人大历年考博英语真命题

,~中国人民大学2001ⅡVocabulary(10points)PartA(5points)Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonANSWERSHEET.1.Andthetopic“fat”isforbidden.Eventheslightestpaunchbetraysthatoneislosingthetrimandofyouth.A.vagueB.vigorC.vogueD.vulgar2.Allspecialistsagreethatthemostimportantconsiderationwithdietdrugsiscarefullytherisksandbenefits.A.valuingB.evaluatingC.estimatingD.weighing3.Chineseoftenshakemyhandanddon’tletgo.Theytalkawaycontentedly,ofmydiscomfortandstruggletodisengagemyhand.A.obliviousB.patentC.obviousD.pernicious4.Theword“foolish”istoomildtodescribeyourbehavior,Iwouldprefertheword.A.ideologicalB.idyllicC.idioticD.idiomatic5.Becauseofitsexcellenceinquality,forthelasttwoyears,AudicarhasGermany’sTouringCarChampionship.A.conqueredB.contestedC.dominatedD.determined6.Whatweconsideraluxuryatonetimefrequentlybecomesa,manyfamiliesfindthatownershipoftwocarsisindispensable.A.fashionB.necessityC.proclivityD.nuisance7.Thechiefeditorthoughthetooksomelibertieswiththeoriginalintranslation.Soitwasnecessarythathemakethesuggested.A.alterationsB.alternativesC.alternationsD.altercations8.Manywell-educatedpeopledon’tbelievethatwillendangerfreedomofspeech.A.censershipB.censureshipC.sensorshipD.censorship9.Theof“snake”issimplythis:aleglessreptilewithalong,thinbody.A.connotationB.denominationC.donationD.denotation10.WhentheopposingplayerfouledJohn,Johnlethisangerhisgoodsenseandhittheboyback.A.gotthefeelofB.gotthehangofC.gotthebetterofD.gottheworstofPartB(5points)Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentencesthereisonewordorphraseunderlined.BelowthesentencearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.MarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonANSWERSHEETⅠ.11.AlthoughthisbookclaimstobeabiographyofGeorgeWashington,manyoftheincidentsareimaginary.A.fascinatingB.factitiousC.fastidiousD.fictitious12.ThetradefairisdesignedtofacilitatefurthercooperationbetweenChineseautoindustriesandoverseasautoindustries.A.promoteB.protectC.preserveD.prolong13.Hewasconcernedonlywithmundanematters,especiallythedailystockmarketquotations.A.rationalB.obscureC.worldlyD.eminent14.TheearthquakethatoccurredinIndiathisyearwasamajorcalamityinwhichagreatmanyliveswerelost.A.casualtyB.catastropheC.catalogueD.crusade15.Thedoctorswereworriedbecausethepatientdidnotrecuperateasrapidlyastheyhadexpected.A.withdrawB.emergeC.recoverD.uncover16.Thepurchaserofthislorryisprotectedbythemanufacturer’swarrantythathewillreplaceanydefectivepartforfiveyearsor50,000miles.A.prohibitionB.insuranceC.prophecyD.guarantee17.Theboycouldnotreconcilehimselftothefailure,hedidnotbelievethatwashislot.A.submitB.commitC.transmitD.permit18.InsomecitiesofNorthChina,thenoisepollutionisaspronouncedasthatinTokyo.A.contemptuousB.contagiousC.conspicuousD.contemplated19.Trivialbreachesofregulationswecanpassover,butmoreseriousoneswillhavetobeinvestigated.A.exceedB.witherC.overpassD.neglect20.Wewerediscussingthehousingproblemwhenamiddle-agedmancutinandsaid,“There’snopointintalkingaboutimpossibilities.”A.intersectB.interjectC.penetrateD.adulterateⅢCloze(10points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage,andforeachblankthereare4choicesmarkedA,B,CandDattheendofthepassage.YoushouldchoosetheONEanswerthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketontheANSWERSHEET.Motorwaysare,nodoubtthesafestroadsinBritain.Mile21mile,vehicleforvehicle,youaremuch22likelytobekilledorseriouslyinjuredthanonanordinaryroad.On23hand,ifyoudohaveaseriousaccidentonamotorway,fatalitiesaremuchmorelikelyto24thaninacomparableaccident25ontheroads.Motorwayshaveno26bends,noroundaboutsortrafficlightsand27speedsaremuchgreaterthanonotherroads.Thoughthe70mphlimitis28inforce,itisoftentreatedwiththecontemptthatmostdrivershaveforthe30mpblimitapplyinginbuiltupareasinBritain.Addedtothisisthefactthatmotorwaydriversseemtoliketravelingingroupswithperhaps29tenmetresbetweeneachvehicle.Theresultinghorrificpile-ups30vehiclestopsforsomereason,suchasmechanicalfailure,drivererrorandsoon,havebecomeall31familiarthroughpicturesinnewspapersorontelevision.How32ofthesedriversrealizethatittakesacaraboutonehundredmetrestobraketoastop3370mph?Driversalsoseemtothinkthatmotorwaydrivinggivesthemcompleteprotectionfromthechangingweather.34wettheroad,whateverthevisibilityinmistorfog,onthey35atridiculousspeedsobliviousofpolicewarningsorspeedrestrictions36theirjourneycomestoaconclusion.Perhapsoneremedy37thismotorwaymadnesswouldbebetterdrivereducation.Atpresent,learnerdriversarebared38motorwaysandarethusasfarasthiskindofdrivingis39throwninatthedeepend.However,muchmoreefficientpolicingisrequired,40itisthedutyofthepolicenotonlytoenforcethelawbutalsotoprotectthegeneralpublicfromitsownfoolishness.21.A.forB.afterC.toD.by22.A.moreB.farC.lessD.lesser23.A.anotherB.otherC.oneD.theother24.A.comeupB.occurC.befoundD.arise25.A.everywhereB.elsewhereC.anywhereD.somewhere26.A.pointedB.steepC.verticalD.sharp27.A.thusB.thenC.soD.thereupon28.A.yetB.evenC.stillD.subsequently29.A.utterlyB.simplyC.barelyD.purely30.A.becauseB.sinceC.whenD.for31.A.tooB.alsoC.undulyD.unreasonably32.A.manyB.muchC.deeplyD.profoundly33.A.toB.fromC.atD.for34.A.WhateverB.HoweverC.WhoeverD.How35.A.pushB.rakeC.tillD.plough36.A.unlessB.beforeC.thusD.until37.A.toB.forC.ofD.on38.A.fromB.againstC.awayD.off39.A.relatedB.consideredC.concernedD.touched40.A.butB.thenC.themD.forⅣReadingComprehension(20points)Directions:Readthefollowingpassages,decideonthebestoneofthechoicesmarkedA,B,CandDforeachquestionorunfinishedstatementandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonANSWERSHEETⅠ.Passage1Thenexttimethemenweretakenupontothedeck,Kuntamadeapointoflookingatthemanbehindhiminline,theonewholaybesidehimtotheleftwhentheywerebelow.HewasaSereretribesmanmucholderthanKunta,andhisbody,frontandback,wascreasedwithwhipcuts,someofthemsodeepandfesteringthatKuntafeltbadlyforhavingwishedsometimesthathemightstrikethemaninthedarknessformoaningsosteadilyinhispain.StaringbackatKunta,theSerere’sdarkeyeswerefulloffuryanddefiance.Awhiplashedoutevenastheystoodlookingateachother—thistimeatKunta,spurringhimtomoveahead.Tryingtorollaway,Kuntawaskickedheavilyinhisribs.ButsomehowheandthegaspingWolofmanagedtostaggerbackupamongtheothermenfromtheirshelfwhowereshamblingtowardtheirdousingwithbucketsofseawater.Amomentlater,thestingingsaltinessofitwasburninginKunta’swounds,andhisscreamsjoinedthoseofothersoverthesoundofthedrumandthewheezingthingthathadagainbegunmarkingtimeforthechainedmentojumpanddanceforthetoubob.KuntaandtheWolofweresoweakfromtheirnewbeatingthattwicetheystumbled,butwhipblowsandkickssentthemhoppingclumsilyupanddownintheirchains.SogreatwashisfurythatKuntawasbarelyawareofthewomensinging“Toubobfa!”Andwhenhehadfinallybeenchainedbackdowninhisplaceinthedarkhold,hisheartthrobbedwithalusttomurdertoubob.Everyfewdaystheeightnakedtoubobwouldagaincomeintothestinkingdarknessandscrapetheirtubsfulloftheexcrementthathadaccumulatedontheshelveswherethechainedmenlay.Kuntawouldliestillwithhiseyesstaringbalefullyinhatred,followingthebobbingorangelights,listeningtothetoubodcursingandsometimesslippingandtailingintotheslicknessunderfoot—soplentifulnow,becauseoftheincreasingloosenessofthemen’sbowels,thatthefilthhadbeguntodropofftheedgesoftheshelvesdownintotheaisleway.Thelasttimetheywereondeck,Kuntahadnoticedamanlimpingonabadlyinfectedleg.Thistimethemanwaskeptupondeckwhentherestweretakenbackbelow.Afewdayslater,thewomentoldtheotherprisonersintheirsingingthattheman’sleghadbeencutoffandthatoneofthewomenhadbeenbroughttotendhim,butthatthemanhaddiedthatnightandbeenthrownovertheside.Startingthen,whenthetoubobcametocleantheshelves,theyalsodroppedred-hotpiecesofmetalintopailsofstrongvinegar.Thecloudsofacridsteamlefttheholdsmellingbetter,butsoonitwouldagainbeoverwhelmedbythechokingstink.ItwasasmellthatKuntafeltwouldneverleavehislungsandskin.Thesteadymurmuringthatwentonintheholdwheneverthetoubobweregonekeptgrowinginvolumeandintensityasthemenbegantocommunicatebetterandbetterwithoneanother.Wordsnotunderstoodwerewhisperedfrommouthtoearalongtheshelvesuntilsomeonewhoknewmorethanonetonguewouldsendbacktheirmeanings.Intheprocess,allofthemenalongeachshelflearnednewwordsintonguestheyhadnotspokenbefore.Sometimesmenjerkedupward,bumpingtheirheads,inthedoubleexcitementofcommunicatingwitheachotherandthefactthatitwasbeingdonewithoutthetoubob’sknowledge.Mutteringamongthemselvesforhours,themendevelopedadeepeningsenseofintrigueandofbrotherhood.Thoughtheywereofdifferentvillagesandtribes,thefeelinggrewthattheywerenotfromdifferentpeoplesorplaces.41.ThelivingconditionsfortheBlacksintheholdoftheslaveshipwere.A.adequatebutprimitiveB.inhumaneandinadequateC.humanebutcrowdedD.similartothecrew’squarters42.Theprisonershaddifficultycommunicatingwitheachotherbecause.A.theyweretoosicktotalkB.theydistrustedoneanotherC.noonefeltliketalkingD.theyspokedifferentlanguages43.Whichofthefollowingwordsisclosestinmeaningtobalefullyasusedin“Kuntawouldliestillwithhiseyesstaringbalefullyinhatred”?A.IndulgentlyB.VacantlyC.ForlornlyD.Menacingly44.Byconstantlyreferringtosuchthingsasfilthandchokingstink,theauthorseekstocreateatonethatarousesafeelingof.A.disgustwiththedirtB.horrorattheinjusticeC.revoltingatthefoulodorD.reliefthatthishappenedlongago45.Despitetheirintensepainandsuffering,theBlackmenfoundasmallmeasureofcomfortin.A.theirexerciseperiodsondeckB.thebreathtakingoceansceneryC.theirconversationswiththeBlackwomenD.theirconversationswithoneanotherPassage2Large,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workers,nowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowth,and1989willseeanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneers,however,willblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutives,forcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselves,maysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso,atleastforawhile,bebookkeeperandreceptionist,too.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyears,and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995,morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3,000smallbusinesses,sponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,suggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpand,small-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprise,preferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporated,orthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillness,andbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunity,youmustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarkets,addproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotideA.46.Accordingtothepassage,acountry’seconomyisprobablydecidedby.A.theprosperityanddeclineofthetransnationalcorporationsB.theriseandfallofthemarketsandproductsaswellascapitalC.thefateofthesmallbusinessessuchassmallplantsandrestaurantsD.theeconomicincreaseanddecreaseofthelargecompanies47.Inordertosucceedinabusiness,theentrepreneurshould.A.getverywellpreparedforhisnewbusinessB.chooseabusinesshe’salreadyfamiliarwithC.examinethecompany’scrucialsignsnowandthenD.investasmuchaspossibleintohisenterprise48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsmallbusinessisnottrue?.A.Ithelpseffectivelytofightunemployment.B.Theearlieritstarts,thesooneritcollapses.C.There’sagoodomenforsmallbusinessaccordingtoasurvey.D.Somesmallbusinessownersareblindtoearlypremonitionoffailure.49.Whatdoesthelastsentenceinthe3rdparagraphmeanaccordingtothepassage?A.Thepatientisseriouslyillbecauseoflackofwaterinthewell.B.Thepatientcanbesavedifhehasenoughmoneytosolvethefinancialproblem.C.It’stoolateforsmallbusinessownerstorealizethegravityoftheproblembecausetheyhaveuseduptheirmoney.D.It’surgentforsmallbusinessownerstopouralltheirmoneyintotheenterprisetorevitalizetheirbusiness.50.What’sthemainideaofthispassage?A.Howtobecomeawinnerinsmallbusiness?B.Howtobeasuccessfulbossinmultinationalcorporation?C.Howtodealwiththeupsanddownsinsmallbusiness?D.Howtoconquernewmarketsandgainthelargestprofit?Passage3Theblue,mysticLakeElsinoreliesinaninlandCaliforniavalleywhichisteemingandsteamingwithhotsprings.Rimmedbyshaggymountainswhoseforestedcrestsarereflectedinitsclearwaters,LakeElsinoreistheverypersonificationofpeace—butonitreststhecurseofTondo.Thelakehashadacolorfulhistory.Muchofitliesburiedinlegend,anditisdifficulttoseparatefactfromfiction.Therehavebeenstoriesofundergroundvolcanoesonthelakebottom,erupting,killingfishanddiscoloringthewater.Therehavebeenstoriesofaplayfulseaserpentthatlivedinitsdepths.Longnotedforitsscenicbeautyandhealth-givingwaters,thelakewasafamousresortintheNineties.Butlongbeforethefirstwhitemanhadsetfootalongtheshoreofthelake,thispartofCaliforniahadbeenthehomeoftheSobobaIndians.TheirchiefwasTondo,asternandunforgivingman.Hehadadaughter,MorningStar,whowasinlovewithPalo,sonofthechiefofthePalas,aneighboringtribe.TheSobobasandPalaswereswornenemies.Foratimetheloversmetsecretly.ThenonedaytheywerediscoveredbyTondo.Hisragewasterribletobehold.Heforbadetheloversevertomeetagain.MorningStartriedineverywaytoappeaseherfather’sanger,tosoftenhishearttowardPalo.Butintimeshesawthatitwasuseless;thathewouldnevergivehisconsenttotheirmarriage.Vowingthattheywouldneverbeseparated,theIndianmaidandherloverwalkedhandinhandintothelake,asthedrearyNovembersuncastlongshadowsontheland.TheywerefollowedbyagroupoforphanchildrenwhomMorningStarhadbefriended.Allwalkedintothelake,singingthemournfuldeathsongoftheirpeople,whileTondostoodontheshoreandcursedthelovers,cursedthebluewaterintowhichtheyallwalkedtotheirdeath.EversincethatdayitwouldseemthatajinxhasbeenlaidoverLakeElsinore.Oldtimerstellofagreatupheavalinthelakewhichcausedwatertospoutintotheairlikeageyserandturnblood-red.Later,itbecameknownthatthreehundredspringsofboilingmudandwaterwereborninthevalleyduringthatupheaval.Thespringsreekedwithsulphur.Formanyyearsafterthisphenomenonthelakeremainedpeaceful.Thenboatswereoverturnedfornoapparentreason,andfewoftheiroccupantseverreturnedtotellthestory.Thiscontinuedforseveralyears.Atthesametime,strongswimmersdivedintothelakenevertoreappear.In1833andagainin1846,fishinthelakesuddenlydied.Inthespringof1850cametheBattleoftheGnats.Theybredinthewaterofthelakeandswarmedovertheland.Theyinvadedthecountrysideuntiltheharassedinhabitantscalledforhelp.AndinJuly1951,thesky-bluewatersofthelakevanishedlikemistbeforeanoondaysun.Whenthebottomwaslaidbaretherewasnotraceofavolcano,thebottomlesspits,ortheotherdisturbancesoflegendorfact.Thecopiouswinterrainsof1951—52havereplenishedthelake.Butwhatmenacedoesitshauntingbeautyholdtoday?Fortomorrow?TheoncemightySobobasarefewnow.Buttheoldmenswearthattheirancestorsstillhauntthelake.TheynodgrizzledheadandmurmurthattheGreatTondo’scursewillforeverremainuponthelake.Onlytime,thewiseandsilentone,cantell.51.