古代印度的《舞论》(沈从文书)

古代印度的《舞论》(沈从文书) 第三章古代印度的《舞论》 第一节古代印度戏剧概貌 东方的戏剧之花，最早萌发于印度。 亚里斯多德的学生亚历山大曾率师于公元前三二六年春天进入印度。这对亚历山 大来说，是一次艰难重重的悲剧性进军，而对人类文化史来说，却打开了一道沟通东、 西方的渠道。古代最博识的学者的弟子，无意之中用铁蹄连接了人类最早的两个戏剧 发祥地。 但是，还没有什么确切的史料表明希腊戏剧与印度戏剧在当时的相互影响。艺术 理论家和考古学家们从古代印度孔雀王朝、巽伽王朝的雕刻中不难发见希腊、波斯艺 术的影子，在巽伽王朝的菩提伽耶围栏，甚至还可发见某些浮雕在题材上与希腊神话 的联系，至于印度西北部出现于公元前二世纪的所谓犍陀罗艺术，其初期简直可以称 为希腊罗马艺术在东方的一脉分支。由此，断言古代印度的文化艺术曾受过希腊罗马 的激励，是不会有问题的。但是，这一切，主要得之于后人对实物的考据而并不是历 史记载。实物考据，对于雕刻这样构成成分单一、保存时间久远的艺术门类来说特别 便利，而对戏剧这样的综合艺术来说却不能赖此窥取全貌了。例如，人们不难见到一 些印制精细的巽伽王朝的山奇雕刻像片，那流荡着准确而优美的女性曲线，焕发着健 康而强烈的青春活力的女药叉圆雕，除了历史的风尘在她们的眉眼间磨去了一些锋 棱，在她们的肌体上留下一些石花之外，我们看到的就是这一雕刻艺术的实体全貌， 而其所依附、所装饰的大塔，也比较容易考证年代。戏剧就不同了，鼓乐声早已飘散 于二千年之前，单从遗留的几个剧本，只能推断出它的一个局部。因此，在没有 获得更多的证据之前，我们很难臆测古代印度戏剧的全部形态，包括它与希腊、罗马 戏剧的钩连情况。从现存的一些文学剧本来看，它与中国古代戏曲一样，与希腊戏剧 体系并没有从属和姻联关系，而是各自独立的体系。 苏联舞台美术家雷科夫在谈到古代戏剧的研究时曾说: 在这项研究工作中，往往会遇到很大的困难，使人很难对它进行了解。古代的戏 剧文学浩如烟海，但是保存下来的完整作品却不过五十余种。在这个时代的理论研究 方面，我们也只有很少的一些零星材料或间接的记载。而对我们更重要的是:时间消 灭了成千上万的同古代舞台有关的造型艺术文物，培洛波尼斯、阿平宁半岛以及小亚 细亚和西西里的移民地区曾有大量的希腊、罗马剧场，而现在都变成了废墟。所以现 在，照历史家的看法，“研究古代戏剧，简直就是几世纪连续下来的猜测、摸索、假 定和发掘。”这一点在我们的工作中也应注意，也就是说，对于所有不确凿的、没有 文字、科学和美术资料证实的东西，都不要轻易相信。(《舞台美术史概要》) 33 雷科夫所说的古代戏剧只是指古代希腊和罗马戏剧，如果把古代印度的戏剧放在 视野之内，那么，以上这番感叹将会变得更加令人怅惘。不必说戏剧，即便是一般的 历史年代都难以搞清。古代印度留下了一些属于历史传说性质的《往世书》，无法作 为可信的历史记录来看待;倒是亚历山大远征后遗留在希腊的一些史料，使后来一位 罗马作家阿里安根写了《长征记》和《印度志》，提供了一些较有根据的印度古代史 的历史年代。历史的主脉粗线尚且如此，戏剧史更是可想而知了。鉴于这种情况，雷 科夫所说没有确凿资料不要轻易相信之类的话固然也对，但猜测、摸索、假定等等却 无疑是在进行古代印度戏剧研究时所不可缺少的了。我们目前连古代印度最杰出的剧 作家、目前仍受全世界深深敬仰的文化名人迦梨陀娑生活的时代、简略的生平都一无 所知，如不作一些远非“确凿”的考据和推断，整个印度戏剧史就将是一片朦胧。 下面，我们且开列出一张猜测成分极大的古代印度戏剧表略，内中这些以百年为 计的宽跨度年代，各国学术界也历来众说纷纭。让以后考查得更确实、更有说服力的 年代划分来替代它们吧。 约公元前二千纪，印度尚处于原始公社制社会，出现了最古老的诗集《吠陀》。 其中《梨俱吠陀》中所包含的阎摩和阎密、补卢罗婆娑和优哩婆湿之间的爱情对话诗， 已具有戏剧意趣，也有人认为是戏剧的最初胚芽; 约公元前一千纪至公元前一世纪，印度已进入奴隶制社会，在文学上被称为史诗 时代。在这一长时期中，民间迎神赛会时的戏剧性表演，是戏剧比较正式的萌芽。其 间，约出现于公元前二世纪的语法书《大疏》中有表演故事的记载，可为这种萌发着 的戏剧之芽作证; 约公元前后，印度古典戏剧成熟; 约公元一世纪至二世纪，佛教戏剧家马鸣创作《舍利弗传》等剧，显示古典戏剧 的完全成熟; 约在马鸣之后，戏剧家跋娑从事积极的创作活动，名传一时，后来迦梨陀娑在剧 本《摩罗维迦》中提到当时流行的三个前辈戏剧家，跋娑名列第一。