盐度测定实验 海工

盐度测定实验 海工 中国石油大学海洋学实验 实验日期: 2014.12.12 成绩: 班级: 学号: 姓名: 教师: 同组者: 具体实验内容:格式样板如下，字体均用宋体。(填空，每空1分，共15分) 盐度测定实验 1、实验目的 (1) 学会使用电导率仪测量溶液的电导率; (2) 掌握楚盐度对电导率的影响规律; (3) 测定海水盐度。 2、实验原理 (1) 电导率 电导率是 物体传导电流 的能力。电导率测量仪的测量原理是将两块 的极板，放到被测溶液中，在极板的两端加上一定的 电势 (通常为正弦波电压)，然后测量极板间流过的 电流 。根据欧姆定律，电导(G),,电阻(R)的倒数，是由电压和电流决定的。 1IampsG,,, REVolts 水的电阻随温度和溶解离子浓度的增加而 减少 。当电导电极(通常为铂电极或铂黑电极)插入溶液中，可测出两电极间的电阻R，温度压力一定时， L2R,,电阻与电极的间距L(cm)成正比，与电极截面积A(cm)成反比。即:，A ,其中为电阻率。由于电极的L和A是固定不变的，即是一常数，称电极常数， ,,以Q示。其比例常数叫电阻率，的倒数为电导率，以K表示。 of door and window boxes, the jambs set aside in advance to check geometry meets the design requirements. Installation of door and window frames would preferably be conducted upon completion of the construction of the main structure, door and window door installation should be at the end of the indoor and outdoor decoration, so as to avoid civil installation damage to each other. Popup +500mm elevations in advance, as door and window level control line. Exterior door and window installation will pop up on the walls a uniform elevation control line and vertical line from bottom to top, elevation and vertical deviation is controlled with doors and Windows. Check the embedded specification of the number, location and planting method, aluminum window has no damage, deformation, repair, correction or replacement should be carried out promptly. Check for corrosion materials, sealing materials and cleaning materials with the design requirements and specifications. 2, installation procedure 1) door and window frame installation according to the location of the doors and Windows installed wire, when doors and Windows opening to the edge of the door and window frames size is greater than 15mm, first with cement mortar plastering the wall size on all sides from the door and window frames edge 15mm position and the surface is rough. If the thickness is greater than 30mm, should be of fine stone concrete formwork for concrete pouring. After the base strength. Door frame mounting hole place to wedge K,Q,R ,1式中:Q——电极常数，cm; 电阻，MΩ， 电导率，µs,cm。 R——K—— 当已知电极常数Q，并测出样品的电阻值R后， 即可算出电导率。因为溶液中离子的电荷会加速电流的导通，所以水的电导率与其所含无机酸、碱、盐的量有一定关系。溶液的电导率随浓度的增大而 增加 ，因此，该指标常用于推测水中离子的总浓度或含盐量。 (2)电导率仪的温度补偿原理 电导率的大小与电解质在水中的离解度及离子的迁移速度有密切的关系，而离解度及迁移速度又与溶液的温度有关。温度升高，溶液的电导率 增加 ，反之，则电导率 减小 。为了克服温度的影响，使不同溶液在不同温度下的电导率具有可比性，在测定电导率时，公认以25?作为基准温度，当溶液温度不为25?时，就进行温度补偿，补偿至25?时的电导率。 (3)非状态下海水的盐度 t在非标准状态下，海水的实用盐标(简称盐度)由测得电导率比，温度,Rt p压力后，通过下式计算: 1/23/225/2S,a，aR，aR，aR，aR，aR01t2t3t4t5t t-151/23/225/2，[b，bR，bR，bR，bR，bR]01t2t3t4t5t1，K(t-15) a,0.0080a,14.0941式中，a,,0.1692a,25.3851a,,7.0261;;;;;03124a,2.7081 5 b,0.0005b,,0.0056b,-0.0066b,-0.0375b,0.0636;;;;;01234of door and window boxes, the jambs set aside in advance to check geometry meets the design requirements. Installation of door and window frames would preferably be conducted upon completion of the construction of the main structure, door and window door installation should be at the end of the indoor and outdoor decoration, so as to avoid civil installation damage to each other. Popup +500mm elevations in advance, as door and window level control line. Exterior door and window installation will pop up on the walls a uniform elevation control line and vertical line from bottom to top, elevation and vertical deviation is controlled with doors and Windows. Check the embedded specification of the number, location and planting method, aluminum window has no damage, deformation, repair, correction or replacement should be carried out promptly. Check for corrosion materials, sealing materials and cleaning materials with the design requirements and specifications. 