大学本科跨文化交际期末试题

考试需知:考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试 时间为2(5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于 完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷 2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带 电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 ?. Filling the blanks: 1. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2. Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3. Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4. Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5 In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India 1 is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes ?. Choose the best answer: 1. Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A. physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B. facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C. appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D. movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2. In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, 2 fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness” aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective information. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature C. harmony with nature; subjugation to nature 3 D. mastery over nature; harmony with nature 5. As to time orientation, generally speaking, the USA is______, the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia, Britain, Greece, France are ______.C A. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time oriented B. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-oriented C. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-oriented D. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented 6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia is ______.D A. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-oriented B. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-oriented C. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented D. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented 7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanistic 4 view. It goes by the following different names: D A. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivity versus imagination B. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology; imagination versus subjectivity C. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion; subjugation versus subjectivity D. reason versus intuition; science versus religion; objectivity versus subjectivity 8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation. The Hindu thinks in order to _______. It is meditation. The Chinese thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation. C A. do; die; live B. spectacle; meddle; contempt C. understand; think; self-cultivate D. think; self-cultivate; understand 9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____B A. something is wrong with your body and you can only stand. B. body language is important. C. body contact is dangerous. 5 D. we can’t separate mind from body. 10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends by sharing ______, while in China, people make friends by sharing _______.B A. personal relationship; activities B. activities; personal relationship C. love; blood D. blood; love 11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact countries are __________________________________, while the low contact countries are ________________________________.C A. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries; Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia B. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries, Russia, Middle East C. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the US, Britain, most Northern European countries D. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US, Britain, most Northern European countries 12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality of communication, the high-contextual people are 6 __________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are ________________________________A A. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans, German, Swiss B. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese C. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans, Japanese, British D. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans 13. Each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show that people from ________, ________, ________have a smaller personal territory than do people from ________, ________, _________.A A. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries; North America, Britain, Germany B. North America, Britain, Germany; South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries C. South America, Britain, Germany; North America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries. D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian 7 countries; South America, Britain, Germany 14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is much more important to the individual than the extended family, while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the extended family is very important. C A. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, African B. Arabian; American, Asian, African, Hispanic C. American; Asian, African, Arabian, Hispanic D. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic 15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______, ______, ________for help, while in extended-family culture, people rely mainly on ________for help. C A. families, friends, professionals; families B. families, friends, professionals; institutions C. friends, professionals, institutions; families D. friends, families, institutions; professionals 16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first, while in extended-family culture, _______ usually comes first. B A. family; individual 8 B. individual; family C. husband; wife D. wife; husband 17.When it comes to friendship, an American friend would feel that they had _______ if the friend gave up a real need to study to go shopping. One’s duties and obligations toward friends, even best friends are understood to ______; one does not expect friends to assume burdensome, ______ responsibilities toward oneself. A close friend in the US is a person that one feels free to ask for help, recognizing, however, that the friend may _____, if they give you a reason. This is maybe that in the West, people prefer to be ______, so they do not feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person is ______ more and the other is dependent on what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostly a matter of providing ______ support and ______. B A. depended too much; limitless; small; say “OK”; dependent; receiving; material; get separate B. imposed too much; have limits; long-term; say “No”; independent; giving; emotional; spend time together. C. imposed too little; have limits; short-term; say “Yes”; 9 free; earning; financial; get involved D. depended a little; limitless; big; say “Sorry”; independent; giving; spiritual; get together. 18. In China, the duties and obligations of friendships seem virtually ________ for all practical purposes. Chinese friends give each other much ________ ________help and assistance than Western friends do. For example, they give each other _______ and might help each other _______for a _______period of time. A friend in China is someone who, sensing that you are in need in some way, offers to assist you _________.C A. impossible; more spiritual; things; practically; short; when being asked B. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long; unwillingly C. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long; without waiting to be asked D. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; if required 19. In times of trouble, both American and Chinese friends give each other emotional support, but they do it differently. A Chinese friend is more likely to be 10 ________ to give _______ advice to a friend, while an American friend will be ________ to give ________ advice, instead she may raise questions to encourage her friend to consider carefully what may happen if she does one thing instead of another. C A. cautious; detailed; ready; specific B. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guideline C. ready; specific; cautious; direct D. unwilling; direct; ready; specific 20. When it comes to the relationship between parents and married sons, in China, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______ than that with his wife. Thus in the event of any quarrel between his wife and his mother, a man should ____________. At most he might hope to __________, and this was regarded as ________. In America, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______ than that with his wife. He would be expected to ______________. He might even be counseled to _______________ the vicinity of his parents’ home to ease the conflict. D A. more important; side with his mother; side with his father; honorable; more important; side with no one; 11 move into B. less important; side with no one; say something; honorable; less important; side with his father; get away from C. less important; side with his wife; remain silent; dishonorable; more important; side with his wife; move into D. more important; side with his mother; remain neutral; dishonorable; less important; side with his wife; move away ?. True or false: 1. Generally speaking, China is an equal society, America is a hierarchy society. ( F ) 2. Generally speaking, in Chinese society, the power distance is small, while in America, the power distance is large. ( F ) 3. Both the Asian and Western countries have the concept of “face”, and “face” has the same social significance for these countries in that one’s face is also the face of one’s group.( F ) 4. The dividing worldview relies strongly on “facts” as 12 opposed to “opinions”. ( T ) 5. A very rough generalization is that thinking for the Greek is to look upward, for the Hindu is to look inward, for the Confucians is to look outward. (F ) 6. Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are always aware of them, and we make judgments according to them. (F ) 7. Values are separate from each other. Each one work alone. ( F ) 8. Values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of only two possible choices. People everywhere possess the same values to different degrees, and the importance of that common value, how it gets acted out, is a matter of degree. ( T) 9. “Lover” and “爱人”have the same meaning. ( F ) 10. In both China and Western countries, it is very common and usual for adults to fondle other people’s babies and very small children to show their affection and friendliness. ( F ) ?.Translation: 1. Translate the following English into Chinese: 13 1) Nature and Man are blended into one harmonious identity. 天人合一 2) Nature affects human affairs and human behavior finds response in Nature. 天人感应 3) Nature accords with human wishes. 天从人愿 4) Your character will be tinted “red”(good) if you are in the company of “redness”, but “black”(bad) if you are in close contact with ink. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑 5) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者 6) Look before you leap. 三思而后行 7) A single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch. 轻霜冻 死单根草，狂风难毁万木林 He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own. 狗拿 耗子，多管闲事 8) 2. Translate the following Chinese into English: 1) 容忍tolerance of others 2) 中庸之道moderation, following the middle way 3) 修养self-cultivation 4) 不重竞争non-competitiveness 5) 信用trust-worthiness 14 6) 贞节chastity in women 7) 寡欲having few desires 服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety 8) ?. Tell the meaning of the following gestures in different countries: Gesture 1 Gesture 2 Gesture 3 1. In the US, England, Sweden it is used together with the verbal message “Let’s keep our fingers crossed” to mean that _ the person is hoping for good luck______________. In Greece and 15 Turkey it means the breaking of a friendship ________________. In parts of Italy it means _ OK _____. 