本世纪前期曾发 现他的十三个剧本，被通称为“跋娑十三剧”，富有民间色彩; 约公元二世纪，出现了第一部戏剧理论巨著《舞论》; 约公元二世纪至三世纪，戏剧家首陀罗迦创作现实主义的杰出剧作《小泥车》; 约公元四世纪至五世纪，印度古典戏剧的最优秀代表作家迦梨陀娑创作了《摩罗 维迦》、《广延天女》、《沙恭达罗》等剧作，其中，《沙恭达罗》至今享有崇高的世界 性声誉; 约公元七世纪，印度进入封建社会。印度古典戏剧从以迦梨陀娑为代表的高峰开 始衰退，宫廷剧有所发展。当时宫廷剧中较有代表性的是署名“戒日王”的三个剧本 《璎珞传》、《妙容传》和《龙喜记》。约在同期还出现过《醉鬼传》等市井小闹剧; 公元八世纪，出现了薄婆菩提、毗舍佉达多、婆吒?那罗衍等戏剧家，剧作有《罗 摩传后篇》、《大雄传》、《茉莉和青春》、《指环印》、《结髻记》等，其中以薄婆菩提的 《罗摩传后篇》最为著名; 34 公元九世纪至十世纪，出现了剧作家牟罗利和王顶。前者以《无价的罗摩》著名， 后者写过《儿童的罗摩衍那》和《樟脑球》等，大多呈现出较明显的形式主义倾向， 成就不高; 公元十世纪，戏剧理论家财胜写出具有性的戏剧理论著作《十色》; 公元十世纪之后，印度古典戏剧已基本颓溃。十一世纪出现过克里希那弥湿罗的 剧作《觉月初升》，在格局上有马鸣戏剧残卷之风。以后，民间方言戏行时，古典戏 剧日渐趋向名存实亡。 总起来看，印度古典戏剧正式起始并鼎盛于奴隶制社会，衰落于封建社会。公元 前后为其成熟期，公元二世纪至五世纪为其鼎盛期，公元十世纪以后完全走上末路。 《沙恭达罗》、《小泥车》、《罗摩传后篇》等，显示了印度古典戏剧的最高艺术水平。 在内容上，印度古典戏剧有两个主要题材来源。其一是史诗和传说故事中的现成 材料，这占了印度古典戏剧的大部分。这中间，有一流以描写宫廷生活为中心，以迦 梨陀娑的《摩罗维迦》为先声，以七世纪署名戒日王的几个剧本为典型代表;更令人 注目的是在传说故事的外壳之中进行改造制作，溶合进去新的思想意义而取得较现实 的艺术效果的那一流，以《沙恭达罗》为代表。第二个主要来源是现实生活，作者可 以超越于传统故事之外，以刻划市井生活的世态人情为主，从《小泥车》直到七世纪 的一些市井小闹剧。另外还有一些是以宗教宣传为主旨，如马鸣戏剧残卷。在所有印 度古典戏剧中，除了一部分脱离现实生活的作品外，大部分都有或多或少、或浓或淡、 或隐或显的现实寄托。 印度古典戏剧的艺术形式，我们了解得不太多。从马鸣戏剧残卷看，当时角色出 现方式至少有三种:一是为角色拟定了名字的;二是不用角色名字，光标明角色身份 的，如“妓女”、“主角”、“流氓”等，并已出现了特点鲜明的丑角;三是以抽象 概念来命名角色的，如“智慧”、“名誉”等，颇有点现代象征派的味道，这种戏自 然会以宣扬特定的观念为己任。后来，直到十一世纪，还出现过这种以抽象概念来命 名角色的戏剧，但考其主流，多数印度古典戏剧采用了有大类别划分又有具体名字的 角色方式。角色大致有“拿耶伽”(男主角)、“拿依伽”(女主角)、“毗都娑伽”(丑 角)等类。在剧本格局上，开场有引子，结束有尾诗。以《沙恭达罗》开场为例，诵 读了几句颂祷神灵的诗之后，就有舞台监督和一名女演员的对话: 舞台监督不必罗嗦了。(注视着化妆室)小姐，化妆完了，就出来吧! (女演员出) 女演员先生，我来了。请先生下命令吧，要做什么事情呢? 舞台监督看官多半都是知书识理的。我们要在他们面前演出迦梨陀娑新著成的叫做 “沙恭达罗”的剧本。 接着，舞台监督要女演员先唱一个歌，让看官欣赏一下，唱了之后—— 舞台监督小姐，唱得好!剧场四周，听众的心情完全为你的歌声所陶醉，他们一动也 35 不动，就象画成的一幅画。那么我们再作些什么使他们快活呢? 女演员刚才先生已经命令过，要演出那一出叫做“沙恭达罗”的前所未闻的戏了。 舞台监督我完全想起来了。一转眼的工夫，我就真忘了。因为 你的迷人的歌声牢牢地吸住了我， 正象飞奔的鹿吸住了国王豆扇陀。 (两人同下。) ——序幕 终 这里，国王豆扇陀是戏中的主角，飞奔的鹿吸住了他，正是戏开幕时的情节。因此， 这样的引子，既起了定场的作用，又介绍了剧名、作者，而且还十分自然地把观众引 入剧情。有的戏引子很长，如《小泥车》的引子，详尽地介绍了作者的外貌、学识， 剧本的内容、主旨，还加上一段戏班主和他妻子的打诨插科。剧本最后的尾诗，有的 由剧中人唱出或念出，有的是外加的，例如《广延天女》(即《优哩婆湿》)的尾诗是 由演员在幕后唱出的八句诗: 财富和知识永远冲突， 兼而有之，实在很难; 为了好人们的快乐幸福， 就让他们把两者来兼。 