2, installation procedure 1) door and window frame installation according to the location of the doors and Windows installed wire, when doors and Windows opening to the edge of the door and window frames size is greater than 15mm, first with cement mortar plastering the wall size on all sides from the door and window frames edge 15mm position and the surface is rough. If the thickness is greater than 30mm, should be of fine stone concrete formwork for concrete pouring. After the base strength. Door frame mounting hole place to wedge b,-0.01445 式中是指在温度为 t ?、压力为 1 个标准大气压时，海水Rt 样品的电导率与标准氯化钾溶液(KCl溶液的浓度为 32.4 g/Kg)的电导 C(S,t,0)率之比,R, tC(35,t,0) 3、实验仪器与药品 电导率仪、电子天平、量筒、烧杯、纯水、NaCl、KCl、海水 4、实验步骤 (1) 选择合适的 电极 ; (2) 连接电极与电导率仪表, 连接 温度 电极到电导率仪表; 电极常(3) 打开电导率仪表开关，按照电极上的标识值，为测量仪表设置 数 和温度常数; (4) 用烧杯量取适量纯水，用天平称取氯化钠适量，溶入纯水搅拌完全溶解后，测量电导率与温度并记录; (5) 重复上步10次, 测量多组不同浓度氯化钠溶液的盐度与电导率值; (6) 配置 标准氯化钾 溶液，测量电导率并记录; (7) 量取适量海水，测量电导率与温度并记录。 5、数据处理 (1)计算出各组氯化钠溶液的盐度，给出算例(10分) 第一组实验盐度: R=2.190/9.400=0.2330 t S=0.008-0.1692*0.2330^0.5+25.3851*0.2330+14.0941*0.2330^1.5-7.0 261*0.2330^2+2.7081*0.2330^2.5+(25-15)/(1+0.0162*(25-15))*(0.00 of door and window boxes, the jambs set aside in advance to check geometry meets the design requirements. Installation of door and window frames would preferably be conducted upon completion of the construction of the main structure, door and window door installation should be at the end of the indoor and outdoor decoration, so as to avoid civil installation damage to each other. Popup +500mm elevations in advance, as door and window level control line. Exterior door and window installation will pop up on the walls a uniform elevation control line and vertical line from bottom to top, elevation and vertical deviation is controlled with doors and Windows. Check the embedded specification of the number, location and planting method, aluminum window has no damage, deformation, repair, correction or replacement should be carried out promptly. Check for corrosion materials, sealing materials and cleaning materials with the design requirements and specifications. 2, installation procedure 1) door and window frame installation according to the location of the doors and Windows installed wire, when doors and Windows opening to the edge of the door and window frames size is greater than 15mm, first with cement mortar plastering the wall size on all sides from the door and window frames edge 15mm position and the surface is rough. If the thickness is greater than 30mm, should be of fine stone concrete formwork for concrete pouring. After the base strength. Door frame mounting hole place to wedge 05-0.0056*0.2330^0.5-0.0066*0.2330-0.0375*0.2330^1.5+0.0636*0.2 330^2-0.0144*0.2330^2.5)=7.073(g/L) 纯水(L)氯化钠(g)盐度(g/L)电导率Rt 0.20.27.073012.190.232979 0.20.4112.493833.70.393617 0.20.616.797754.850.515957 0.20.820.450525.80.617021 0.2123.787626.650.707447 0.21.227.469277.570.805319 0.21.4129.826518.150.867021 0.21.631.468248.550.909574 0.21.832.998428.920.948936 0.2234.247239.220.980851 0.22.235.188609.4451.004787 0.22.435.629309.551.015957 0.22.636.597759.781.040426 0.22.837.020149.881.051064 0.2337.358639.961.059574 (2)绘制曲线，拟合电导率-盐度关系;(10分) (3)根据拟合公式反算海水盐度;(10分) of door and window boxes, the jambs set aside in advance to check geometry meets the design requirements. Installation of door and window frames would preferably be conducted upon completion of the construction of the main structure, door and window door