英美概况 教学课件 ppt 作者 齐智英1 unit 1

LOGOUnitOne Introduction《英美概况》主编：齐智英Contents《英美概况》主编：齐智英UnitOne 1.1TheNamesoftheUKandtheUSA 1.1.1TheNamesoftheUKTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandistheofficialnameofthepoliticalunionbetweenEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.Whenpeoplerefertoit,theyoftenusedifferentnamessuchasBritain,GreatBritain,England,theBritishIsles,theUnitedKingdomortheUK.Strictlyspeaking,GreatBritain,EnglandandtheBritishIslesareallgeographicalnames.TheBritishIslesaremadeupofhundredsofislands,thelargesttwoofwhichareGreatBritainandIreland.TheislandofGreatBritaincomprisesEngland,ScotlandandWales. MediaevalWaleswasrarelyunitedbutwasundertheruleofvariousnativeprincipalities.EnglandandScotlandhadexistedasseparatesovereignandindependentstateswiththeirownmonarchsandpoliticalstructuressincethe9thcentury.In1282,KingEdwardIofEngland(1272–1307)finallyconqueredthelastremainingnativeWelshprincipalities.TwoyearslatertheStatuteofRhuddlan1formallyestablishedEdward'sruleoverWales.ToappeasetheWelsh,Edward’sson(laterEdwardII),whohadbeenborninWales,wasmadePrinceofWaleson7February1301.ThetraditionofbestowingthestylePrince(ess)ofWales’ontheheiroftheBritishMonarchcontinuestothepresentday.UnitOneUnitOne ThestatebegantotakeitspresentshapewiththeActsofUnionin1707,whichunitedthecrownsandParliamentsofEngland(includingWales)andScotlandtocreatetheKingdomofGreatBritain.AfurtherActofUnionin1800joinedtheKingdomofGreatBritainandtheKingdomofIrelandtocreatetheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.In1922,theIrishFreeStategainedindependence,leavingNorthernIrelandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom.Asaresult,in1927Britainchangeditsformaltitleto“TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland”,usuallyshortenedto“theUnitedKingdom”,“theUK”or“Britain”.1.1.2TheNamesoftheUSA TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisafederalconstitutionalrepubliccomprisingfiftystates2andtheDistrictofColumbia. ChristopherColumbus,anItalian,isbelievedtothefirstEuropeantolandintheterritoryoftheUnitedStates.OnNovember19,1493,hearrivedatPuertoRico,andmadefirstcontactwiththeNativeAmericans.FollowinghisstepsAmerigoVespucci,anotherItalianexplorer,discoveredthecontinentofSouthAmerica.Thenewly–foundcontinentwaslaternamedafterhimandbecomeknownasAmerica.SinceitwasthefirsttimefortheEuropeanstosetfootonthisland,theycalledittheNewWorld,whileEuropeandtheresttheOldWorld. UnitOneUnitOne Afterthediscovery,moreEuropeanssailedtothenewworld.SpaniardsestablishedtheearliestEuropeancoloniesonthemainland,intheareatheynamedFlorida.FrenchfurtradersestablishedoutpostsofNewFrancearoundtheGreatLakesandeventually,FranceclaimedmuchoftheNorthAmericaninteriorasfarsouthastheGulfofMexico.ThefirstsuccessfulBritishsettlementsweretheVirginiaColonyinJamestownin1607andthePilgrims’PlymouthColonyin1620.AndotherEnglishcoloniessprangupallalongtheAtlanticcoast,fromMaineinthenorthtoGeorgiainthesouth.Beginningin1614,theDutchestablishedsettlementsalongthelowerHudsonRiver,includingNewAmsterdamonManhattanIsland.ThesmallsettlementofNewSweden,foundedalongtheDelawareRiverin1638,wastakenoverbytheDutchin1655. AsmoreandmorepeoplearrivedintheNewWorld,moreandmoredisputesaroseoverterritory.Manywarswerefoughtinthe1600sand1700s.Soon,thetwocountrieswiththelargestpresencewereEnglandandFrance.ThetwonationsfoughtforcontrolofNorthAmericainwhatAmericanscalltheFrenchandIndianWar(1754-1763).Atlast,EnglandwonthewarandgotcontrolofCanada,aswellaskeepingcontrolofalltheEnglishcolonies.By1674,theBritishhadwontheformerDutchcoloniesintheAnglo-DutchWars;theprovinceofNewNetherlandwasrenamedNewYork.Withthe1729divisionoftheCarolinas3andthe1732colonizationofGeorgia,thethirteenBritishcoloniesthatwouldbecometheUnitedStatesofAmericawereestablished,whichwereMassachusetts,NewHampshire,Connecticut,RhodeIsland,NewYork,NewJersey,Pennsylvania,Maryland,Delaware,Virginia,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,andGeorgia.UnitOneUnitOne TheseAmericancolonistsbelievedthattheyhadarighttogovernthemselves.Moreandmore,theybelievedthattheyshouldn’thavetopaysomuchintaxestoEngland.AsmoreandmoreAmericansvoicedtheirconcernsoverhigherandhighertaxes,aconflictbegantobuild.TheresultwastheRevolutionaryWar,whichendedinAmericanvictory.Anewnation—theUnitedStatesofAmericawasbornafterthewar. ThefullnameofthecountrywasfirstusedofficiallyintheDeclarationofIndependence,whichwasthe“unanimousDeclarationofthethirteenunitedStatesofAmerica”adoptedbythe“RepresentativesoftheunitedStatesofAmerica”onJuly4,1776.ThecurrentnamewasfinalizedonNovember15,1777,whentheSecondContinentalCongressadoptedtheArticlesofConfederation,thefirstofwhichstates,“TheStileofthisConfederacyshallbe‘TheUnitedStatesofAmerica’”.CommonabbreviationsoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaincludetheUnitedStates,theUS,andtheUSA.ColloquialnamesforthecountryincludeAmericaandtheStates.Columbia,aoncepopularnamefortheAmericasandtheUnitedStates,wasderivedfromChristopherColumbus.ItappearsinthenameDistrictofColumbia.UnitOne1.2.1ThePopulationoftheUK AttheApril2001UKCensus,theUnitedKingdom’spopulationwas58,789,194,thethirdlargestintheEuropeanUnion(behindGermanyandFrance),thefifthlargestintheCommonwealthandthetwenty-firstlargestintheworld.Thishadbeenestimatedupto60,587,300bytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsin2006.InAugust2006itwasconfirmedthattheUK’spopulationhadreached60million,thenrapidlyincreasedto60.2million,largelyfromnetimmigration,butalsobecauseofarisingbirthrateandincreasinglifeexpectancy. ThepopulationoftheUKisveryunequallydistributedoverthefourpartsoftheUK:Englandmoreorlessconstantlymakesup84%ofthetotalpopulation,Walesaround5%,Scotlandroughly8.5%,andNorthernIrelandlessthan3%.UnitOne TheUK’soverallpopulationdensityisoneofthehighestintheworld.EnglandisbyfarthemostdenselypopulatedpartoftheUK.In2003,ithadapopulationdensityof383peoplepersquarekilometercomparedwithWales(142),NorthernIreland(125)andScotland(65).ThemostdenselypopulatedareasofEnglandarethemajorcitiesandmetropolitanareasofLondonandtheSouthEast,SouthandWestYorkshire,GreaterManchesterandMerseyside,theWestMidlands,andtheconurbationsontheriversTyne,WearandTees.Londonhasthehighestpopulationdensitywith4,700peoplepersquarekilometer–––farhigherthananyoftheEnglishregions,andtheSouthWestthelowest(210peoplepersquarekilometer).UnitOne