让所有的人承担痛苦， 让所有的人看到幸福， 让所有的人得到爱情， 让所有的人到处满足。 剧本正文，由说白、唱词和动作提示三因素组成，说白中除了对白还有独白与旁白。 唱词溶于剧情之中，化于角色身上，与希腊悲剧的歌队演唱不一，而与中国古典戏曲 的情况比较接近。动作提示也远比希腊悲剧繁多和细致。剧中所用文词，雅语俗语相 间，主角和上流人物多用雅语，而妇女和下层人物多用俗语。但也无定规，《小泥车》 就大量地采用俗语，三十四名角色中只有八名讲雅语，有的则故意让卑下的角色满口 雅语，这与剧作题材、演出对象以及作者特殊意图有关，最终又维系着时代风习、社 会气氛以及与此相关的语言演化情况。至于印度古典戏剧的具体演出的情状，则几乎 没有资料可供了解。有些梵语学家根据《小泥车》剧本篇幅冗长、俗语丰富的事实， 推测这已不是乡村游行演出、节日赛会时的临时节目，也不是宫廷豪门内的戏班子所 能创作，而是那些面向城市平民的专业剧团才能编演的戏。如果真是这样，那么，有 专业剧团在较稳定的剧场内向众多的市民演出很长的戏，有时还须连台演出，这应是 戏剧事业相当繁荣的一种状况，与古希腊有点相似。 戏剧理论著作《舞论》，大体上说，是在印度古典戏剧的成熟期作出的对以往创 36 作经验的总结，同时又开启了古典戏剧的鼎盛期。 第二节《舞论》中的戏剧思想 《舞论》基本上是一部歌诀体的著作，相传为婆罗多仙人所作，但从内容和古代 印度的著述习惯看，很可能是在一个长时期内经多人不断补充、修订的积世之作。正 式成型约在公元二世纪。 《舞论》这个标题，也可以译为《戏剧论》，因为在梵语中，“戏剧”一词源于 “舞”。全书三十七章，各章内容分配的大致情况如下: 第一章，戏剧的起源及性质; 第二章，剧场; 第三章，祭神; 第四章，关于第一个戏的上演，关于舞蹈; 第五章，演出前的准备; 第六章，铺陈戏剧的各种基本情调——“味”; 第七章，释介戏剧中“情”的表现; 第八章至第十章，手、眼和其他肢体的戏剧动作; 第十一章至第十三章，脚的戏剧动作; 第十四章，舞台演出规定; 第十五章至第十九章，台词; 第二十章，戏剧的分类和分幕; 第二十一章，戏剧结构; 第二十二章，风格; 第二十三章，服装化妆; 第二十四章至第二十七章，表演; 第二十八章至第三十三章，音乐; 第三十四章至第三十七章，角色。 显然，这是一部类似于现代“戏剧小百科”的巨著。这个目录表明，在涉及戏剧 门类的广泛性和完备性上，在包罗万象的理论规模上，《舞论》可以独步当时的世界 戏剧理论领域。这个目录又表明，庞大的结构中明显地存在着一个重心，那就是具体 的演剧实践，三十七章中专论表演和演出具体事务的多达二十六章。由此可见，此书 之成，出于演剧实践，也为了演剧实践。凡是当时演剧中所遇到的几乎一切问题，它 都不分巨细地作了总结，都能提供一个性的回答。可以设想，对于一千多年前的 印度戏剧家们来说，它会是一本切实有用的工作手册，一本有问必答的化范本， 一本在台前台后可以随口引用的演剧指南。 《舞论》也包含着一些具有理论价值的内容，我们撷取以下三方面试作介绍。 一、戏剧的性质 37 《舞论》全书，是以戏剧存在于世的合理性问题开头的。它讲述了这样一个神话: 戏剧的创始人、亦即这部《舞论》的作者婆罗多仙人和他的一百个儿子演出了第一个 戏剧，内容是表现天神战胜敌人阿修罗的，这就引起了阿修罗这方的不满，实行进攻， 前来扰乱。天神卫护了演剧人员，而且根据创造之神大梵天的旨意修建了剧场，并叫 一些天神保护剧场的各个部分。随后，创造之神大梵天还亲自出面调停事端，他不去 压服仇视戏剧的阿修罗一方，而是向他们说明戏剧的意义和作用，即戏剧存在于世的 合理性;同时，他又规定，今后戏剧不应过于偏袒一方，而应表现天神和阿修罗这敌 对两方的成功和失败。有趣的是，《舞论》第一章中，我们听到的就是这位持平公道 的创造之神大梵天向争纷者们谆谆劝解的声音。这些劝解围绕着“戏剧究竟是怎么回 事，应该怎么样”这一中心展开，所以也就自然而然地论述了戏剧的基本性质。 大梵天对天神的敌方劝告说，戏剧不会偏袒一方: 在这里，不是只有你们的或则天神们的一方面的情况。戏剧是三界(指天上、人 间、地下——引者注)的全部情况的表现。 戏剧不单单用来表现一方而应该表现三界的全部情况，这就牵涉到了戏剧的性质 问题。如果只是表现一方，那戏剧就成了一种偏狭的争纷手段，而如果以表现大千世 界的全部情况为己任，那戏剧的性质就要从它和生活本身的关系中去寻求了。