installation should be at the end of the indoor and outdoor decoration, so as to avoid civil installation damage to each other. Popup +500mm elevations in advance, as door and window level control line. Exterior door and window installation will pop up on the walls a uniform elevation control line and vertical line from bottom to top, elevation and vertical deviation is controlled with doors and Windows. Check the embedded specification of the number, location and planting method, aluminum window has no damage, deformation, repair, correction or replacement should be carried out promptly. Check for corrosion materials, sealing materials and cleaning materials with the design requirements and specifications. 2, installation procedure 1) door and window frame installation according to the location of the doors and Windows installed wire, when doors and Windows opening to the edge of the door and window frames size is greater than 15mm, first with cement mortar plastering the wall size on all sides from the door and window frames edge 15mm position and the surface is rough. If the thickness is greater than 30mm, should be of fine stone concrete formwork for concrete pouring. After the base strength. Door frame mounting hole place to wedge 由于海水导电率为8.540，由y=0.2538x+0.5352且y=8.540得 X=31.54(g/L)所以海水盐度为31.540/L。 (4) 根据测得标准氯化钾溶液的电导率值计算海水盐度(10分) R=8.540/9.400=0.9085; t S=0.008-0.1692*0.9085^0.5+25.3851*0.9085+14.0941*0.9085^1.5-7.026 1*0.9085^2+2.7081*0.9085^2.5+(25-15)/(1+0.0162*(25-15))*(0.0005-0 .0056*0.9085^0.5-0.0066*0.9085-0.0375*0.9085^1.5+0.0636*0.9085^2- 0.0144*0.9085^2.5)=31.427(g/L) 6、问题 R(,15,0)SR,(1) 解释式中各项的含义。(15分) 15R(35,15,0) R是指温度为15?、压力为1个标准大气压的海水电导率与标准氯化钾的15 电导率比;R温度为15?、压力为1个标准大气压的海水电导率; R(S,15,0)(35,15,0) 是指标准氯化钾的电导率。 (2) 将测量结果与理论计算进行比较。(10分) 理论计算值为31.427g/L，测量结果为31.54g/L， 误差为=(31.540-31.427)/31.427=0.0036，很小，误差允许范围内。 (3) 分析形成误差的原因。(15分) 1.机器误差:机器称量不准确，电导率总是在一定范围内跳动，读数是出现 误差。 2.操作失误:例如没有完全融化就开始测量，导致出现误差。 of door and window boxes, the jambs set aside in advance to check geometry meets the design requirements. Installation of door and window frames would preferably be conducted upon completion of the construction of the main structure, door and window door installation should be at the end of the indoor and outdoor decoration, so as to avoid civil installation damage to each other. Popup +500mm elevations in advance, as door and window level control line. Exterior door and window installation will pop up on the walls a uniform elevation control line and vertical line from bottom to top, elevation and vertical deviation is controlled with doors and Windows. Check the embedded specification of the number, location and planting method, aluminum window has no damage, deformation, repair, correction or replacement should be carried out promptly. Check for corrosion materials, sealing materials and cleaning materials with the design requirements and specifications. 2, installation procedure 1) door and window frame installation according to the location of the doors and Windows installed wire, when doors and Windows opening to the edge of the door and window frames size is greater than 15mm, first with cement mortar plastering the wall size on all sides from the door and window frames edge 15mm position and the surface is rough. If the thickness is greater than 30mm, should be of fine stone concrete formwork for concrete pouring. After the base strength. Door frame mounting hole place to wedge 7、总结(5分) 通过该实验，我学会使用电导率仪测量溶液的电导率;并掌握盐度对电导 率的影响规律;学会了如何测定海水盐度;提高了动手能力和独立思考能力，学 会了团结合作，分工合作精神，对今后的发展起着重要作用。 