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofLakeElsinore?A.Itisconsideredbylegendtoberichingolb.B.Itwasoncefamousasabeautifulresort.C.ItislocatedinavolcaniccraterinCalifornia.D.Itusedtobethecenterofaminingvillage.52.ProbablyTondo’sragewasduethefactthat.A.MorningStarwastooyoungtomarryB.Tondo’stribeandPalas’stribewereenemiesC.PalomistreatedhisSobobagirlfriendD.PalasvowedmeetMorningStarinsecret53.Accordingtotheold-timers,ontwooccasions.A.thewaterofthelaketurnedredB.lakewatersproutedintotheairC.theGnatsinvadedthecountrysideD.fishinthelakesuddenlydied54.Theword“jinx”(Line1,Paragraph6)probablymeans.A.spellofbadluckB.hotaircurrentC.strangetranquilityD.stormofunusualduration55.Whichcanbeconsideredthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheCurseofTondo.B.TheBeautifyLakeElsinore.C.TheMysteriousIndianTribes.D.TheTragicLoveofMorningStar.Passage4ThecrucialyearsoftheDepression,astheyarebroughtintohistoricalfocus,increasinglyemergeasthedecisivedecadeforAmericanart,ifnotforAmericancultureingeneral.ForitwasduringthisdecadethatmanyoftheconflictswhichhadblockedtheprogressofAmericanartinthepastcametoaheadandsometimesboiledover.Janusfaced,thethirtieslookbackward,sometimesasfarastheRenaissance;andatthesametimeforward,asfarasthepresentandbeyond.Itwasthemomentwhenartists,likeThomasHartBenton,whowishedtoturnbacktheclocktoregainthevirtuesofsimplertimescameintodirectconflictwithothers,likeStuartDavisandFrankLloydWright,whowerereadytocometotermswiththeMachineAgeandtodealwithitsconsequences.Americainthethirtieswaschangingrapidly.Inmanyareasthepastwasgivingwaytothepresent,althoughnotwithoutastruggle.Apredominantlyruralandsmalltownsocietywasbeingreplacedbythegiantcomplexesofthebigcities;powerwasbecomingincreasinglycentralizedinthefederalgovernmentandinlargecorporations.Asaresult,traditionalAmericantypessuchastheindependentfarmerandthesmallbusinessmanwerebeingreplacedbytheexecutiveandthebureaucrat.ManyAmericans,deeplyattachedtotheoldwayoflife,feltdisinhereited.Atthesametime,asimmigrationdecreasedandthepopulationbecamemorehomogeneous,theneedaroseinartandliteraturetocommemoratetheethnicandregionaldifferencesthatwerefastdisappearing.Thus,paradoxically,theconvictionthatart,atleast,shouldservesomepurposeorcarrysomemessageofmoralupliftgrewstrongerasthePuritanethoslostitscontemporaryreality.OftenthiselevatingmessagewasasermoninfavorofjustthosetraditionalAmericanvirtueswhichwerenowthreatenedwithobsolescenceinachangedsocialandpoliticalcontext.Inthisnewcontext,theappealofthepaintingsbytheRegionalistsandtheAmericanScenepaintersoftenlayintheirabilitytorecreateanatmospherethatglorifiedthetraditionalAmericanvalues—self-reliancetemperedwithgood-neighborliness,independencemodifiedbyasenseofcommunity,hardworkrewardedbyasenseoforderandpurpose.Giventheactualtemperofthetimes,thesethemeswerestrangelyanachronistic,justastherhetoricsupportingpoliticalisolationismwasequallyinappropriateinaninternationalsituationsoontoinvolveAmericainasecondworldwar.SuchthemesgainedpopularitybecausetheyfilledagenuineneedforacomfortablecollectivefantasyofaGod-fearing,white-picket-fenceAmerica,whichinretrospecttookonthenostalgicappealofalostGoldenAge.Inthislight,anautonomousart-for-art’ssakewasviewedasaforeigninvaderliabletosubvertthenativeAmericandesireforapurposefulart.Abstractartwasassignedtheroleofthevillainousalien;realismwastopersonifythegenuineAmericanmeansofexpression.Theargumentdrewfavorinmanycamps:amongtheartists,becausemostwererealists;amongthepoliticallyorientedintellectuals,becauseabstractartwasapolitical;andamongmuseumofficials,becausetheyweresurfeitedwithmediocreimitationsofEuropeanmodernismandwereconvincedthatAmericanartmustdevelopitsowndistinctidentity.Tohelpalongthisroadtoself-definition,themuseumswerepreparedtosetupanartificialdoublestandard,oneforAmericanart,andanotherforEuropeanart.In1934,RalphFlintwroteinArtNews,“Wehavetodayinourmidstagreaterarrayofwhatmaybecalledsecond,third,andfourth-stringartiststhananyothercountry.Ourbigannualsaremarvelousoutpouringsofintelligenceandskill;th