汽车工程师论文汽车高级技师论文：低碳经济促进汽车制造业新的变革

汽车工程师论文汽车高级技师论文：低碳经济促进汽车制造业新的变革 汽车工程师论文汽车高级技师论文: 低碳经济促进汽车制造业新的变革 摘 要: 人类面临的全球气候问有着越来越严峻的趋势，“低碳”发展思路正不断得到全球共识。对汽车制造业而言，发展低碳经济将会为整个产业带来新的思考与认识。本文从汽车制造业发展低碳经济的技术、结构、制度三种方式途径，着手进行论述，对未来汽车制造业的发展方向做了一定的归纳总结。 关键词: 低碳经济 低碳技术 环境成本 低碳产业链 一、低碳经济提出的背景 政府间气候变化专业委员会(Intergovernmental Panelof Climate Change，IPCC)于2007年发布的第四次评估报告表明，地球表面平均气温在过去100年里上升了0.74?，预计到2100年全球平均气温“最可能的升高幅度”是1.8?至4?。在过去50年影响平均气温上升的诸多因素中，超过90%的可能性与人类化石燃料产生的温室气体增加有关。 新的证据显示，气候变暖已是一个不争的事实。气候变暖影响人类的生存和发展，对经济社会的可持续发展带来了严峻的挑战，同时与粮食安全、水资源安全、能源安全、生态安全、公共卫生安全等休戚相关。 研究表明，为了将全球温度升高的概率范围控制在2?以内，全球CO2排放量需要在今后20年内达到峰值，到2050年减少50%以上。化石能源是目前全球消耗的最主要能源，three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 2006年全球消耗的能源中化石能源占比高达87.9%，我国的比例高达93.8%。目前，温室气体减排主要还是依赖于减少化石能源的消耗，而化石能源是人类必不可少的燃料，也是经济发展的重要支撑，而且目前尚缺乏有效的替代品，因此CO2减排对当今世界的社会经济发展模式和消费模式提出了巨大的挑战，并且带来了较大的技术成本和社会成本。 为了应对全球变暖问题，国际社会积极开展了一系列应对行动，并且就全球气候问题开展了众多的双边和多边合作谈判会议。自2009年12月联合国召开有关气候变化的哥本哈根会议以来，气候变化问题越来越为国际社会所瞩目，哥本哈根会议涉及到世界各国从高碳排放的工业文明向低碳消耗的生态文明的革命性转变，关系着我国在未来发展的低碳经济格局中扮演的角色。 在哥本哈根会议的谈判桌上，一种新的交易市场——碳排放交易市场应运而生。与此同时，伴随着气候变化问题带来的低碳经济作为一种新的经济形态初露端倪，成为国际经济新趋势。 无论哥本哈根会议的结果如何，世界肯定将走向低碳经济的绿色可持续发展道路，低碳经济发展也将成为我国“十二五”规划的重点内容。 二、国内外低碳经济发展动向 “低碳经济”最早见诸于文件是在2003年的英国能源three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 白皮书《我们能源的未来:创建低碳经济》。作为最早提出“低碳经济”的国家，英国出于保障能源安全，减轻气候变化影响的目的，希望通过利用其自身能源基础设施更新的机会和低碳技术领域的优势，建立一个目标明确而稳定的长期政策框架，提高其经济效益，并以此占领未来的低碳技术和产品市场，进而赢得国际政治主动权并增强其国际影响力，促进整个经济结构向低碳经济转型。 2006年欧盟发布了《欧盟能源政策绿皮书》，强调了能效提高技术和地毯技术的战略意义。2008年年初欧盟通过了旨在应对气候变化和促进可再生能源使用的“2020/2020”，提出到2020年实现两个20%的目标。为实现上述减排战略目标，2007年底欧盟委员会通过了《欧盟能源技术战略计划》，鼓励推广包括风能、太阳能和生物能源技术在内的“低碳能源”技术。 美国政府长期致力于保障国家能源安全，自2006年以来，美国公布了新的气候变化技术计划，推动了新一代清洁能源技术方面的研发与创新，尤其是将会提供资金用于开发燃煤发电的碳捕获与埋存技术，并鼓励可再生能源、核能以及先进的电池技术的应用，通过减少对于石油的依赖来确保国家的能源安全和经济发展。在政府和市场的共同推动下，美国还提出了《低碳经济法案》、《美国清洁能源安全法案》，three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 表明低碳经济的发展道路已成为美国未来的重要战略选择，其应对气候变化的重点是转变能源战略和能源利用方式。 德国作为发达的工业国家，能源开发和环境保护技术处于世界前列。为实现气候保护目标，从1977年至今，德国联邦政府先后出台了5期能源研究计划，最新一期计划从2005年开始实施，以能源效率和可再生能源为重点，通过德国“高技术战略”提供资金支持。2007年，德国联邦教育与研究部又在“高技术战略”框架下制定了气候保护高技术战略。根据这项战略，联邦教研部将在未来10年内额外投入10亿欧元用于研发气候保护技术，德国工业界也相应投入一倍的资金用于开发气候保护技术。