土木工程概论英文双语教材/毕设外文翻译材料

土木工程概论英文双语教材/毕设外文翻译 , Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment(This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程是最老的工程类专业，涉及到了从建筑环境的、到施工和管理的所 有内容。这里提到的环境包括了从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造 的结构物。 Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations(They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use(In addition，civil engineers plan，design，and build complete cities and towns， and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities( 土木工程师不但修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医 院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。 他们同样也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、水渠、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用 设计的其他大型建筑。此外，土木工程师还负责规划、设计和修建整个城市和乡镇，甚至他 们最近已经开始规划和设计空间站以容纳独立的(科研)团体。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen(In 1782，Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time(Since then，the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities，although the field is much broader( “土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。1782年，英国人John Smeaton 用这 个术语来区分他的非军事工程项目和当时占统领地位的军事工程师的工程项目。从那以后， 土木工程这个术语就开始被用来代表那些修建公共设施的工程师们，尽管现在这个领域比以 前涉及的内容更加广泛。 Because it is so broad，civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties(Depending on the type of project，the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed( 因为土木工程的范围太广，所以它被细分为许多技术专业。 根据工程的类型，就需要 土木工程师专家的各种技能。 When a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement--water，sewer，and power lines(Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project(Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area:the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the project’ s impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment(Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project(Meanwhile，structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs，plans，and specifications for the project(Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists，from beginning to end of the project，are the construction management specialists(Based on information supplied by the other specialists，construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor，schedule all work，order materials and equipment for the job，hire contractors and subcontractors，and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified( 当一项工程开始时，土木工程师要勘测现场并绘图，他们还要确定水管、污水管道和电 线的实用布置。岩土工程专家要做土壤实验以确定该土是否能承受这项工程的重量;环境专 家要研究工程对当地区域的影响:潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响， 以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求;运输专家要确定需用什么样的措施来减 轻新建项目完工后会对当地道路和其他运输网带来的交通压力;同时，结构专家用初始资料 来做工程的详细设计，规划和说明;施工管理专家从工程开始到结束，监督和协调这些土 木工程专家们工作，根据其他专家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程师要估计材料和劳动力的 数量和成本，安排所有的工作，订购工作所需的材料和设备，雇承包商和转包人，以及做其 他的监督管理工作以确保工程能按照说明按时完工。 Throughout any given project，civil engineers make extensive use of computers(Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design，or CAD) and to manage it(Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project( 对于任何给定的工程，土木工程师都要能广泛地利用计算机。计算机被用来设计工程的 各个部分(计算机辅助设计或是,,,)并进行管理。这对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可 少的，因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据，这些数据是在确定最优施工时所需要 的。 In structural engineering，civil engineers plan and design structures of all types，including bridges，dams，power plants，supports for equipment，special structures for offshore projects， the United States space program，transmission towers，giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects(Using computers，structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist:its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials，and earthquakes(They also determine the combination of appropriate materials:steel，concrete，plastic，stone，asphalt，brick，aluminum，or other construction materials( 在结构工程里面，土木工程师规划和设计所有类型的结构，包括桥梁、大坝、电站、设 备的支撑、近海工程的特殊结构、美国的太空计划、发射塔、巨型天文望远镜和无线电望远 镜，以及许多其他工程。结构工程师用计算机确定结构必须抵抗的力:自重、风力、引起建 筑材料膨胀或收缩的温度变化以及地震力。他们还确定适当的材料组合:钢材、混凝土、塑 料、石料、沥青、砖、铝或其他的建筑材料。 Civil engineers in water resources engineering deal with all aspects of the physical control of water(Their projects help prevent floods，supply water for cities and for irrigation，manage and control rivers and water runoff，and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities(In addition， they design and maintain harbors，canals，and locks，build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds，help design offshore structures，and determine the location of structures affecting navigation( 水资源工程专业的土木工程师用各种物理方法调节水资源。他们的工程帮助阻挡洪水， 为城市和灌溉系统供水，管理和控制河流流量，维修河滩和其他滨水区的设施。此外，他们 还设计和维修港口、运河和船闸，修建大型水力发电大坝和小型水坝以及各种类型的围堰， 他们还帮助设计海上建筑物，以及确定影响航运结构物的位置。 Civil engineers who specialize in Geotechnical engineering analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior(They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth.(These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater( 专攻岩土领域的土木工程师分析支撑结构物并影响结构性能的土壤和岩石的特性。他们 计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。岩土工程 师还估算并确定怎样加强边坡和填方以及怎样保护结构免遭地震和地下水的影响。 In the branch of civil engineering，environmental civil engineers design，build，and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies，both on the surface and underground(They also design，build，and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air(These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants，and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes，incineration，or other smoke,producing activities(They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances(In addition，the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land( 在土木工程的这个分支里，环境工程师设计、修建和监督各个系统以提供安全的饮用水， 防止和控制地表水和地下水供应的污染。他们也设计、修建和监督各项工程以控制或消除土 地和空气污染。这些工程师修建水厂和污水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以减少或消 除由工业加工、焚烧或其他一些产生烟雾的行为导致的空气污染。他们也采取措施，通过修 建专门的垃圾场或者进行有毒和有害物质的无害化处理来控制有毒有害废弃物 。此外，工 程师们对垃圾填埋进行设计和处理以防止周围土地的污染。 Civil engineers working in transportation engineering build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. 从事运输专业这一特殊领域的土木工程师建造一些设施以确保人和物的安全和高效的 运输。他们专门研究设计和维修所有类型的运输设施，公路和街道，公共交通系统，铁路和 机场，港口及海港。运输工程师在设计每一个工程的过程中，既要运用技术知识，也要考虑 经济、政治和社会的因素。他们与城市规划者紧密配合，因为社区的质量直接关系到运输体 系的质量。 In this branch of civil engineering, pipeline engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used——steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials—— installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. 在土木工程这个分支里，管道工程师修建运输液体、气体或固体的管道和相关的设施， 运输的物质范围从煤浆和半液体废料到水、石油和不同类型的高燃性和非燃性气体。工程师 要确定管道的设计，工程对它必须穿过的地区的经济和环境影响，要用到的材料类型——钢 材、混凝土或不同材料的组合——安装技术，检测管道强度的方法，怎样控制以保持适当的 压力，以及正在被运送材料的流通速度。 Civil engineers in construction engineering oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end(Sometimes called project engineers，they apply both technical and managerial skills， including knowledge of construction methods，planning，organizing，financing，and operating construction projects(They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work:the surveyors;workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps，excavate for the foundation，build the forms and pour the concrete;and workers who build the steel framework(These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure( 建筑工程领域的土木工程师从开始到结束一直监督工程的施工。他们有时被称为项目 工程师，他们不仅运用技术技能，还运用管理技能，包括施工方法、规划、组织、筹集资金 和项目管理施工方面的知识。事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动:勘测员、为临时道路 和斜坡定线和施工、挖基础、建模和浇注混凝土的工人、以及绑扎钢筋的工人。这些工程师 还为建筑业主定期提供进度报告。 The engineer who is engaged in community and city planning this aspect may program and develop a community in city or the whole city.In this programming including far and far not only only is engineering factor, the development of land usage and natural resources environment of, society of with economy of factor also is a main composition.These civil engineers carry on coordination to the programming of the public construction engineering and the development of the private building.They evaluate the facilities which be needed, including street, highway, public conveyance system, the machine field, the port, gives catchment and wastewater treatment system, public building, park and amusement and other facilities with promise social, economy and environment ground moderate a development. 从事社区和城市规划这一方面的土木工程师可能规划和发展一个城市中的社区或整个 城市。此规划中所包括的远远不仅仅为工程因素，土地的开发使用和自然资源环境的，社会 的和经济的因素也是主要的成分。这些土木工程师对公共建设工程的规划和私人建筑的发展 进行协调。他们评估所需的设施，包括街道，公路，公共运输系统，机 场，港口，给排水 和污水处理系统，公共建筑、公园和娱乐及其他设施以保证社会、经济和环境地协调发展。 The civil engineer in measure engineering accurately measure the Earth surface to acquire a dependable information to fixed position and design engineering item.This aspect includes a high craft to learn a method, such as the satellite become mutually, the sail claps, with calculator become mutually.Come from artificial satellite radio signal, through laser and sound wave pillar scan is converted into map, drill a hole for tunnel, construct superhighway and big dam, draw flood control and irrigation project, positioning may influence building item the purpose underground rock composing, and many other building uses provide more precise diagraph. 在这一专业领域的土木工程师精确测量地球表面以获得可靠的信息来定位和设计工程 项目。这一 方面包括高工艺学方法，如卫星成相，航拍，和计算机成相。来自人造卫星的 无线电信号，通过激光和音波柱扫描被转换为地图，为隧道钻孔，建造高速公路和大坝，绘 制洪水控制和灌溉方案，定位可能影响建筑项目的地下岩石构成，以及许多其他建筑用途提 供更精准的测量。 Other specialized items.Still have 2 combine incompletely in the civil engineering scope but is engineering management and engineering teaching towards training very important of additional of specialized item. 其他的专门项目。还有两个并不完全在土木工程范围里面但对训练相当重要的附加 的专门项目是工程管理和工程教学。 