创造之 神大梵天认为(亦即《舞论》的意见)，戏剧之所以应该无偏袒地表现大千世界，正因 为它的性质是摹仿: 我所创造的戏剧具有各种各样的感情，以各种各样的情况为内容，模仿人间的生 活。 因此，你们不要对天神生气。这戏剧将模仿七大洲。我所创造的这戏剧就是模仿。 既然如此，那就无事不可成为戏剧的摹仿对象: 没有[任何]传闻，没有[任何]工巧，没有[任何]学问，没有[任何]艺术，没有[任 何]方略，没有[任何]行为，不见于戏剧之中。 在这戏剧中，集合了一切学科[理论]，[一切]工巧，各种行为。因此我创造了它。 [戏中出现的]有时是正法，有时是游戏，有时是财利，有时是和平，有时是欢笑， 有时是战争，有时是爱欲，有时是杀戮。(文内方括弧中为译者加的疏通、补充译句 的词汇，从金克木译本，下同——引者注) 那么，戏剧摹仿这么纷繁的事物有何目的呢?在这里，《舞论》滔滔不绝地倾泻出 一联串令人动容的文词: 38 [戏剧]对于履行正法的人[教导]正法，对于寻求爱欲的人[满足]爱欲，对于品行 恶劣的人[施行]惩戒，对于醉狂的人[教导]自制， 对于怯懦的人[赋予]勇气，对于英勇的人[赋予]刚毅，对于不慧的人[赋予]聪慧， 对于饱学的人[赋予]学力， 对于有财有势的人[供给]娱乐，对于受苦受难的人[赋予]坚定，对于以财为生的 人[供给]财利，对于心慌意乱的人[赋予]决心。 我所创造的戏剧对于遭受痛苦的人，苦于劳累的人，苦于忧伤的人，[各种]受苦 的人，及时给予安宁。 这戏剧将[导向]正法，[导向]荣誉，[导致]长寿，有益[于人]，增长智慧，教训 世人。 不可止遏的铺陈排比显示了《舞论》作者对于戏剧的社会功用的深深赞美。这样 充满信心的宣言，这样热情洋溢的戏剧颂，只能出现于戏剧事业已经相当繁荣，戏剧 作品已经出现很多，戏剧的社会影响已经很大的时代。 《舞论》所说的摹仿，并不完全是以客观的现实生活为对象的，尽管列为摹仿范 围的三界中也包括人间，甚至也明白地说过“模仿人间的生活”，但在很大程度上是 指大梵天、天神、阿修罗们的那个世界: 应当知道，戏剧就是显现天神们的，阿修罗们的，王者们的，居家人们的，梵仙 们的事情。 从古代印度的戏剧实践来看，《吠陀》经典、史诗、《往世书》中的传说，不仅也 与现实社会生活一样成为戏剧表现的内容，而且在量上还远远超过后者。至于《舞论》 所铺排的那么多美好的作用，当然也出于社会和时代的特定需要，《舞论》在一处曾 说，戏剧要“依据上、中、下[三等]人的行为，赋予有益的教训，产生坚决、游戏、 幸福等等”，既然上、中、下三等人的划分是前提，那么，接下去所谓的“有益”、 “幸福”之类也只能是这种划分的产物，即只能是以上等人的标准为标准了。 至此，《舞论》对戏剧性质的论述还只是停留在与一般文艺相一致的阶段，尚未 显现戏剧的特殊性。于是就有了如下进一步的阐述: 这种有乐有苦的人间本性，有了形体等表演，就称为戏剧。 戏剧将编排吠陀经典和历史传说的故事，在世间产生娱乐。 这两行不可忽视。第一行强调了“形体等表演”，第二行强调了“编排”“故 事”，不管表演和编排的内容是什么，这两点确实明快透辟地揭示了戏剧的特性。吠 陀经典和历史传说，有的没有故事或故事性不强，有的有生动的故事而失之于漫衍冗 39 长，因此戏剧必须进行编排故事的工作。印度古典戏剧家们就是一直以编排这类故事 作为自己的重要之一而创作出大量精彩剧作来的。在这里，《舞论》实际上是指 出了戏剧与吠陀经典、历史传说在文学范畴内的特殊区别;更进一步的区别就是必须 “有形体等表演”。据后文，《舞论》此处所谓的“等”，主要包含语言和内心表演， 它习惯于把“语言和形体和内心的表演”作为戏剧的表现手段，十分鲜明地揭示了戏 剧的一项重要基本特征。《舞论》全书之所以把最大的篇幅让给舞台表演，也正是充 分地体现了这一认识。 即使以现代的思维能力来进行研究，我们也不难发现《舞论》把“编排故事”和 “表演”两端作为戏剧的特征特别列出，相当高明。直到今天，在探索戏剧最基本的 组成要素的时候，人们甚至还无法在这两项之外作更重要的补充。这一方面固然说明 了古代印度戏剧理论家们的清醒明晰，同时也说明了只有置身于演剧实践的戏剧活动 家才能更全面地把握戏剧。古代希腊的亚里斯多德的戏剧理论，在深度上和逻辑结构 上有《舞论》远不能企及的光辉之处，但对表演却忽视了。这是一个不是戏剧活动家 的戏剧理论家所难于避免的忽视。与他相对照，《舞论》的作者能侃侃而谈地缕析舞 台上下的种种细尾末节，表明他决非是一个亚里斯多德式的理论家，甚至也决非是一 个贺拉斯式的只是有过其他样式的文学创作实践的理论家。