德国希望在2020年，国内的低碳产业要超过其汽车产业。 日本由于国内资源匮乏，因此十分重视开发提高能源效率的相关技术以及替代能源技术。2006年日本经济产业省发布了“新国家能源报告”，其重点是建立依赖先进能源技术的能源供需结构，提出的主要措施包括提高能源效率、优化能源结构、引入新型能源、大力发展核能等，其目标是从中长期尺度构建国家竞争战略。2007年6月，日本内阁会议审议通过《21世纪环境立国战略》，宣布要以低碳社会为基础，建设与环境协调的美丽家园，作为“日本模式”向全世界宣传。 作为最大的发展中国家，中国发展低碳经济的机遇和挑three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 战并存。作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的缔约方，中国一向致力于推动公约和议定书的实施，认真履行相关义务。直到哥本哈根会议的顺利落幕，我们可以看到中国在推进应对气候变化历史进程中所付出的努力与坚定地决心。 纵观全球，低碳经济时代的到来不可逆转。发展低碳经济是一种经济发展模式的选择，意味着能源结构的调整、产业结构的调整以及技术的革新。 三、制造业发展低碳经济的意义 发展低碳经济对所有国家而言，不仅仅只是应对气候变化、承担国际责任的问题，而且也是社会经济发展的内在要求。“低碳”的根本意义在于强调限制二氧化碳等温室气体的排放，从而降低气候变化和全球变暖问题带来的不利影响。“低碳”的实施措施主要集中在:提升高能耗工业的能效水平、提倡生产清洁能源、增加可再生能源的开发和利用等领域。另外，低碳技术的发展趋势，短期内以现有的节能技术应用为主，中长期将侧重于流程创新和设备升级。发展“低碳经济”要实现产业低碳化，决不仅仅是发展低碳产业，从国家产业发展的战略布局来看，无论是传统制造业，还是重化工业，都要实现低碳化发展。 改革开放30年以来，我国制造业取得了突破性成就，three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 无论是现代工业体系门类的完整性，还是产业规模的壮大，或者是整体技术水平的提高，我国的制造业竞争力逐渐拉近了国际水平。据工业和信息化部的数据显示，截至2008年，我国工业产品产量居世界第一位的已有210种。装备制造业迅猛发展，总量规模居世界第二位，数控机床、发电设备产量均居世界第一。2009年汽车产销已连续7个月超过了100万辆，居世界第一。我国已经成为名副其实的全球制造业大国，但由于产业结构不合理、自主创新能力较弱等原因，还达不到制造强国的水平。有专家认为，在此背景下我国制造业企业应迅速调整发展战略，把提高能效和碳生产率作为促进经济增长的核心，加速推进以节能降耗为重点的设备更新和技术改造，加快淘汰高耗能、高污染的工艺、设备和产品，突出抓好重点耗能产业的节能技术创新和改造，从而促进我国经济低碳化发展的渐进转型。 工业化的持续推进将使农业劳动力不断减少，预计“十二五”时期我国将迎来“刘易斯转折点”;工业占GDP比重总体变化不大，但其内部结构将发生剧烈转变，即从“十一五”时期以能源原材料工业为主导向以高加工度、高技术含量制造业为主导转变，同时产品结构会发生由生产资料为主向消费资料为主的转变，其中汽车产业就是其中代表性产业。 现在低碳经济已经是全球公认的努力方向，每个制造类three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 企业都应当思考这件事情。低碳经济不应该只想到新材料、新能源等等。还应当结合制造业的优势，将发展低碳经济与提升我们制造业水平，制造类企业的管理水平结合起来，把发展真正的、纯粹的低碳产业与发展生产型服务业、科技服务业结合起来，那么我国低碳经济的发展才能更有实际意义 四、汽车制造业发展低碳经济的三大途径 1.制造技术创新——低碳技术 2009年我国政府在哥本哈根会议上宣布了降低二氧化碳排放的承诺，到2020年，我国单位GDP的排放水平将在2005年的基础上，降低40%至45%。同时，我国将在2015年实行第三阶段油耗，油耗将降低15%左右，这对汽车制造业及其关键零部件行业带来巨大挑战，可以说，低碳经济引发了汽车制造技术的革新。 以下根据目前国内经济技术的发展水平，以及国外制造技术的发展情况，结合汽车工厂规划中的重点节能环节，介绍部分在汽车工厂尚未得到推广的、节能效果比较显著的新技术。 (1)气缸 气缸作为汽车发动机的主要零部件之一，为实现气缸的轻量化，过去主要的生产原材料铸铁将逐渐被铝所取代。此外，为确保稳定的产品质量，能够有效控制材料重量的压铸three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 技术也逐渐普及。 (2)发动机 发动机的选择是制造低碳汽车的一大关键，目前发动机新技术主要有以下几种发展趋势:天然气发动机，即采用产自油田和气田的天然气作燃料的发动机;氢气发动机，氢气可从电解水、煤的气化、天然气中制取，燃烧产物对空气没有什么污染;水燃料发动机，即在发动机燃料管内装一铝制转子，并将铝线一端插入水中，另一端引向转子，当在铝线和转子间通电时，铝线在水中放电，使水分解成氢气和氧气，随后，气体进入燃烧室，燃烧后产生驱动力;净化污染空气的发动机，即吸进含烟雾的空气，在催化剂的作用下，排放出洁净的尾气;液态空气发动机，将空气中的氮气分离，然后经过-160?的低温进行液化，液体氮便成为空气发动机的燃料。 (3)涂装工艺 传统的涂装工艺即“喷中涂-烘干-喷金属底色漆-喷罩光漆-烘干”，简称“三喷两烘”。日本马自达汽车公司与涂料公司协作，开发成功“三喷一烘”工艺，即中涂、底色漆、罩光清漆三涂层湿碰湿喷涂工艺，一起烘干，取消中途的烘干过程，达到节能的目的。这种新工艺节省总能耗15%-20%。 (4)车间设备 以冲压车间为例，冲压车间液压设备上驱动液压泵的电three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 动机，由于生产节拍的限制，长期工作处于25%左右的低负载状况，电能大量浪费。而在工艺规划设计选择设备时就考虑采用变频器，通过降低电动机转速来降低液压泵的输出功率，使液压泵的输出功率与实时负载匹配，就能提高电动机的功率因数、改善电动机的启动和停机性能，并且可以减少泵损耗，从而达到节点、降低噪声和延长液压泵寿命的效果。 2.企业制度创新——企业环境成本 由于企业生产经营活动对环境造成的破坏，每个企业对于治理环境污染和保护生态环境都应该承担一定的责任。企业的环境行为受到社会责任履行的约束，尤其从国家环保法律、法规、政策的执行力度越来越大可以见。环境问题融入企业经营活动中，对企业自身的生存和发展具有非常重要的意义。 为了更好地促进低碳经济的发展，企业在生产过程中除了设计低碳产品，采用低碳能源，利用低碳技术，宣传低碳文化等之外，还应当从企业内部制度上做一定的创新，这一点可以从企业成本上着手。对每一个企业而言，成本是企业发展的基础。成本降低，可提高利润，巩固经营基础，进而才有力量去提高产品质量，创新产品设计，寻求新的发展。对于低碳经济下的制造类企业，在原有的成本控制基础下，更应当考虑到环境成本。 three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 环境成本又称环境降级成本，是指由于经济活动造成环境污染而使环境服务功能质量下降的代价。环境成本是指在某一项商品生产活动中，从资源开采、生产、运输、使用、回收到处理，解决环境污染和生态破坏所需的全部费用。 企业环境成本管理已不仅仅局限于传统意义上的企业为谋求利润最大化而降低产品成本，而是现代意义上的为企业与环境可持续发展，在保证产品质量、符合国家环境标准的前提下，使环境成本的投入与环保效果、环保效益的产出达到最大化。 而企业环境成本管理的重要尺度正是企业环境绩效，作为环境成本投入的产出标志，环境绩效涉及面广大，影响因素也很多，因此合理制定企业环境绩效评价体系，有利于企业财务对环境成本进行有效的管理与控制，有利于企业管理层及时了解与掌握企业的环境状况，有利于企业制定目标、控制和改进业绩，有利于促进低碳经济的可持续性发展。 3.产业结构创新——低碳产业链 每个企业都处在产业链中的某一环节，一个企业要赢得和维持竞争优势不仅取决于其内部价值链，而且还取决于在一个更大的价值系统(即产业价值链)中，一个企业的价值链同其供应商、销售商以及顾客价值链之间的联接。 产业价值链是指在以一个主导产业为核心的领域中，关three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 联度较高的众多企业及其相关支撑机构在地理空间上，产生了企业在某一产业价值链上集聚的现象。这种产业价值链上企业的集聚，向上延伸到原材料和零部件及配套服务的供应商;向下延伸到产品的营销网络和顾客;横向扩张到互补产品的生产商及通过技能、技术或由共同投人品联系起来的相关企业，同时集群内还包括政府和多功能公共机构的参与。正是由于产业链的特殊性，使得我们在对企业进行低碳化改革的时候，不仅仅需要考虑企业内部的低碳化，更要结合所在行业的产业链进行低碳化，即从产业链上游开始，一路延伸到产业链下游，形成一条低碳产业链，以此促进整个行业或产业集群的低碳经济发展。 以汽车制造业为例——汽车制造业产业链的出现和演变经历了一个漫长的发展过程，很多汽车企业已经摒弃了过去那种从设计、制造到销售都由企业自己负责的经营模式，转而在全球范围内与供应商和销售商建立合作伙伴关系。例如:福特公司在推出新车Festiva时，就采取新车在美国设计，发动机在日本马自达公司生产，其他零部件和装配在韩国制造厂生产，最后再运往美国和全球市场上销售的方式。这样做的目的显然是为了追求低成本、高质量，从而提高自己的竞争实力。 经过100多年的发展，目前的汽车制造业已经是一个非three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water 常成熟的产业。