2. In the US it means Great, perfect, acceptable, OK_______________. In Belgium and France, it means _ _____. In Brazil, Turkey, Greece and Malta it has _ an zero obscene _____ meaning. In Japan it means ___ money _______. In Tunisia, it is used ___ as threat _______. 3. It means ____ Slow down”, “relax” or “wait a second ________________. Test Paper 2 下列各请参阅了所指定的课本内容后，用中文回答，可翻 译课本的内容作为。 ?. Answer the following questions 1. What are the implications of the individualism in the 16 West and the collectivism in the East? (P66-68) 2. Offer your interpretations with examples about the Chinese and the Western modes of thinking. (P93-97) ?. Case analysis: 1. Study the following Chinese poem and English statements and see what messages you can draw from it that are relevant to intercultural communication study. (P28-29) 1) 横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同，不识庐山真面 目，只缘身在此山中。 2) You will not know your own culture well until you communicate with another, 3) If we do not recognize our humanity in others, we will not recognize it in ourselves. 2. Read the quotation from Abraham Lincoln and work out what value he expressed. Explain this value.(P59-60) We do wish to allow the humblest man an equal chance to get rich with everyone else. When one starts poor, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can better his condition; he knows that there is no fixed condition of labor for his whole life. 3. Study the case and then try to answer the questions that 17 follow. (P86-92) Wu had just started working for a Swedish company that had extensive business commitments in China. A large part of his work concerned advising his expatriate colleagues on Chinese business practices. This involved both writing reports and recommendations and addressing meetings. As he was very anxious to succeed, Wu always researched his topics thoroughly and tried to make his presentations as clear as possible. However, he gradually became aware that something was wrong. It often seemed that nobody listened to him and his advice was ignored. When he spoke at meetings, he felt that people were impatient and uninterested in what he had to say. He got more and more unhappy and began to feel that his colleagues were not interested in his opinions because he was Chinese. This, he thought, was racism. The company had a policy of annual review, which meant that every staff member met with the managing director once a year to discuss his or her progress. When the time came for Wu’s review, he managing director gave him a copy of the company’s assessment of his 18 performance. The assessment praised his hard work, but made the following, very serious criticisms:? When speaking at meetings, arguments are often unfocused and speeches lack clear direction. ? Written reports contain too much irrelevant material. ? In both speaking and writing, material is poorly organized, with important recommendations often appearing only at the end of the report. ? Often appears uncertain about the points he wants to make. Wu was shocked by these criticisms. He could not understand why they had been made and he was not sure what to do about them. Questions: 1) Why do you think the company criticized Wu in this way? 2) Do you think he is correct to conclude that the problem is racism? 3) What cultural expectations about presenting information orally and in writing may account for the negative evaluation of Wu’s work? 4) Give advice to Wu on dealing with each of the specific criticisms the managing director made. 19 4. In the 1990s, the return of Hong Kong to China was a heated topic in many media. But the Chinese term 香港 回归has two versions in English. The term which was used in English newspapers published in China was “return”, while in the West the chosen term was “revert”. For example: 1) The report was divided into several parts…ensuring the smooth return of Hong Kong and promoting the reunification of the motherland. (Beijing Review. Mar. 17-23. 1997. p. 7) 2) He will officially take office on July 1, 1997, the day Hong Kong reverts to China. (Times. Dec. 23, 1996. p.47) Please use the theory of a word’s denotation and connotation to account for the difference in the choice of words. (P79-80) 跨文化交际期末考试复习题 Define the following items: 1. culture :what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them 20 2. communication :give or exchange information or ideas. 3. intercultural communication :communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 4. high-context culture :a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 5. low-context culture :a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. 6. relationship between culture and language :Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world. 7. verbal communication :communication done both orally and in written language 8. analytical thinking patterns (inductive) :analyze and dissect things into elements in order to understand them properly.The emphasis is upon the parts rather than the whole of things. 9. synthetic thinking patterns (deductive) : synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis on the “whole”. 10. nonverbal communication :involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or 21 her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. 11. body language :refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements.It includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate. 12. monochronic time (M Time) :It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. 13. polychronic time (P Time) :schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. 14. ethnocentrism :the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. 15. stereotypes :a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. 16. prejudice :It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. 22 17. discrimination :It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, it can be thought of as prejudice “in action”. 18. racism :The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. 19. culture shock :Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. 20. acculturation :It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups. 23 24 25 26 27 28