亚里斯多德也说到过“行 动的摹仿”，但他所说的“行动”，既包括表演，又有更深入的美学追求，结果就淡 化了表演。 二、戏剧内容的体现过程 《舞论》在论述戏剧内容的体现过程时十分突出地提出了“味”和“情”这两个 特殊的美学概念，这是它的理论结构借以撑立的两个支点，以后不仅对印度的戏剧理 论，而且对印度的整个文学理论都发生过巨大影响。但这是两个极为玄虚费解的概念。 “味”，本义是指食物之味，又指代各种滋味的果汁，《舞论》想借食物之味来 比喻戏剧的风味，所以也就借用了这个词。它在论述“戏剧之味”时总喜欢说“正如 味产生于一些不同的佐料、蔬菜[和其他]物品的结合，正如由于糖、[其他]物品、佐 料、蔬菜而出现六味”之类，看来是很爱好这一比喻的。但在戏剧理论中，这个“味” 已从“风味”进一步转义为“情绪”、“情调”的意思，所以梵文的英语译者索性把 它译成了“情绪”。《舞论》论戏剧之“味”，重心不在于有味，而在于有几种味。 它固然也说戏剧需要有情绪和情调灌注其间，但更强调人世间情绪和情调的种类，更 热衷于归类划分。它把食物分为六味，即辛、酸、甜、咸、苦、涩，照同样的规格， 把戏剧分为八味，即艳情、滑稽、悲悯、暴戾、英勇、恐怖、厌恶、奇异。 人世间的种种情绪，体现在戏剧中的种种情调，之所以可以归类划分，是因为它 们具有稳定性。《舞论》一再强调，“味”是一个固定性的概念，既然已划出八种戏 剧之味，那么，一切情绪、情调莫不归属于这八项之下，至少也能或近或远，或直或 曲地追索出与这八项的联系。从这个意义上来看，单单把“味”诠释为“情绪”、“情 调”还是不够的，而应该称之为规格化了的基本情绪、基本情调。那么，我们姑且把 《舞论》中所谓的“戏剧之味”，简释为戏剧的基本情调吧。 “味”既然是一种规格化了的归类划分，那么，是凭借着什么来归类划分的呢? 40 借以划分的材料是什么呢?《舞论》认为是“情”。这个“情”，汉译比较着重于“感 情”的意思，英译者却取“情况”之义(此处及上文所谓英译，指一九五〇年加尔各 答刊行的曼?高斯的译本)，两者兼取，更合原意。世间存在的情状和感情，一类比较 固定，一类则流逸不定，带有较大的偶发性。对于前者，《舞论》称之为“常情”， 即“固定的情”;对于后者，称之为“不定的情”。固定不固定的标准何在?在于是 否规格化。规格化了的“情”也就是基本情绪和基本情调，因此，“常情”，实际上 已上升到“味”。《舞论》第七章说，“只有常情(固定的情)才得到味的性质”，把 这个关系说得很清楚。显然，“情”既然包括着“常情”和“不定的情”两部分，而 “常情”这一部分有可能等同于“味”。那么，从总体来说，“情”应比“味”更复 杂、更丰富，而“味”则应比“情”更规范、更合条理。 “味”是凭借着什么体现在戏剧之中的呢?这对《舞论》来说是一个更为重要的 理论问题。在这里，它又引出了“别情”和“随情”这两个概念。从前后文所阐述的 实际意义来看，所谓“别情”，近于我们现代哲学中所言的特殊性、各别性。它是具 体的，与业经概括提炼的“味”不同;它又是能体现共同性的，与偶发性的“不定的 情”也不同。如果说，“味”以概括的、集中的、共通的面目出现，那么，“别情” 就使“味”的具体呈现成为可能。《舞论》在第六章说:“所谓味[有]什么词义?[答 复]说:由于[具有]可被尝[味]的性质。”在释介“别情”时，则反复强调其“被分 别表明”的意蕴。这就是说，“味”仅处于一种“可被尝”而未能被尝的状态，而“别 情”则可将“味”“分别表明”，“味”因“别情”而赋形，“味”产生于“别情” 之中。以“戏剧之味”举例，“滑稽”这一“味”，“产生于不正常的衣服和妆饰、 莽撞、贪婪、欺骗、不正确的谈话、显示身体的缺陷、指说错话等等别情”;“暴戾” 这一“味”，“产生于愤怒、抢劫、责骂、侮辱、诬蔑、攻击[人]的言语、残暴、迫 害、猜忌等等别情”。由此我们可以断言，在戏剧中论及“味”和“别情”的关系， 指的乃是:戏剧的各种基本情调，产生于一系列纷繁复杂的具体情态之中。 “别情”讲究的是“分别表明”，但是，是否能真正被表明，还得赖仗于一定的 手段。这种手段须与“别情”具有同一性，即能按照“别情”的需要取得预期的效果。 如果说，“味”的基本情调只有在“别情”中才“被表明”，那么，进一步说，仅仅 “表明”还未见得被欣赏者感受到。因此就需要讲究这种“表明”的感受效果了，这 就是“随情”这个概念的应运而生。“随情”注重于手段和效果，是整个体现过程的 最后一步。在戏剧中，它主要落实在表演上，因此《舞论》常常用“随情表演”这一 复合词汇。