ThelandsnowconstitutingtheUnitedKingdomhavehistoricallybeensubjecttomanyinvasionsandmigrations,especiallyfromScandinaviaandthecontinentincludingRomanoccupationforseveralcenturies.PresentdayBritonsaredescendedmainlyfromthevariedethnicstocksthatsettledtherebeforetheeleventhcentury.Thepre-Celtic4,Celtic,Roman,Anglo-Saxon,andNorseinfluenceswereblendedinGreatBritainundertheruleofNormans,ScandinavianVikingswhohadlivedinnorthernFrance(Normandy).Since1945,internationaltiesforgedbytheBritishEmpirehavecontributedtosubstantialimmigration,especiallyfromAfricaandSouthAsia.Andmostrecently,theaccessionofnewEUmembersin2004hasfuelledmoreimmigrationfromcontinentalEurope.Asof2001,13.1%(5.2%white,7.9%non-white)oftheUKpopulationidentifiedthemselvesasanethnicminority.Accordingtothe2001Census,theethniccompositionoftheUnitedKingdomwas:UnitOneUnitOne IncontrastwithsomeotherEuropeancountries,highforeign-bornimmigrationiscontributingtoarisingpopulationoftheUK,accountingforabouthalfofthepopulationincreasebetween1991and2001.Thelatestofficialfigures(2006)shownetimmigrationtotheUKof191,000(591,000immigrantsand400,000emigrants)upfrom185,000in2005(overall,therewasalossof126,000Britonsandagainof316,000foreigncitizens).OnlyoneinsixwerefromEasternEuropeancountries.TheywereoutnumberedbyimmigrantsfromNewCommonwealthcountries.ImmigrationfromtheIndiansubcontinent,mainlyfuelledbyfamilyreunion,accountedfortwo-thirdsofnetimmigration.Bycontrast,atleast5.5millionBritish-bornpeoplearelivingabroad.ThemostpopularemigrantdestinationswereAustralia,Spain,France,NewZealandandtheUS.UnitOne1.2.2ThePopulationoftheUSA TheUSpopulationtrailsonlyChinaandIndia,ranks3rdintheworldintermsofpopulationsize.TheCensusBureauofUScountsitspopulationevery10years.Whenthefirstcensuswastakenin1790,thenewnationhadonly3.9millioninhabitants.Accordingtothecensus2000,thepopulationofUSwas281,421,906,ofwhich,anestimated217million(77.1%)wereWhite;36.4million(12.9%)wereBlackorAfricanAmerican;AsiansandPacificIslandersnumbered12.7million(4.5%);andtheAmericanIndianandAlaskaNativepopulationwasabout4mil(1.5%);35.3mil(13%)wereofHispanicorigin.AndonOctober17,2006,theUnitedStatespopulationwasestimatedbytheUSCensusBureautobe300,000,000.UnitOne TheUnitedStateshaslongbeenknownasanationofimmigrants.TherehavebeenseveralwavesofimmigrationoverthecourseofUnitedStateshistory.Thefirstwavebeganwiththecolonistsofthe1600’sandreachedapeakjustbeforetheRevolutionaryWarin1775.Thesecondwaveofimmigrantsoccurredbetween1820and1870.Almost7.5millionnewcomersenteredtheUS.Thethirdwave,between1881and1920,wasthelargestwaveofimmigration.Almost23.5millionpeoplepouredintotheUS.Themostrecentwaveofimmigrationhastakenplacesince1965withthepassingoftheImmigrationActof1965whichabolishedquotasbasedonnationaloriginsandproducedmajorchangesinpatternsofimmigration.UnitOne Americaisa“meltingpot,”becausesomanypeoplefromallovertheworldmakeupitspopulation.Strictlyspeaking,theonlyindigenousAmericansaretheAmericanIndianswhowerelivingherelongbeforethefirstwavesofsettlerscameoverfromEurope.Todaythetrendistowardmulticulturalism,notassimilation.Theold“meltingpot”metaphorisgivingwaytonewmetaphorssuchas“saladbowl”and“mosaic”,mixturesofvariousingredientsthatkeeptheirindividualcharacteristics.ImmigrantpopulationswithintheUnitedStatesarenotbeingblendedtogetherinone“pot”,butrathertheyaretransformingAmericanSocietyintoatrulymulticulturalmosaic.UnitOneNativeAmericans