Many civil engineers all choose finally an occupation of leading to the management.Other then can let their businesses since management position.Knowledge and a kind of organizational skill of technique that the civil engineering governor combines to moderate labor force, material, machine and money.These engineers may work in the government-municipal services, nation and state or the federal;The management engineer who is troops or civilian in American army's army corps;Or the organization in half autonomy region, supervisor's authorities in the city or likeness.They may also manage scale for from several privately owned engineering that arrive 100 employees company. 许多土木工程师都选择最终通向管理的职业。其他则能让他们的事业从管理位置开始。 土木工程管理者结合技术上的知识和一种组织能力来协调劳动力，材料，机械和钱。这些工 程师可能工作在政府——市政、国家、州或联邦;在美国陆军军团作为军队或平民的管理工 程师;或在半自治地区，城市主管当局或相似的组织。他们也可能管理规模为从几个到百个 雇员的私营工程公司。 Usually choose the teaching civil engineer of the business teaches graduate student and undergraduate course to living a technique up of specialized item.Many civil engineers participation that are engaged in teaching will cause to construct foundations research that the material and construction method technique reforms.Majority also serve as the adviser of engineering item or technique realm, with the agency of key item. 通常选择教学事业的土木工程师教授研究生和本科生技术上的专门项目。许多从事教学 的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。多数也担任工程项目或 技术领域的顾问，和主要项目的代理。 This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams， canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges(The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical(It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths( 除了建筑物，这艺术还包括所有的土木工程构筑物，比如大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠和桥 梁。对于作为庇护所的建筑物和作其他用途的土木工程构筑物，它们的设计科学依据是相同 的。只是出于现代社会的特定需要，这两个领域才沿着不同的路径发展。 In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual;instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists:the planner，the architect， the engineer，and the builder(The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team( 同样地，关注作为遮风避雨的建筑物的主要建造者也不再是一个单独的个体 ;相反， 他的工作是由几个专家(规划者、建筑师、工程师和建筑工人)组成的一个小组来完成的。 一座现代化建筑的实现依赖这个小组集体的智慧。 The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors( 建筑物的结构形式是它的功能、环境和各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。 An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill(In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building(This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building(In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light( 一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在结构形式上各有不同，因为它们要实现的功能是不 一样的。在公寓里面，每一处居住的空间，比如起居室和卧室必须有从窗户进来的自然光， 而浴室和厨房则可以用人工光线，因此可以布置在建筑的内部。这些要求就使得公寓楼的进 深受到了正常的限制。另一方面，在办公楼里，采用人工光源能够获得更加均匀的照明，因 此这类建筑的进深就不会受到自然光要求的约束。 Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building(An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function( 环境可能影响到建筑物的形状和外观。一所城里的学校可以用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开 以创造一个自己的环境，一所乡村学校则可以作为景观的主要部分来加以发展，即使两所学 校要履行相同的功能。 Finally，the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors，including land costs，tenancy，building budget，and zoning restrictions(High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings，while low land costs in the country result in low buildings(A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a low,cost housing project(A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings(The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions. 最后，建筑物的形式还要受到各种社会经济因素包括土地费用、租赁、工程预算和分区 限制的影响。城市的高地价导致建筑昂贵(或高层建筑)，而乡村的低地价使得建筑相对便 宜(或多层建筑)。富人的住房建筑计划不同于廉住房的建筑计划。一幢显赫的办公大楼所 花的预算将比其他办公楼多得多。建筑物的大小和外形可能受到分区的限制。 In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms( 在所有的这些例子中，有着相似功能的建筑物往往采用的不同的结构形式。 Architecture is the art of building(Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. The precise activities to be housed in any specific building--ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within(These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other(Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building--“circulation” in architectural parlance--requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic(The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building(Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice(Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion( 建筑学是建筑的艺术。实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用的围合空间有关。建筑物内部一 些空间的大小和形状是由那些将要容纳在该建筑物(如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室) 里的确切活动所规定。这些空间的排列还应有合理的关系。另外，人在建筑物中的走动(在 建筑学的说法中叫“流通”)需要有走廊、楼梯或电梯，其尺寸受预期交通负荷的支配。建 筑物的结构平面图，总是建筑师的第一考虑， 它把对建筑物的各种要求安排成体现建筑意 图的空间组合。好的设计方案可以引导来访者在建筑中到达其目的地并使其留下印象，这种 印象也许是下意识地通过把大建筑体系中一些单元明显地关联起来而引起。相反，坏的设计 方案所产生的结果是不方便、浪费和视觉上的混乱。 Furthermore，a structure must be well built;it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the materials chosen may allow(The raw materials of architecture—stone，brick，wood，steel，or glass—in part govern the forms of the building and are expressed by them( 此外，一座建筑的结构必须建造良好;它必须具有永久性，这种永久性既是设计意图要 求的，也是材料的选择所允许的。