenotconsidereddefects.Note:AlthoughtheNHLAgradingrulesdonotconsiderthesecharacteristicsasdefectsforthestandardgrades,allowancesaremadewithintheindividualspecies.Forexample,speciessuchashardmapleandasharemoredesirableifthereisalargeportionoftheboardthatissapwood(white)andverylittleheartwood.Thereverseistruewhenspecifyingspeciessuchascherry,oakandwalnut.ItisessentialthatthebuyersfamiliarisethemselvesnotonlywitheachspeciesbutthegrowingregionsthroughouttheUSAaswell.Climate,soilandgrowingconditionssuchashillsandvalleysallplayanimportantroleinthegrowthofthetree.Aspreviouslystated,theNHLArulesaretheframeworktobeginthetradingprocess.MoreinformationoncharacteristicsfoundinindividualspeciesisavailableinotherAHECtechnicalpublications.CharacteristicsanddefectsBURL:Aswirlortwistinthegrainofthewoodthatdoesnotcontainaknot.GUMSTREAKS:Mineral-likestreaksofcolournaturallyoccurringonlyincherry.STICKERMARK:Themarkleftontheboardfromaseasoningsticker,whichcanberemovedinthesurfacingplaningprocess.HEARTWOODandSAPWOOD:Heartwoodisthematurewood,whichisoftendarker,extendingfromthesapwoodtothepith.Sapwoodisthelightercolouredwoodgrowingfrominsidethebarktotheheartwood.GLASSWORM:Randommineralliketracts.Usuallyassociatedwithash6MINERALSTREAKS:Streaksofcolourrangingfromolivetoblackish-brown,whichtypicallyfollowthegrainpattern.ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page9TheNHLAgradingrulesdonotallowthefollowingcharacteristicsintheclearcuttingsforallgradesandtheyarethereforeconsidereddefects.BARKPOCKET:Abark-filleddistortioninthegrainpattern.BIRDPECKS:Smallblemishesinthegrainpatternresultingfrombirdspeckingthatsometimescontainingrownbark.Anexceptiontotheruleishickoryandelm.CHECK:Alengthwiseopeningonthefaceoftheboardresultingfromrapidorfaultydrying.DECAYORROT:Thebreakingdownofthewoodsubstancebyfungi.Thediscolorationofthesapwoodindicatestheinitialevidenceofdecay.UNSOUNDKNOT:Acircularareathatonceformedthebaseofabranchortwigandhasapithcentre.(Insomecasesthewoodmaybemissing).SOUNDKNOT:Aknotsolidacrossitsface,whichshowsnoindicationofdecay.SPLIT:Alengthwiseseparationofthewoodcreatedasthewooddries.Shakeisaseparationbetweentheannualgrowthrings.STICKERSTAIN:Stainthatistypicallygreyincolouroccurringfromstickersusedtoseasonlumber.WANE:Barkorthelackofwoodcausedbytheroundnatureofthetreeorlog.WORMHOLES:Holesinthewoodranginginsizefrom1⁄16"toover1⁄4"GRUBHOLES:Holeslargerthan1⁄4"7PITH:Thesmallsoftcoreatthestructuralcentreofthetree.ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page10Commonname:AmericanashFraxinussppOthernames:Northernash,Southernash8FASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:17Page11Commonname:AmericancherryPrunusserotinaOthernames:Americanblackcherry9FASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page12Commonname:AmericancottonwoodPopulusdeltoidesOthernames:Easterncottonwood,Easternpoplar,Carolinapoplar10FASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page1311Commonname:AmericangumLiquidambarstyracifluaOthernames:Redgum,sapgum,sweetgumFASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page1412Commonname:AmericanhardmapleAcersaccharum,A.nigrumOthernames:Sugarmaple,blackmapleFASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page1513Commonname:AmericansoftmaplePrincipallyAcerrubrum,A.saccharinumOthernames:Redmaple,silvermapleFASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page1614Commonname:AmericanredoakQuercussppOthernames:Northernredoak,SouthernredoakFASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page1715Commonname:AmericanwhiteoakQuercussppOthernames:Northernwhiteoak,SouthernwhiteoakFASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page1816Commonname:AmericantulipwoodLiriodendrontulipiferaOthernames:Yellowpoplar(USA),tulippoplar(USA),canarywhitewoodFASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page1917Commonname:AmericanblackwalnutJuglansnigraOthernames:Blackwalnut,AmericanwalnutFASNo.1CNo.2ACENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page20AdditionalguidanceRegionalexceptionstothestandardNHLAgradesTheNHLAgradescoverthemajorityofcommercialhardwoodspeciesgrowingintheUSA.ThefollowingisabriefsummaryofvariousspeciesandcoloursortingthatcanbeorderedfromtheAmericansupplier.RedalderGrowsexclusivelyinthePacificNorthwestbetweenthevaststandsofsoftwoodtimbersuchasDouglasfirandpineandisthemostimportantcommercialhardwoodinthisregion.Thegradingrulesforredalderaregearedmoreforspecificendusesandappearance.TherulesweredevelopedontheWestCoastoftheUSAwiththosemanufacturersandexportsinmind.Anexceptionalcabinetwoodtypicallysoldsurfaced(planed)andoftencuttospecificlengthsandwidths.Consultwithyourlocalsupplierforamoredetailedexplanationofthealdergradesandproductsavailable.WalnutConsideredtheeliteoftheAmericanhardwoods,walnutisthefavouriteofthedarkerwoodsforfinefurniture,interiorsandgunstocks.WalnutgrowsinwidelyscatteredstandsthroughouttheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStates,primarilyintheMidwest.Historically,thegradingrulesforFASwalnuthavebeenrefinedtoencouragebetteruseofthisvaluablespecies.Becauseofthis,FASwalnutgradesallowforsmallerboards,bothinwidthandlength.NaturalcharacteristicsarealsoadmittedtoagreaterextentthanthestandardNHLAgraderulesforotherspecies.AdetailedexplanationcanbefoundintheNHLArulesbook.Consultwithyourlocalsupplierforthewalnutgradesandproductsavailable.ColoursortingInadditiontosortingforgradesorselectingspecificwidths,variousspeciesarecommerciallysoldatanaddedvaluewhencolourisalsoconsidered.Itisimportanttonote,colourinthisexplanationreferstosapwoodandheartwood.Number1and2whiteAcolourselectiontypicallymadeonhardmaple,butcanbeappliedtoanyspecieswheresapwoodclearcuttingsaredesired,suchasash,birch,andsoftmaple.Number1whitemeansbothfacesandedgesoftheclearcuttingsmustbeallsapwood.Number2whitemeansthatonefaceandbothedgesoftheclearcuttingsmustbesapwoodandnotlessthan50%sapwoodonthereverseface.SapandbetterCommerciallysoldwhenonlyonefaceoftheboardneedstobesapwood.UsuallyappliedtothesamespeciesasNumber1and2White,althoughjustalittlelessstringent.InSapandBettereveryboardshouldhaveaminimumofonesapwoodfaceintheclearcuttings.18ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page2119RedonefaceandbetterCommerciallysoldwhenaminimumofonefaceoftheboardneedstobeheartwood.Usuallyappliedtospeciessuchascherry,oak,walnut,gum,andevenbirchandmapleincertainapplications.Whattheproducerislookingforinthisspecificationisthatallclearcuttingsmusthaveaminimumofoneheartwoodface.ThereisawiderangeofadditionaloptionsopentoAmericanhardwoodproducersinsortingandselectingspecificlengths,widthsandevengrainpatterns.Ifthesecanbeagreedindividuallybetweenproducersandbuyers,therecanbebenefitsbymakingmodificationstothestandardgradesshowninthisguide.Thismayalsoassistwithimprovingtheyieldfromeachlogandthuscontributetothesustainabilityoftheforest.Itmayalsoreducecoststobothsidesoraddvaluetothedelivery.Thestepsindetermininggrade1.Determinespecies.2.CalculatetheSurfaceMeasure(SM).3.Determinethepoorsideoftheboard.4.Fromthispoorface,calculatethepercentageofclearwoodavailable.Note:IfNumber1Commonisthegradeofthepoorface,checkthebetterfacetoseeifitwillgradeFASfortheF1ForSelectsgradestobeachieved.5.Oncethegradeisdetermined,checkforanyspecialfeaturessuchassapwoodorheartwoodcuttingsforspecialcoloursorts.6.Sorttobundlesaccordingtobuyerandsellerspecifications.ENGLISHLUMBER_1-24.QXD:41011_Lumber_English25/11/0809:18Page22ContactsandacknowledgmentsAHECcontactsForsourcesofsupplyofAmericanhardwoodproductsandinformationonAHECactivitiesworldwide,contactthefollowingoffices:20AcknowledgementsTheAmericanHardwoodExportCouncilwouldliketothankthefollowingfortheircooperationandassistanceintheproductionofthispublication:NationalHardwoodLumberAssociation,VKWHardwoods,Anderson-TullyLumberCompanyandClarkswoodLtd.ThanksarealsoduetoBobSabistina,formerChiefInspectoratNHLA,forhisguidanceandcontribution.AHEC-UnitedStatesHeadquarters111119thStreet,NW,Suite800Washington,D.C.20036USATel:(1)2024632720Fax:(1)2024632787www.ahec.orgAHEC-KoreaUSAgriculturalTradeOfficec/oAmericanForest&PaperAssociationRoom#303,LeemaBuilding146-1Susong-dong,Chongr