WhenSpain’sChristopherColumbus“discovered”theNewWorldin1492,about1.5millionNativeAmericanslivedinwhatisnowthecontinentalUnitedStates,althoughestimatesofthenumbervarygreatly.MistakingtheplacewherehelandedfortheIndies,ColumbuscalledtheNativeAmericans“Indians”.UnitOne Duringthenext200years,peoplefromseveralEuropeancountriesfollowedColumbusacrosstheAtlanticOceantoexploreAmericaandsetuptradingpostsandcolonies.NativeAmericanssufferedgreatlyfromtheinfluxofEuropeans.ThetransferoflandfromIndiantoEuropean–––andlaterAmerican–––wasaccomplishedthroughtreaties,wars,andcoercion,withIndiansconstantlygivingwayasthenewcomersmovedwest.Inthe19thcentury,thegovernment’spreferredsolutiontotheIndian“problem”wastoforcetribestoinhabitspecificplotsoflandcalledreservations.Sometribesfoughttokeepfromgivinguplandtheyhadtraditionallyused.Inmanycasesthereservationlandwasofpoorquality,andIndianscametodependongovernmentassistance.PovertyandjoblessnessamongNativeAmericansstillexisttoday.UnitOne Theterritorialwars,alongwithOldWorlddiseasestowhichIndianshadnobuilt-upimmunity,senttheirpopulationplummeting,toalowof350,000in1920.Sometribesdisappearedaltogether;amongthemweretheMandansofNorthDakota,whohadhelpedMeriwetherLewisandWilliamClarkinexploringAmerica’sunsettlednorthwesternwildernessin1804-06.Othertribeslosttheirlanguagesandmostoftheirculture.Nevertheless,NativeAmericanshaveprovedtoberesilient.Todaytheynumber2.78million(1%ofthetotalUSpopulation),andonlyaboutone-thirdofNativeAmericansstillliveonreservations.UnitOneAfricanAmericans AmongthefloodofimmigrantstoNorthAmerica,onegroupcameunwillingly.ThesewereAfricans,500,000ofwhomwerebroughtoverasslavesbetween1619and1808,whenimportingslavesintotheUnitedStatesbecameillegal.Thepracticeofowningslavesandtheirdescendantscontinued,however,particularlyintheagrarianSouth,wheremanylaborerswereneededtoworkthefields. TheprocessofendingslaverybeganinApril1861withtheoutbreakoftheAmericanCivilWarbetweenthefreestatesoftheNorthandtheslavestatesoftheSouth,11ofwhichhadlefttheUnion.OnJanuary1,1863,midwaythroughthewar,PresidentAbrahamLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamation,whichabolishedslaveryinthosestatesthathadseceded.SlaverywasabolishedthroughouttheUnitedStateswiththepassageoftheThirteenthAmendmenttothecountry’sConstitutionin1865.UnitOne Evenaftertheendofslavery,however,Americanblackswerehamperedbysegregationandinferioreducation.Insearchofopportunity,AfricanAmericansformedaninternalwaveofimmigration,movingfromtheruralSouthtotheurbanNorth.Butmanyurbanblackswereunabletofindwork;bylawandcustomtheyhadtoliveapartfromwhites,inrun-downneighborhoodscalledghettos. Inthelate1950sandearly1960s,AfricanAmericans,ledbyDr.MartinLutherKing,usedboycotts,marches,andotherformsofnonviolentprotesttodemandequaltreatmentunderthelawandanendtoracialprejudice.UnitOne AhighpointofthiscivilrightsmovementcameonAugust28,1963,whenmorethan200,000peopleofallracesgatheredinfrontoftheLincolnMemorialinWashington,D.C.,tohearKingsay:“IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-holderswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood…Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskin,butbythecontentoftheircharacter.”NotlongafterwardstheUSCongresspassedlawsprohibitingdiscriminationinvoting,education,employment,housing,andpublicaccommodations.UnitOne