初三化学方程式大全（Complete chemistry equation）

初三化学方程式大全（Complete chemistry equation） 初三化学方程式大全(Complete chemistry equation) Chemical data Chemical formula: The magnesium Mg, iron Fe, Cu copper, zinc Zn, mercury Hg; helium neon argon He, Ne, Ar; H2 O2 of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen N2, Cl2 O3, chlorine, ozone, carbon C, phosphorus P, sulfur S The water H2O H2O2 CO, hydrogen peroxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide CO2, P2O5 P2O5, sodium hydroxide Na2O, Magnesium Oxide, MgO, calcium oxide, CaO, alumina, Al2O3, manganese dioxide, MnO2, iron oxide, Fe2O3, magnetite, Fe3O4, FeO FeO, copper oxide CuO, mercury HgO Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 KClO3, potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate, K2MnO4, sodium chloride NaCl, H2SO4 sulfate, nitrate HNO3, hydrochloric acid HCl, CuSO4 FeSO4 copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, sodium carbonate Na2CO3, sodium sulfate Na2SO4, copper hydroxide Cu (OH) 2, Sodium hydroxide NaOH The acetic acid CH3COOH, glucose C6H12O6, starch (C6H10O5) n, C12H22O11 sucrose, C2H5OH alcohol, methane CH4 Valence formula and root valence: Valence formula: monovalent chloride potassium sodium hydrogen silver, two valence oxygen calcium barium zinc, three aluminum four silicon copper mercury two or three pentavalent phosphorus, one or two iron, 246 sulfur, 24 carbon, elemental valence is zero. The root of the valence: ammonium ion NH4+, carbonate ion CO32-, permanganate ion MnO4-, manganese ions MnO42-, nitrate ions NO3-, ClO3- chloride ions, sulfate ions SO42- and hydroxyl ions OH- Metallic activity order: K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg,, Ag, Pt, Au Acid, base, and salt solutions, indicators, and pH: Composition: acid H++, acid radical ion, alkali metal ion, +OH- salt, metal ion + acid radical ion Indicator: acid solution can make the purple litmus solution turns red, alkali solution can make the purple litmus solution can make turn blue; acid solution to colorless phenolphthalein solution discoloration, alkali solution can make the colorless phenolphthalein solution turned red. PH: acid solution pH < 7, neutral solution pH=7, alkaline solution pH > 7. Solubility of acids, bases and salts: Water soluble substance Slightly soluble substances in water Water-insoluble substance OH- NH4OH (volatile), KOH, NaOH, Ba (OH) 2 Ca (OH) 2 Mg (OH) 2, Al (OH) 3, Mn (OH) 2, Zn (OH) 2, Fe (OH) 2, Fe (OH) 3, and Cu (OH) 2 NO3- HNO3 (volatile), NH4NO3, KNO3, NaNO3, Ba (NO3) 2, Ca (NO3) 2, Mg (NO3) 2, Al (NO3) 3, Mn (NO3) 2, Zn (NO3) 2, Fe (NO3) 2, Fe (NO3) 3, Cu (NO3) 2, AgNO3 (I), and Cl- HCl (volatile), NH4Cl, KCl, NaCl, BaCl2, CaCl2, MgCl2, AlCl3, MnCl2, FeCl3, ZnCl2, FeCl2, CuCl2 AgCl SO42- H2SO4, (NH4) 2SO4, K2SO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4, Al2 (SO4) 3, MnSO4, ZnSO4, FeSO4,, Fe2 (SO4) 3, CuSO4 CaSO4, Ag2SO4 BaSO4 CO32- H2CO3 (volatile), (NH4) 2CO3, K2CO3, Na2CO3 MgCO3 BaCO3, CaCO3, MnCO3, ZnCO3, FeCO3, Ag2CO3 A common insoluble substance: Five white precipitates Mg (OH) 2, AgCl, BaSO4, BaCO3, CaCO3 A blue precipitate Cu (OH) 2 A reddish brown precipitate Fe (OH) 3 Chemistry of the most: The lightest gas in nature Hydrogen H2 The hardest substance in nature diamond The gas with the highest content in the air Nitrogen N2 The most abundant element in the earth's crust Oxygen O The most important element in the human body Oxygen O The most abundant metallic element in the earth's crust Al Al The most abundant metallic element in the human body Calcium Ca At present, the world's highest yield metal Iron Fe A metal having the best conductivity and heat conductivity Silver Ag A metal of the highest melting point Tungsten W A metal of the lowest melting point Mercury Hg The formation of most valence elements Carbon C The smallest particle in a chemical change atom The simplest compound fertilizer Potassium nitrate KNO3 Commonly known as common substances: Material name Name Material name Name Calcium