如上面所举的“滑稽”一“味”，随情表演为“用唇鼻颊的抖颤、眼睛睁 大或挤小、流汗、脸色、掐腰等等”。《舞论》中对于“别情”和“随情”有过这样 一句归结性的话: 意义由别情而取得，由随情及语言和形体和内心的表演而被送达，名为情。 由“别情”而取得意义，由“随情”而送达意义，这个说明表达了《舞论》的一 个重要思想，即:任何规范化的戏剧内容，都应该通过个别、具体的事情和感情状态 41 来体现，并由特定的表演手段引起观众的感应而取得效果。从这个意义上说，《舞论》 第六章第三十三节那句曾引起过许多人不同解释的话:“味产生于别情、随情和不定 的[情]的结合”，还是能够理解的。 以上所述，是“味”与“情”的关系的一个方面:“味”依赖于“情”。这个问 题的另一个方面是“情”归附于“味”。《舞论》指出:“由别情、随情表现出来的， 四十九种情，与共同性的品质(德)相结合，[由此]出现了[八]味。”这就是说，“别 情”和“随情”必须提高，以求与共性相扭结，从而进入“味”的规范。“别情”、 “随情”就功用来说是不可或缺的，舍其无以表达“味”;就形态来说是丰富、生动、 各别的，有血有肉的，舍其无以使“味”赋形;但是，如不归拢于“味”的麾下，则 会处于一种流散状态。因此就要以几种人所共知、特别稳定的“情”来统制、驾驭它 们，就象打上几个大桩子。这样，问题又回到“固定的情”即“常情”之上来，需要 由“常情”来充当统制、驾驭那些不甚稳定的“情”的角色，而“常情”也即是 “味”。联系具体的戏剧实践就是，“滑稽”这样的味固然要由“不正常的衣服”、 “不正确的谈话”这类“别情”，以及“唇鼻颊的抖颤、眼睛睁大或挤小”这类“随 情”来体现，但是反过来，如果离开了“滑稽”这一规范化了的基本情调，那么，衣 服、谈话、唇鼻颊眼的动作就失去了归依，就未必有什么意义，至少未必有特定的意 义。戏剧没有具体情景和具体动作就无法体现，而具体情景和具体动作本身也构不成 戏剧。基本情调在一系列情景和动作中存活，而这些情景和动作又必须以基本情调为 灵魂。这就是“情”与“味”的辩证关系。衡其地位，基本情调即“味”处于中心， “别情”、“随情”为它服务。所以《舞论》中有一个形象的比喻，说正如王者有许 多臣仆围绕，“味”被“别情”、“随情”、“不定的情”围绕着。“别情”、“随 情”如也相对地有一些共性的禀赋，那么，它们除了围绕“味”之外也会被别的东西 所围绕，被那些更其散逸的“不定的情”围绕，即它们还要去统制和驾驭偶发性更强 的那些因素。具体说来，在“滑稽”这一基本情调的王国里，散漫、贪睡属于“不定 的情”，它们可以为表现“滑稽”之“味”服务，也可以为表现别的“味”服务，与 “滑稽”的“别情”“不正常的衣服”之类相比，更缺乏固定性，这就需要由比它们 稳定一些、较能直捷地体现“滑稽”一些的“别情”来统制它们，最终目的还是归附 于“滑稽”。《舞论》非常生动地阐述这种现象:“另一些成为地方官的情(别情与随 情)由于有[优越]品质，不定的情就依附于它们，成为随从。”地方官是为王者服务 的，这一来，就成就了一个以基本情调——“味”为中心的戏剧艺术天地。 这里终于冒出来一个颇有争论的问题:在《舞论》作者看来，究竟是“味出于情”， 还是“情出于味”?《舞论》本文中颇有一些矛盾。例如第六章第三十五节说:“只 见味出于情而不见情出于味”，同章第三十九节却说:“味是根，一切情由它们而建 立”，第七章第七节又有“情由味而生”的说法。据本书英译者说，早有人批驳过《舞 论》的“味出于情”的说法。事实上，我们从上面的分析介绍可以看出，《舞论》对 于“味”、“情”关系的实际看法是比较辩证的，想用“谁出于谁”这样一个问题去 归纳十分困难。“味”得之于对“情”的归纳分类，又只能在“别情”、“随情”中 体现出来，此可谓“味出于情”;但同时，“别情”、“随情”又听命于“味”，为 42 了“味”而现身行事的，此可谓“情出于味”。在现代戏剧中，戏剧的基本情调和一 系列具体的情景、动作，究竟谁出之于谁?为前者出后者，从后者出前者——就是这 样互出互存的关系，不存在第一性、第二性的序列。面对着一个复杂的关系企图寻求 一个十分简捷的答案是不明智的。 总之，《舞论》通过对特殊的美学概念“味”和“情”的论述，展示了古代印度 的戏剧理论家心目中戏剧表现内容的过程。