Today,AfricanAmericansconstituteabout13.4%ofthetotalUSpopulation.Inrecentdecadesblackshavemadegreatstrides,andtheblackmiddleclasshasgrownsubstantially.In2002,50.8%ofemployedblacksheld“white-collar”jobs–––managerial,professional,andadministrativepositionsratherthanservicejobsorthoserequiringmanuallabor.In2003,58.3%ofallblackhighschoolgraduatesenrolledincollegewithinoneyear.Forwhites,thecollegeparticipationratein2003was66.1%.Theaverageincomeofblacksisstilllowerthanthatofwhites,however,andunemploymentofblacks–––particularlyofyoungmen–––remainshigherthanthatofwhites.AndmanyblackAmericansarestilltrappedbypovertyinurbanneighborhoodsplaguedbydruguseandcrime.UnitOneAsianAmericans Priorto1924,USlawsspecificallyexcludedAsianimmigrants.PeopleintheAmericanWestfearedthattheChineseandotherAsianswouldtakeawayjobs,andracialprejudiceagainstpeoplewithAsianfeatureswaswidespread.ThelawthatkeptoutChineseimmigrantswasrepealedin1943,andlegislationpassedin1952allowspeopleofallracestobecomeUScitizens.The2000UScensusrecorded11.9millionpeoplewhoreportedthemselvesashavingeitherfullorpartialAsianheritage,4.2%oftheUSpopulation.ThelargestethnicsubgroupsareChinese(2.7M),Filipinos(2.4M),AsianIndians(1.9M),Vietnamese(1.5M),Koreans(1.2M),andJapanese(1.1M).UnitOneUnitOne TheAsianAmericanpopulationisheavilyurbanized,withnearlythree-quartersofAsianAmericanslivinginmetropolitanareaswithpopulationgreaterthan2.5million.AsianAmericansareconcentratedinthelargestUScities,with40%ofallAsianAmericanslivinginthemetropolitanareasaroundLosAngeles,SanFrancisco,andNewYorkCity.HalfofallAsianAmericans(5.4M)liveinHawaiiortheWestCoast,mostlyinCalifornia(4.2M).CensusdatashowsthatAsianAmericanpopulationsaredevelopinginmajormetropolitanareasawayfromtheWestCoast,withvisiblecommunitiesinareassuchasBaltimore-WashingtonMetropolitanAreaandGreaterHouston,tonamethelargestexamples. MostAsianAmericansaredoingwellintheUnitedStates.Accordingtothe2005CurrentPopulationSurveyAnnualSocialandEconomicSupplement,AsianAmericanhouseholdshadthehighestmedianincomeat$57,518. TheChineseAmericancommunityisthelargestethnicgroupofAsianAmericans,comprisingof22.4%oftheAsianAmericanpopulation.Theyconstitute1.2%oftheUnitedStatesasawhole.In2006,theChineseAmericanpopulationnumberedapproximately3.6million. ThefirstChineseimmigrantsarrivedin1820accordingtoUSgovernmentrecords.Fewerthan1,000arrivedbeforethe1848CaliforniaGoldRushwhichdrewthefirstsignificantnumberoflaborersfromChinawhoperformedmenialworkforthegoldprospectors.Therewere25,000immigrantsby1852,and105,465by1880,mostofwhomlivedontheWestCoast.TheearlyChineseimmigrantshaddonegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentoftheUSsuchasbuildingWesternhalfofthetranscontinentalrailroad;buildingleveesintheSacramentoRiverDelta;developingandcultivatingmuchoftheWesternUSfarmland.UnitOneUnitOne ThefirstChineseimmigrantsarrivedin1820accordingtoUSgovernmentrecords.Fewerthan1,000arrivedbeforethe1848CaliforniaGoldRushwhichdrewthefirstsignificantnumberoflaborersfromChinawhoperformedmenialworkforthegoldprospectors.Therewere25,000immigrantsby1852,and105,465by1880,mostofwhomlivedontheWestCoast.TheearlyChineseimmigrantshaddonegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentoftheUSsuchasbuildingWesternhalfofthetranscontinentalrailroad;buildingleveesintheSacramentoRiverDelta;developingandcultivatingmuchoftheWesternUSfarmland