oxide CaO Quick lime Calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 Hydrated lime and hydrated lime, called Shi Huishui when dissolved Sodium hydroxide NaOH Caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Soda ash Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 Baking soda Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Limestone (the main component of marble) Hydrogen chloride (hydrogen chloride) HCl hydrochloric acid Iron oxide Fe2O3 Iron oxide (the main component of rust) Solid carbon dioxide CO2 dry ice Carbon monoxide CO Main components of gas Methane CH4 Major components of methane and natural gas Mercury Hg Mercury Ethanol C2H5OH alcohol Ammonium bicarbonate NH4HCO3 Ammonium bicarbonate Ammonium sulfate (NH4) 2SO4 ammonium sulphate Ammonium nitrate (NH4) 2CO3 Ammonium nitrate The type of concentration that can occur in metathesis reactions: Expression Meet conditions Reactant Resultant Metal oxide + acid + salt + water At least one of them is soluble in water H2O Acid + alkali + salt + water At least one of them is soluble in water Or: H2O Acid + salt + new acid + new salt At least one of them is soluble in water The decrease or increase or H2O Alkali + salt + new base + new salt Must be dissolved in water The decrease or increase or H2O Salt + salt + new salt + new salt Must be dissolved in water Here Ions that cannot coexist in water: H+ and OH-, H+ and CO32-, H+ and HCO3-, NH4+ and OH-, Ca2+ and CO32-, Ba2+ and SO42-, CO32-, Ag+ and Cl-, Fe3+, Cu2+, Mg2+, and OH- Test method for ammonia gas: The red litmus paper can make wet blue ammonia. Basic reaction type: Chemical reaction: changeable. Decomposition reaction. Substitution reaction: simple substance + compound, new substance + new compound. Double decomposition reaction: AB+CDAD+CB. Testing of cations: Ion Inspection method Experimental phenomena H+ The dripping purple litmus test solution Litmus red PH was measured with pH test paper < 7 pH Add a small amount of hydrogen to the front metal Bubble generation Add a small amount of carbonate (calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate) Bubble generation Fe3+ Drop NaOH or KOH solution Producing reddish brown deposits Cu2+ Drop NaOH or KOH solution Produce blue precipitate Mg2+ Drop NaOH or KOH solution Produce white precipitate Ag+ Add hydrochloric acid (or soluble hydrochloride) and dilute nitric acid Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid Ca2+ Soluble carbonate Produce white precipitate Ba2+ Dilute sulfuric acid (or soluble sulfate) with dilute nitric acid Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid NH4+ Adding NaOH solution heat, gas produced by the wet red litmus paper test For solids, grind the sample together with slaked lime Have ammonia taste, test paper turns blue Ammoniacal Test of anions: Ion Inspection method Experimental phenomena OH- The dripping purple litmus test solution Litmus blue The dripping colorless phenolphthalein TS Colorless phenolphthalein TS turned red PH was measured with pH test paper PH > 7 Soluble copper salt solution Produce blue precipitate Soluble iron salt solution Producing reddish brown deposits Cl- Drip AgNO3 solution and dilute nitric acid Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid SO42- Drip Ba (NO3) 2 solution and dilute nitric acid Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid CO32- (HCO3-) Dilute the hydrochloric acid and pour the resulting gas into clear lime water A colorless odorless gas produced to clarify lime water to become turbid Chemical equation: I. properties of oxygen The preparation of oxygen: The hydrogen peroxide solution is added in manganese dioxide: 2H2O22H2O+O2 = The heating of potassium chlorate and adding manganese dioxide: 2KClO32KCl+3O2 = The heating up Potassium Permanganate: 2KMnO4MnO2+K2MnO4+O2 The elemental reaction with oxygen (reaction): The combustion of hydrogen in air: 2H2+O22H2O The carbon in the air in full combustion: C+O2CO2 The combustion of carbon in the air