首先在他们看来，追求各种基本情调，是 戏剧创作的重要任务，基本情调明确了，戏剧才能对症下药地发挥社会作用(如上引 给什么样的情况“赋予”或“施予”什么);其次，基本情调不应架空虚设，而必须 让它们有具体的、各别的体现，而这种体现又以送达到观众、产生感应效果方为圆满; 再次，一切具体的、各别的戏剧情景和戏剧动作，必须围绕着基本情调，配合和表现 包含着共同性的基本情调。 三、以戏剧基本情调为基础的舞台表演程式 在《舞论》所阐述的戏剧创作过程中，“味”是标帜，而体现，特别是“随情表 演”，是作者最为关注的所在。《舞论》既然要求以“味”统制全局，于是，对“味” 的规范化划分也就流泽通盘，在表演上则衍化为程式化。了解一下古代印度的戏剧家 从戏剧基本情调到表演的一系列刻板而又琳琅满目的规定是很有意思的。 这是一个叠床架屋式的庞大结构。不妨尝鼎一脔。 戏剧共有八种基本情调，而其中最根本的是四种:艳情、暴戾、英勇、厌恶。但 是，艳情之中可以产生滑稽，暴戾之中可以产生悲悯，英勇之中可以产生奇异，恐怖 之中可以产生厌恶，于是一共有八种。如果要用色彩来表现这些情调，那么: 艳情是绿色，滑稽是白色，悲悯是灰色，暴戾是红色，英勇是橙色，恐怖是黑色， 厌恶是蓝色，奇异是黄色。 先分解“艳情”这一基本戏剧情调。“艳情”产生于常情欢乐，以男女为因，以 青春为本。 “艳情”的定义:富有幸福，与所爱相依，享受季节与花环，与男女有关。 “艳情”的组成:欢爱、相思。 “艳情”的具体体现:在特定的季节、妆饰中，与所爱的人在优美的住宅中享受 欢乐;在花园中与情人一同游戏等等。 “艳情”的有感应效果的表演:眼的灵活，眉的挑动，行动，戏弄，甜蜜的姿态 等等。其中相思部分的表演应是:忧郁、困乏、疑惧、嫉妒、疲劳、忧虑、焦灼、睡 意、梦、嗔怪、疾病、疯狂、痴呆、死亡等等。 “艳情”中所不应有的表演:恐怖、懒散、凶猛、厌恶。 “艳情”表演中最容易与其他基本情调混淆之处，是在“相思”部分，因为“艳 情”中的“相思”表演不容易与“悲悯”这一基本情调区别开来。区别是:相思中的 悲苦“有相对性质”，而悲悯中的悲苦则“有绝对性质”;相思起于焦灼与忧虑，悲 悯起于受诅咒的困苦、灾难、与所爱的人分离、丧失财富、杀戮、监禁等。 43 再来看第二个基本情调——“滑稽”。《舞论》对这一基本情调的阐述最为详细， 可见喜剧因素在古代印度戏剧中曾处于何等的地位，受到怎样的重视。 “滑稽”的灵魂:笑。 “滑稽”的定义有二。其一:由于颠倒的妆饰，不正常的行为、谈话和服装，不 正常的形体动作而发笑;其二:因为以不正常的行为、言语、形体动作以及不正常的 服装使人发笑。 “滑稽”可分两类:角色自己笑，角色使他人笑。 “滑稽”的具体体现:不正常的衣服和妆饰、莽撞、贪婪、欺骗、不正确的谈话、 显示身体的缺陷，指说错误等等。 “滑稽”的有感应效果的表演:唇鼻颊的抖颤、眼睛睁大或挤小、流汗、掐腰等 等。 “滑稽”的偶发性表演:伪装、懒惰、散漫、贪睡、梦、失眠、嫉妒等等。 对“滑稽”的灵魂——笑的解析:笑有六种，即微笑、喜笑、欢笑、冷笑、大笑、 狂笑。上等、中等、下等人各占二种。 上等人的笑: 微笑——端庄的笑，两颊微微开展，带有优美的眼角传情，不露牙齿; 喜笑——颜面和眼睛都开放，两颊也开展，稍微露出牙齿。 中等人的笑: 欢笑——紧缩眼睛和两颊，带有声音，甜蜜，合乎时机，有欢乐的脸色; 冷笑——鼻孔放开，眼睛斜视，两肩紧缩，头部低垂。 下等人的笑: 大笑——笑得不合时机，而且眼中含泪，两肩和头部抖动起来; 狂笑——眼睛激动又含泪，高声叫喊，两手掩着腰。 „„ 我们不再引述《舞论》对戏剧的其他基本情调的分析了，从上面这些内容我们已 经可以窥视它所制定的舞台表演程式是怎么一回事了。十分清晰，却不免刻板;十分 具体，却不免琐碎;十分实用，却不免武断。邃密的观察，机智的剖视，丰富的生活 经验和舞台经验，一切的一切，都凝固在一个框架之中。令人赞许的准确和引人发笑 的偏狭，各参其半。 《舞论》要求让“别情”、“随情”紧紧地围绕着规范化的基本情调，这种“围 绕”，包括根据基本情调来塑造自身的意思。上举种种表演，不仅在内容上表现了特 定的基本情调，而且在方式上也受了刻板划分的浸染，基本情调的规范化终于落实为 表演技巧的程式化。这种程式犹如一种符号，值得肯定之处在于它们毕竟是或一情调 的直接反映，表演方式和所表演内容的连接线比较明晰;怵目的缺点是规定得太死、 太具体，把活生生的表演艺术创造看成了一堆表情、动作的符号堆砌。《舞论》强调 戏剧效果的“送达”，而送达的工具则是各种表情符号;罗马的贺拉斯也十分强调戏 剧作品对观众的感应，但他的“送达”工具则是: 44 你要我哭，首先你自己得感觉悲痛，这样，„„你的不幸才使我伤心„„(《诗 艺》) 贺拉斯没有、也不会给演员规定一系列的表情规范，而《舞论》则对演员没有太 多的内心要求，两方面的对比非常鲜明。