. In1882，CongresspassedtheChineseExclusionActwhichstoppedChineseimmigrationfor10years.In1902,Chineseimmigrationwasstoppedforanindefiniteperiod.Itwasnotcanceleduntil1943duringtheSecondWorldWar,whenChinabecameanallytotheUnitedStates. ManyChinese-Americansaredoingfinetoday.A2001surveyofAmericans’attitudestowardAsianAmericansandChineseAmericansfindseveralpositiveperceptionsofChineseAmericans:strongfamilyvalues(91%);honestyasbusinesspeople(77%);highvalueoneducation(67%).Theunder-mentionedaresomeofthenotableChineseAmericanswhohavemadesignificantcontributionstotheAmericancultureorsocietypolitically,artisticallyorscientifically:UnitOne AnnaChenChennault(陈香梅)–journalist,notableinAmericanpubliclife;also,wifeofClaireChennault,oftheFlyingTigers AnWang(王安)–computerengineerandinventor;co-founderofWangLaboratories BruceLee（李小龙）–martialartist,kungfuactor CharlesWang(王嘉廉)–founder,CEO,chairman,ComputerAssociates ChenNingYang(杨振宁)–1957NobellaureateinPhysics Chien-ShiungWu(吴健雄)–femalescientist DanielCheeTsui（崔琦）–1998Nobelprize,Physics Dr.DavidHo(何大一)–AIDSresearcher DavidS.C.Chu（朱思九）–UnitedStatesUndersecretaryofDefenseforReadiness ElaineLanChao(赵小兰)–currentlyservesasthe24thUnitedStatesSecretaryofLaborintheCabinetofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush. Feng-hsiungHsu(许峰雄)–IBMdeveloperofDeepBlue,whichbeatWorldChessChampionGarryKasparovin1997 UnitOne FlossieWong-Staal(黄以静)–virologistandAIDSresearcher GaryLocke(politician)（骆家辉）–formerDemocraticGovernorofWashington HenryC.Lee（李昌钰）–forensicscientist HenryYang(杨祖佑)–chancellor,UCSantaBarbara JamesWongHowe(黃宗霑)–nominatedfortenAcademyAwardsforcinematography,winningtwice(1955,1963) JohnLiuFugh（傅履仁）–thefirstChineseAmericanofficertobepromotedtotherankofGeneralintheUSArmy,andtheArmy’sfirstChineseAmericanJudgeAdvocateGeneral KimNg(伍佩琴)–baseballexecutive LucyLiu（刘玉玲）–film/televisionactress(Charlie’sAngels,KillBill) MatthewK.Fong（邝杰灵）–formerRepublicanstatetreasurerofCalifornia MayaLin(林璎)–architect(VietnamVeteransMemorial) MichelleKwan(关颖珊)–figureskater M.Pei(贝聿铭)–architect,designedtheLouvrePyramidUnitOne PaulC.W.Chu(朱经武)–physicist,superconductivity SamuelC.C.Ting（丁肇中）–1976Nobellaureate,Physics ShienBiauWoo(吴仙标)–formerattorneygeneralandlieutenantgovernorofDelaware,currentpresidentofthe80-20Initiative Shiing-ShenChern（陈省深）–mathematician Shing-TungYau(丘成桐)–mathematician StevenChu（朱棣文）–1997NobelPrizeinPhysics,firstAsian-Americantorunoneofthe16nationallaboratoriesoperatedbytheDepartmentofEnergy(LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory) TanDun（谭盾）–grammyandOscarawardwinningcomposer;recipientoftheprestigiousGrawemeyerAwardforhisoperaMarcoPolo TaylorWang（王赣骏）–firstethnicChinesescientisttogointospace,1985onspaceshuttleChallenger TerenceTao（陶哲轩）–mathematician Tsung-daoLee(李政道)–1957NobellaureateinPhysics Yo-YoMa(马友友)–cellist WenTsingChow(周文俊)–missileguidancescientist,digitalcomputerpioneerUnitOneHispanicAmericans ThetermHispanicwascoinedbythefederalgovernmentinthe1970storefertothepeoplewhowereborninanyoftheSpanish-speakingcountriesoftheAmericasorthosewhocouldtracetheirancestrytoSpainorformerSpanishterritories.PeopleofHispanicheritagehavelivedcontinuouslyintheterritoryofthepresent-dayUnitedStatessincethefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementatSt.Augustine,F