然而，在过去的十多年中，整个汽车行业在激烈的市场竞争和过剩的生产能力下表现出一系列明显的发展趋势，如利润减少、价格下调、产品复杂程度增加、研发成本上升、企业不断重组兼并等，这些都对汽车制造业的产业链产生了根本性的影响。 在低碳经济全球化发展的背景下，汽车制造业的低碳化趋势也越来越明显。我们既要从产业结构、能源结构调整入手，转变汽车制造业高碳经济发展模式;也要从产业链的各个环节上，从产品设计、生产制造、消费回收的全过程中寻求节能途径，已实现最终的低碳经济模式。 国内的汽车行业原本就是十分热门的话题，随着低碳经济的发展，必将会为汽车制造业带来新的变革，尤其是对汽车产业链来说，在低碳经济形势下，我们还需要做更多的研究与探索。 参考文献: [1]国务院新闻办召开IPCC第四次评估报告发布会，IPCC官方网站，2007年。 [2]思特恩报告 [3]张坤民潘家华崔大鹏主编，《低碳经济论》，中国环境科学出版社，2008年5月 [4]张坤民潘家华崔大鹏主编，《低碳发展论》(上)(下)，中国环境科学出版社，2009年10月 three significant figures. 7, precision under repeatability conditions to obtain the absolute value of the difference of two independent test results shall not exceed the arithmetical average of the 10%. Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) detection principle 1, the sample of petroleum ether dissolves after extraction with aqueous ammonium acetate, Gallic acid Propyl gallate (PG) reacts with ferrous salts of tartaric acid colors, determination of absorbance at 540 nm in wavelength, compared with standard sizing. When the determination of the equivalent of 2 g of the sample, the minimum detectable concentration of 25 mg/kg. Reagent 2, petroleum ether: boiling range 30 ?æ ~60 ?æ. Ammonium acetate solution (100 g/l and 16.g/L). Color reagent: weighing 0.100 g ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H20) and 0.500 g of potassium sodium tartrate NaKC4H4O6 • 4H20; adding water dissolves. diluted to 100 mL, prepared before use. PG standard solution: weigh accurately 0.0100g PG is soluble in water. Moved into a 200 mL volumetric flask and dilute to scale. 50.0 μg per ml of this solution g PG. 3, instruments spectrophotometer. 4, treated the steps analyzed: weigh 10.00 g sample dissolved in 100 mL of petroleum ether, moved into a 250 mL separatory funnel, add 20 mL, ammonium acetate solution (16.7g/L). Shake 2min, static layering, layer into 125 mL. separatory funnel (such as emulsion, along with the emulsion layers down) and then 20 mL of petroleum ether, ammonium acetate solution (16.7 g/l) were extracted in duplicate twice, and merge layers. Petroleum ether shake with water