胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题[1]

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测        Chapter1  IntroductionstoLinguisticsI.      Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman        __________A.contact    B.communication    C.relation      D.community2.  Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?      A.tree    B.typewriter   C.crash  D.bang3.  Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is  __________.    A.interrogative    B.directive    C.informative    D.performative4.    InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?    A.Interpersonal  B.Emotive    C.Performative    D.Recreational5.  Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?  A.Transferability  B.Duality    C.Displacement      D.Arbitrariness6.  Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?      —Aniceday,isn’tit?      —Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.    A.Emotive      B.Phatic    C.Performative    D.Interpersonal7.  __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s  knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.      A.Performance  B.Competence    C.Langue      D.Parole8.      Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.  A.culturaltransmission  B.productivity  C.displacement    D.duality9.  __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.  A.Psycholinguistics  B.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics    D.Appliedlinguistics10.  __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.  A.Linguistictheory            B.Practicallinguistics  C.Appliedlinguistics            D.ComparativelinguisticsII.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.      Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.      Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13.      Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14.      Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.      Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16.      Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17.      F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.      AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19.      Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20.      Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.      Fillintheblanks.(10%)21.  Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.22.      Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23.      Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24.      Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25.      Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.26.      Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27.      Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.28.      Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.29.      Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30.      LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.IV.      Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.      Designfeature32.      Displacement33.      Competence34.      SynchroniclinguisticsV.      Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.      Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学，2004）36.      Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.      Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）Key:I.1~5BACCC                          6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF                          16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal                                22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction                24.yo-he-ho25.scientific                          26.descriptive27.speech                          28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue                          30.competenceIV.31.      Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.      Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.      Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34.      Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.      Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.      Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.      Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.Chapter2  SpeechSoundsI.      Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.      Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.      A.intonation  B.tone    C.pronunciation          D.voice2.      Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).      A.allophone      B.phone      C.phoneme      D.morpheme3.      Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.      A.analogues    B.tagmemes    C.morphemes    D.allophones4.      Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas    __________.      A.glottis      B.vocalcavity      C.pharynx          D.uvula5.      Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.      A.wide    B.closing  C.narrow        D.centering6.      Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.      A.minimalpairs      B.allomorphs  C.phones    D.allophones7.      Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?      A.Acousticphonetics        B.Articulatoryphonetics      C.Auditoryphonetics        D.Noneoftheabove8.      Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?      A.[n]      B.[m]        C.[b]          D.[p]9.      Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?      A.[i:]        B.[u]          C.[e]        D.[i]10.      Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?      A.Voiceless      B.Voiced    C.Glottalstop      D.ConsonantII.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.      Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12.      Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13.      Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.      [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15.      Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16.      Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17.      Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.      Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19.      ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20.      Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.      Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.      Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.22.      Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.23.      Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.24.      Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25.      Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.26.      Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.27.      InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28.      __________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29.      __________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30.      Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV.      Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.      Soundassimilation32.      Suprasegmentalfeature33.      Complementarydistribution34.      DistinctivefeaturesV.      Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.      Whatisacousticphonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36.      Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南开大学，2004）VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.      Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青岛海洋大学，1999）      (1)      voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop      (2)      lowfrontvowel      (3)      lateralliquid      (4)      velarnasal      (5)      voicedinterdentalfricativeI.1~5      ACDAA                          6~10DBABBII.11~15TTTFF                          16~20TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced          22.friction23.tongue                          24.height25.obstruction                          26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs                          28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes                          30.airstreamIV.31.      Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.      Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.      Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.      Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.      Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Chapter3LexiconI.      Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.      Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.      A.lexicalwords      B.grammaticalwords    C.functionwords        D.formwords2.      Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.      A.inflectional    B.free      C.bound        D.derivational3.      Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.      A.three      B.four        C.five        D.six4.      InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.      A.prefixes    B.suffixes    C.infixes          D.stems5.      Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.    A.derivationalaffix  B.inflectionalaffix    C.infix    D.back-formation6.      __________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.      A.affixation  B.back-formation      C.insertion      D.addition7.      ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.      A.acronymy      B.clipping    C.initialism      D.blending8.      Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.      A.blending    B.clipping    C.back-formation      D.acronymy9.      Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.      A.agreement    B.agree      C.disagree    D.disagreement10.      Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.      A.lexeme    B.phoneme    C.morpheme      D.allomorphII.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.      Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.      Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.      Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14.      Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.      Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16.      Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17.      Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18.      Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.      Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20.      Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.      Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.      An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.22.      Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.23.      Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.24.      Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.25.      Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.26.      __________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27.      __________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28.      Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.29.      Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.30.      Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV.      Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.      Blending32.      Allomorph33.      Closed-classword34.      MorphologicalruleV.      Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.      HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（厦门大学，2003）36.      WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.      MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武汉大学，2004）          I                                II(1)      acronym                          a.      foe(2)      freemorpheme                b.      subconscious(3)      derivationalmorpheme          c.      UNESCO(4)      inflectionalmorpheme          d.      overwhelmed(5)      prefix                          e.      calculationKey:I.1~5      AACBB                          6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT                          16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym                22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open          24.morpheme25.close,open                          26.back-formation27.conversion                          28.morpheme29.derivative,compound          30.affix,boundrootIV.31.      Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.      Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.      Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.      Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.37.(1)c          (2)a          (3)e          (4)d          (5)bChapter4  SyntaxI.    Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Thesentencestructureis________.    A.onlylinear                  B.onlyhierarchical    C.complex                    D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.  Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.    A.large    B.small      C.finite          D.infinite3.  The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.    A.lexical    B.morphological    C.linguistic  D.combinational4.  Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati¬calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.    A.right    B.wrong      C.grammatical          D.ungrammatical5.  A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.    A.coordinator  B.particle      C.preposition      D.subordinator6.  Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.    A.recursive    B.grammatical      C.social      D.functional7.  Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.    A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.    B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords    C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences    D.alloftheabove.8.  Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.    A.thecity      B.Rome    C.city          D.thecityRome9.  Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.    A.endocentric  B.exocentric  C.subordinate      D.coordinate10.  Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.    A.simple    B.coordinate    C.compound      D.complexII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12.  Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13.  Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14.  Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15.  Minorlexicalcategoriesar