建筑材料(石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃)部分地决定着建 筑物的形式，并被这些形式所表现。 Stone can resist compression，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely(While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited(On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart(Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension(It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals(Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide(In stone buildings，windows，doors， and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are wide—the vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic(Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period(Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive( 石头几乎可以无限地承受压力。在实验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它的耐压程 度几乎是无限的。然而它的抗拉性却是十分脆弱的。任何横跨空间的梁都会在支点间出现下 弯的趋势，从而使梁的下半部处于拉应力状态。由于石承受拉力的能力很弱，这种材料的梁 相对地比较短，并且支撑间距比较小。还有，石柱必须坚固，其高度很少超过宽度的10倍。 在石类建筑中，窗、门以及柱之间的空间，其高度均要求超过宽度，这源于垂直面矩形的石 建筑美学。石在西方世界建筑学中占有如此之高的统治地位，以致于即使在木结构建筑时期 其适当的造型一直被妥善保护着，就像美国乔治王朝时期一样。当时石适宜应用于支撑楼板 和屋顶的墙、间隔很近的柱和过梁，以及主要承受压压力的拱型结构中 。 Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compression. Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced(A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture(Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength(Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor(The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame construction—a skeleton to support floors and roof—with whatever surfacing material may be necessary(Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support( 木材是一种纤维性材料，既可承受压应力，又可承受拉应力。木梁比起石梁可以相对长 些;木柱比较细且间距宽。由于木材的天然性能而形成宽度大于高度的扁而宽的矩形建筑， 正如在日本建筑中所看到的那样。钢也具有等于或大于其抗压强度的抗拉强度。任何观察过 正在施工中的钢结构建筑物的人，必定注意到由细长梁组成的横向长方形网格结构，每个楼 层中间隔很宽的柱子和长梁。木材和钢材的性能适用于框架——一种支撑楼面和楼顶的构架 ——当然还需其他的铺面材料。木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，其梁臂伸出最后支点以外。 Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space;it must also，content the spirit of man(The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute(Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole(The major internal divisions，too，require some expression in the external design(The nave，aisles，transepts，apse， and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside( 最后，建筑不仅要满足强度和空间的实际要求，它还必须满足人类的精神需要。建筑物 的几个构成部分应当形成美的统一体。这样，一个结构的侧面和背面就应和正面具有充分的 一致性，从而使它们在整体中成为互相关联的部分。同样地，主要的内部分区也要求在外部 设计上有所体现。例如，正厅，走廊，十字形耳堂、环型殿和哥特式大教堂辐射状的小礼拜 堂都可从外部看出，于是，来访者对他在内部将要看到的一切会下意识地做好心理准备。 Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth(Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas，such as the golden section(These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension (for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column) throughout the design(Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave( 建筑要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。人们已经做过 许多尝试通过数学公式阐明好的比例关系，如黄金分割。然而，这些努力尚未被普遍认可， 尽管在整个设计中通过某种尺寸的重复(如以一个柱子半径为模数)能够获得良好的效果。 这种重复有助于人类心理似乎渴望产生的明显秩序 。 A building also should have what architects call scale;that is，it should visually convey its true size(Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，though slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings(They therefore become， almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice(Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed(Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway;that，in turn，to the height of a colonnade;and finally，the colonnade to the whole structure(The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scale(The absence of small elements in St(Peter’s in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness( 建筑物还须具有建筑师们所说的“尺度”，也就是说它必须在视觉上传达其正确的尺寸。 诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等构件，尽管它们的尺寸可能稍有变化，但按实际用途还是与人类的 正常尺度相关的。因而它们就不知不觉地成为测定整个大厦尺寸大小的计量单位。由于这些 部分比起整个建筑物小得多，因此就需要中间尺寸的其他元素。楼梯和栏杆提示着门道的大 小;依次是门道对柱廊的高度的提示;最后是柱廊大小对整个建筑物的提示。凡尔赛的Petit Trianon宫殿就在比例方面非常完美。罗马的圣?彼得大教堂由于没有小构件元素，因而它 的宏大很难被人们意识到。 Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building. Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character，the visible expression of the purpose of the building. Thus a bank should look like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such(Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography( 装饰虽然在某些现代建筑中被拒绝采纳，但在过去由于其内在美或是为了强调建筑物的 某一重点而常被使用。装饰品或者装饰物可用来表达建筑物的性质，即成为其用途的视觉表 现。因此，银行看起来就应当像银行，而教堂则应该立刻被认出是教堂。理想的状况是任何 建筑物应和相邻建筑物及其当地地理情况相协调而显得这些建筑物各得其所。 Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials， proportioned and given scale and character by the designer，buildings become expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them(The successive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times( 经由建筑目的所成形，受材料、比例和设计者给出的尺寸及特征所支配的相关建筑形式，建筑物成了建造它们的那代人的理想和抱负的展示。历史性建筑的连续性风格就是那个时代的精神化身。