of door and window boxes, the jambs set aside in advance to check geometry meets the design requirements. Installation of door and window frames would preferably be conducted upon completion of the construction of the main structure, door and window door installation should be at the end of the indoor and outdoor decoration, so as to avoid civil installation damage to each other. Popup +500mm elevations in advance, as door and window level control line. Exterior door and window installation will pop up on the walls a uniform elevation control line and vertical line from bottom to top, elevation and vertical deviation is controlled with doors and Windows. Check the embedded specification of the number, location and planting method, aluminum window has no damage, deformation, repair, correction or replacement should be carried out promptly. Check for corrosion materials, sealing materials and cleaning materials with the design requirements and specifications. 2, installation procedure 1) door and window frame installation according to the location of the doors and Windows installed wire, when doors and Windows opening to the edge of the door and window frames size is greater than 15mm, first with cement mortar plastering the wall size on all sides from the door and window frames edge 15mm position and the surface is rough. If the thickness is greater than 30mm, should be of fine stone concrete formwork for concrete pouring. After the base strength. Door frame mounting hole place to wedge 原始数据记录表 表1 实验测得的氯化钠含量与电导率值 次数 纯水/ml NaCl/g 盐度 电导率/mC 200 0.2 7.0730 2.19 1 200 0.41 12.493 3.7 2 200 0.6 16.797 4.85 3 200 0.8 20.450 5.8 4 200 1 23.787 6.65 5 200 1.2 27.469 7.57 6 200 1.41 29.826 8.15 7 200 1.6 31.468 8.55 8 200 1.8 32.998 8.92 9 200 2 34.247 9.22 10 200 2.2 35.188 9.445 11 200 2.4 35.629 9.55 12 200 2.6 36.597 9.78 13 200 2.8 37.020 9.88 14 200 3 37.358 9.96 15 表2 实验测得的标准KCl溶液的电导率和海水的电导率 KCl溶液 海水 标准KCl溶液KCl的含量 纯水/ml KCl/g 电导率 电导率 -332.4356×10 200 6.48 9.400 8.540 of door and window boxes, the jambs set aside in advance to check geometry meets the design requirements. Installation of door and window frames would preferably be conducted upon completion of the construction of the main structure, door and window door installation should be at the end of the indoor and outdoor decoration, so as to avoid civil installation damage to each other. Popup +500mm elevations in advance, as door and window level control line. Exterior door and window installation will pop up on the walls a uniform elevation control line and vertical line from bottom to top, elevation and vertical deviation is controlled with doors and Windows. Check the embedded specification of the number, location and planting method, aluminum window has no damage, deformation, repair, correction or replacement should be carried out promptly. Check for corrosion materials, sealing materials and cleaning materials with the design requirements and specifications. 2, installation procedure 1) door and window frame installation according to the location of the doors and Windows installed wire, when doors and Windows opening to the edge of the door and window frames size is greater than 15mm, first with cement mortar plastering the wall size on all sides from the door and window frames edge 15mm position and the surface is rough. If the thickness is greater than 30mm, should be of fine stone concrete formwork for concrete pouring. After the base strength. Door frame mounting hole place to wedge