is not sufficient: 2C+O22CO The combustion of sulfur in the air: S+O2SO2 The combustion of phosphorus in the air: 4P+5O22P2O5 Such as magnesium burn in the air: 2Mg+O22MgO Iron, burning in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2Fe3O4 These copper in air heating: 2Cu+O22CuO Only the combustion of aluminum in the air: 4Al+3O22Al2O3 3 compounds and oxygen reaction: The combustion of the carbon monoxide in the air: 2CO+O22CO2 The combustion of methane in air: CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O The alcohol burning in the air: C2H5OH+3O22CO2+3H2O Two. Water in the natural world The decomposition of water under the effect of direct current: 2H2O2H2 = +O2 = The hydrogen production: Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2 = Zn+2HClZnCl2+H2 (or = no dilute sulfuric acid before use) The reaction of lime and water: CaO+H2OCa (OH) 2 The carbon dioxide dissolved in water: H2O+CO2H2CO3 Three. Law of conservation of mass The magnesium burn in the air: 2Mg+O22MgO The reaction of iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4Cu+FeSO4 The reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen: H2+CuOCu+H2O Four carbon and carbon oxides The chemical properties of carbon oxide: The carbon in the air in full combustion: C+O2CO2 The combustion of carbon in the air is not sufficient: 2C+O22CO The reduction of copper oxide: C+2CuO2Cu+CO2 = charcoal The reduction of iron oxide: 3C+2Fe2O32Fe+3CO2 = coke The coke reduction of Fe3O4: 2C+Fe3O43Fe+2CO2 = The three reactions occur in the coal stove (reaction): The stove bottom: C+O2CO2 The stove in the middle: C+CO22CO The stove top (blue flame generated): 2CO+O22CO2 Preparation and properties of carbon dioxide 3: 1 (marble or limestone) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (production of carbon dioxide in laboratory): = CaCO3+2HClCaCl2+H2O+CO2 The carbon dioxide dissolved in water: H2O+CO2H2CO3 The carbonate is not stable and easy to decompose: H2CO3H2O+CO2 = The high temperature calcination of limestone (industrial production of carbon dioxide): CaCO3CO2 = +CaO The clarification of lime water reacts with carbon dioxide (CO2 test): Ca (OH) 2+CO2CaCO3: +H2O Such as sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide (CO2 removal reaction): 2NaOH+CO2Na2CO3+H2O The properties of carbon monoxide: The combustion of the carbon monoxide in the air: 2CO+O22CO2 The carbon monoxide reduction of copper oxide: CO+CuOCu+CO2 The carbon monoxide reduction of iron oxide: 3CO+Fe2O3Fe+3CO2 The carbon monoxide reduction of Fe3O4: 4CO+Fe3O43Fe+4CO2 Five. Fuel and its application The sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (fire extinguisher principle): Na2CO3+2HCl2NaCl+H2O+CO2 = The heat decomposition of sodium bicarbonate (for powder extinguishing principle: 2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2 =) The combustion of methane in air: CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O The alcohol burning in the air: C2H5OH+3O22CO2+3H2O The combustion of hydrogen in air: 2H2+O22H2O Six. Metal The metal and oxygen reaction: The magnesium burn in the air: 2Mg+O22MgO The iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2Fe3O4 The copper in the air heating: 2Cu+O22CuO The aluminum oxide film is formed in the air: 4Al+3O22Al2O3 The acid and metal salt + hydrogen (reaction): The zinc and sulfuric acid reaction: Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2 = The iron and dilute sulfuric acid reaction: Fe+H2SO4FeSO4+H2 = The magnesium with dilute sulfuric acid reaction: Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H2 = The aluminum with dilute sulfuric acid reaction: 2Al+3H2SO4Al2 (SO4) = 3+3H2 The zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Zn+2HClZnCl2+H2 = Such as iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2 = , magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2 = Therefore aluminum reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: 2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H2 = 3 + metal + new metal salt salt: The reaction of iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4FeSO4+Cu The reaction of zinc and copper sulfate solution: Zn+CuSO4ZnSO4+Cu The reaction of copper and silver nitrate solution: Cu+2AgNO3Cu (NO3) 2+2Ag The refining of iron: The blast furnace top: 3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2 The blast furnace middle: CO2+C2CO The blast furnace lower: C+O2CO2 Seven. Acids, bases, salts The chemical properties of acid: The acid and metal salt + hydrogen (see above) The acid salt + water + metal oxide: 1. Reaction of iron oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2O Reaction of iron oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: Fe2O3+3H2SO4Fe2 (SO4) 3+3H2O Oxidation of copper with dilute hydrochloric acid reaction: CuO+2HClCuCl2+H2O Oxidation of copper with dilute sulfuric acid reaction: CuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2O The acid and alkali salt + water (neutralization): Reaction of hydrochloric acid with caustic soda: HCl+NaOHNaCl+H2O Reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide: 2HCl+Ca (OH) 2CaCl2+2H2O Aluminium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid (treat gastric acid overmuch): 3HCl+Al (OH) 3AlCl3+3H2O Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide: H2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2H2O The acid + salt + acid salt: The marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: CaCO3+2HClCaCl2+H2O+CO2 = The sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl2NaCl+H2O+CO2 = The sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: NaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO2 = The sulfuric acid with barium hydroxide solution reaction: H2SO4+BaCl2BaSO4: +2HCl The chemical properties of alkali: The alkali metal oxide salt + water + non: Sodium hydroxide solution was exposed to air deterioration: 2NaOH+CO2Na2CO3+H2O Sodium hydroxide solution absorbs sulfur dioxide gas: 2NaOH+SO2+Na2SO3+H20 Sodium hydroxide solution absorbs three sulfur oxides gas: 2NaOH+SO3Na2SO4+H2O The deterioration in air exposed calcium hydroxide: Ca (OH) 2+CO2CaCO3: +H2O The lime sulfur dioxide absorption: Ca (OH) 2+SO2CaCO3: +H2O The alkali acid + water + salt (see above) The alkali + salt + alkali salt: The calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate reaction: Ca (OH): 2+Na2CO32NaOH+CaCO3 The reaction of calcium hydroxide and copper sulfate (from Bordeaux): Ca (OH) 2+CuSO4CaSO4+Cu (OH): 2 The chemical properties of 3 salt: A new metal salt + + metal salt (see above): The iron and nitrate reaction: Fe+Hg (NO3) 2Fe (NO3) 2+Hg The salt + acid + acid salt (see above): The reaction of silver nitrate solution and hydrochloric acid: AgNO3+HClAgCl: +HNO3 The salt alkali alkali salt + New + new: The copper sulfate solution with hydrochloric acid: CuSO4+2NaOHCu (OH) 2: +Na2SO4 The ferric chloride solution with sodium hydroxide solution reaction: FeCl3+3NaOHFe (OH) 3: +3NaCl The reaction between sodium nitrate solution and calcium hydroxide solution is 2NaNO3+Ca (OH) 22NaOH+Ca (NO3) 2 The calcium sulfate solution with sodium hydroxide solution reaction: CaSO4+2NaOHCa (OH) 2: +Na2SO4 The reaction solution of sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride solution: NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3 = +H2O The reaction solution of sodium hydroxide and magnesium chloride solution: 2NaOH+MgCl22NaCl+Mg (OH): 2 The salt salt salt Salt + New + new: The reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride: NaCl+AgNO3AgCl: +NaNO3 The sodium sulfate and barium chloride reaction: Na2SO4+BaCl2BaSO4: +2NaCl The formation of stalagmites and stalactites: Calcium acid reacts with carbon dioxide and water: CaCO3+CO2+H2OCa (HCO3) 2 The heat decomposition of calcium bicarbonate: Ca (HCO3) 2CaCO3: +CO2 = +H2O Eight chemistry and life: The glucose slowly under the action of the enzyme oxidation: C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O