此处很难简单化地判别孰高孰低:依着贺拉 斯，活是活了，但也可能使许多中下水准的演员无所适从;依着《舞论》，表情也有 了，情调也有了，但很可能看不到在演员身上活起来的角色的灵魂。这种现象，不仅 在表演艺术中存在，在其他艺术门类中也存在，例如在中国古典诗歌的创作中，有人 洒泪吟咏，情真词切，有人则冷静描摹，相正境美，反映在理论中也就有了不同的创 作要求。这个问题，以后在论述各种表演理论还会多次涉及，这里只是一个朦胧的开 端。 但是无论如何，作为戏剧活动家，《舞论》作者对于表情动作的研究是贺拉斯他 们所不及的。贺拉斯分析人生各个阶段的特征，实际上是一种可供剧作参考的早期的 社会心理学的分析，而《舞论》把这一切完全落实在表情上，而且落实在提供给舞台 再现的表情细部透视上，那就是一种地地道道的戏剧学的分析。从这一点而论，《舞 论》比《诗艺》更戏剧化。 《舞论》中提出来的一系列程式，实际上是一种要求戏剧家们遵守的经典性规格。 支撑着它们的理论规范“情”、“味”等等，也是以天神颁发的经典概念的形态出现 的。在阐述这些规格和内容的时候，固然也有逻辑连结，但却用不着逻辑论证以表明 它们自身的合理性，这就与以亚里斯多德为代表的希腊理论家们不太一样了。虽然《舞 论》的作者与亚里斯多德同处于奴隶制社会，但是希腊城邦的政权掌握在商业贵族集 团手中，他们的身家性命都有赖于技术的发展，因此政治结构简单，思想风格活跃， 虽然也有许多神话，但一般说来是根据现实而不是根据神话来思考问题、掌握科学、 认识世界的，因此养成了好学、多思，而且按照逻辑思考得很深的习惯，这是我们可 以在《诗学》中所能领略的。印度的奴隶制社会有着与希腊不同的社会结构，那里的 统治者更需要人们虔诚、听命、奉公守法，这就造成在古代印度的思想领域较少、较 难作深入、合理的理性探讨的状况，于是也就不可避免地给印度的古代思想结构带来 一些不同于古代希腊的特点。印度最重要的立法者摩奴说: 吠陀叫做经典，律书叫做法典，两者在每一方面都超越弥曼差(理智的应用)的视 界。„„再生者(即属于高级种姓的人)若依靠逻辑(因明论)的力量违背这两者，将被 逐出上等社会，因为诋毁吠陀者是异教徒。(《摩奴法典》) 逻辑和理智得服从成规。印度的思想家、理论家们就在这样的缝隙中思考着，著 述着。由此，我们也就很难责难《舞论》摊出一大堆要演员服从的规格而不作太多论 证的生硬态度了。按照经典的格局进行著述，一旦著述成功也就不大容易被别人修正、 发展了。这也正与印度停滞的社会状态相呼应。从遥远的古代直到近代社会，印度的 政治情况也发生过不少重要的变化，可是它的社会经济成分的结构却处于一种近乎板 45 结的状态，没有受到很大的触动。这种状况显然从根本上束缚了思想家，也束缚了戏 剧家和戏剧理论家们勇敢创新的手脚。正如印度哲学长期在固定的思想结构中打转一 样，《舞论》之后的戏剧理论，大体上也没有超越《舞论》的规范，更不要说替代它 了。 直到公元十世纪，戏剧理论家财胜才又写出一部有影响的著作《十色》。 《十色》中的“色”，与上述“味”、“情”之类一样，是一个由基本义转化来 的戏剧术语。“色”的本义是“形象”的意思，转化后指戏剧种类。《十色》一书分 为四个部分，目次如下: 第一部分，戏剧的题材结构，论“味”; 第二部分，角色、台词; 第三部分，戏剧种类，即各“色”; 第四部分，集中论“味”。 《十色》基本上承袭了《舞论》的理论核心——“味”，其第一部分，可视为《舞 论》提要。区别在于:《舞论》是一部戏剧论，《十色》是一部编剧论;在《十色》中， 《舞论》对戏剧的通盘把握已不复存在，《舞论》作者所注重、所擅长的对表演和实 际演出事务的阐述已不复存在，而对剧本创作的剖析，倒是更细密、更系统了。由于 《十色》仍然主张以“味”为编剧主体，因此它超越《舞论》之处并不具有根本性; 何况又失却了《舞论》对戏剧各门类融会贯通的气概，所以它的出现仍然不能取代八、 九百年前的《舞论》。对一个部门作更深入的研究，理论结构更精巧、更完整一些， 这是《十色》受惠于数百年的历史所表现出来的长处。许多开山之作的承袭者都有这 个特点。 按照印度的习惯，《十色》后来又被奉为经典。有着悠久戏剧传统的印度在戏剧 理论上终究不免使人感到寂寞，这种思想习惯恐怕是其中一个原因。 46 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.