研究生学术英语写作答案2

Part 2 unit 1 P.109 Exercise A Text A is targeting an educated, but not highly specialized audience; while Text B is directed at experts. Text A provides quite a lot of background material and is careful to avoid too much technical vocabulary. Text B jumps right into the topic and employs quite a lot of technical terminology that most of us are not familiar with. Exercise B 1. Generally educated and familiar with the topic, but not highly specialized. 2.That the readers have some notion of what an unauthorized settlement is and the kind of amenities they lack; perhaps also that the readers understand the relationship among the government, policies on housing a nd access to basic amenities. 3. To highlight a housing problem in Delhi, which also happens to be a common problem in other countries. 4. The author uses the word challenge to introduce the problem. 5. This effort refers to the argument that there is a need for governmental policies to address the problem. 6.The author believes that it may help to alleviate some of the housing problem. Exercise C 1—2句:描述情况 3—4句:甄别问 5—6句:描述解决方法7句:评估解决方法 Exercise D 1. brought on --- caused 2. looking into --- investigating 3. figure out --- determine 4. come up with --- develop 5. make up--- constitute 6. get rid of --- eliminate 7. gone up to --- reached 8. keep up --- maintain 9. gone down --- decreased 10. looks over --- reviews Exercise E 1. created / developed 2. encountered / faced 3. raised / introduced 4. appeared / emerged 5. examined / investigated Exercise F 1 1. an integral part of 2. nearly 3. considerable 4. obtained 5. increasing 6. intensified 7. have insufficient 8. rarely 9. enlarged to facilitate loading and unloading Exercise G 1. This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 2. Coffee prices have fallen for many r easons. 3. The difference between these two approaches to designing under- ground subway station can clearly be seen. 4. Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground 5. To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual. 6. Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material. 7. These special tax laws have been enacted in Illinois, Iowa, Ohio and other states. 8. There is little research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. Exercise I 1. sentence 2: For example sentence 4: While / Although sentence 6: therefore / hence / thus 2. sentence 2: however / thus sentence 3: while / whereas sentence 4: Although / Even though sentence 6: For example Exercise K 1. view 2. finding 3. problem 4. process 5. disruption 6. situation 7. method / approach 8. conclusion 9. phenomenon 10. trend / tendency Unit 2 P.129 Exercises A 1. 1) Meetings of tourism and its importance a. Size of meetings b. Locations of meetings 2) Importance of meetings tourism in postindustrial urban renewal a. Growth in the meetings tourism market in the U.S. b. Growth in international conferences c. Importance of meetings tourism in comparison to leisure tourism in Europe 2. This question usually generates some debate, but here is one possibility. Statement a could be a new sentence 7, while the point in Statement b could be incorporated into sentence 8 after the citation. Sentence 8 could then be split. The latter part of the sentence, after making, could be rewritten as a new sentence 9. 3. Presumably there are other definitions for meetings tourism, and this is the one that the authors have chosen to use. 1. 正式的句子定义 1.1正式的句子定义要素 1.2 删除 你可以减少限制性关系代词若…. (1) 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语 (2) 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息 (3) 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额 外的信息 1.3 词或词形变换 你可以减少关系代词若…. (1) 定语从句含有动词have。这时关系代词和have都省略掉,用with代替。 (2) 定义从句含有主动态状态动词。这时关系代词省略掉,动词变成-ing形式;但be和have除外。 (3) 定语从句含有的情态助动词可省略 P.130 Exercises B 1. metal that is often used —> metal often used 2. device that is capable of —> device capable of 3. roof which is on top of —> roof on top of 4. precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from 5. This sentence cannot be reduced. 6. flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave higher 7. a process that involves the selective transport —> a process involving the selective transport 8. a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a celestial body with approximately the same mass Exercises C 1. with 2. in 3. to 4. from 5. in 6. about 7. in 8. in Exercises D 1. components and type 2. example 3. history 4. application Exercises E 4-1-7-2-5-6-3 Exercises G 1. There are many aspects of the text that make it seem "academic": the citations, the vocabulary (e.g., engage in rather than do in sentence 2), and the use of a summary phrase (sentence 4), to name a few. 2. The general definition of procrastin-ation provides a good backdrop against which to discuss the two types of procrastinator. 3. Yes, sentence 7 tells the reader exactly what (and how many types of procrastinator) will be discussed next. (Highlight this as a form of metadis-course and explain the usefulness of such expressions.) 4. S3: instead S6&10: moreover S11: In contrast S13: nevertheless S15: therefore 5. This phenomenon refers to procrastination. 6. There are times when procrastination takes place for good. 7. A paragraph break would be appropriate before sentence 7. 8. Writing the references into the sentences would place greater emphasis on the researchers. 9. The authors might summarize the main differences between the two types, discuss the ramifications of each type, and/or discuss (the proposal of their paper. 10. It might answer these questions: Are there different kinds of procrastinator? Can the two kinds of procrastinator change their behavior? 11. Psychology. Exercises H 1. Sentences 4, 7, and 10. 2. Present tense. The theories are "timeless." Although they were formulated in the past, they were still widely accepted today. 3. S5: In other words S6: therefore S7: on the other hand S8: for example S9: In other words S16: For instance The purpose is either for explanation / exemplification or to indicate contrasts among the competing theories. 4. There are a number of possibilities: perhaps a discussion of the writer's own theory of humor in which flaws in the other theories are presented. Perhaps an expansion of one of the theories; most likely an analysis of a humorous situation 'play, hook, movie, or something else), using each of the competing theories or demonstrating how they do not always work. 5. The text, is actually a general review of different theories. It is mostly a GS text, but it doesn't get more and more specific with each sentence. The text reaches a particular level of specificity and then remains at that level. It doesn't provide very specific detail for each of the theories. 6. No. It simply says that modern theories are variations of old ones, and it only specifically mentions superiority theory and incongruity theory. (There is no complicated motive behind this. Chris simply had exhausted all her resources and did not, look for modern versions of all the theories.) 7. If Chris expressed a preference, it was not intentional. Note the absence of evaluative language. However, she has a strong preference for incongruity theory. If she had wanted to express a preference, she would have discussed the incongruity theory last, rather than in the middle. Discussing the preferred point of view in final position is a common rhetorical strategy. Exercises I 1. No answer is given. 2. Sentences 1, 4, 10, and 14 are important for the four parts of the text. Most students feel that these are most important. However, we can also note that the major claim or conclusion is given in sentence 13. 3. He states that there is a problem with the databases used in Garfield's study and then provides support for this assertion. Next, he gives a very concrete example of a serious weakness — the inconsistency regarding Arabic-language science journals. This example should raise some doubts with the reader, making it apparent that there is a problem. (Note the general-specific movement in the paragraph.) 4. Considering that this is a very short text, the amount of detail is appropriate. If it were longer, then it would make sense to critique the databases and the methodology used to arrive at the 80% figure. The number of examples is dependent on the length of the text. Certainly one more would be nice. Can you supply one? 5. There are several examples of hedging here, particularly in the second and third paragraphs. But the number of hedges should not be equated with the level of uncertainty. Notice that in the second paragraph, we have hedged generalizations, but in the third there are several unhedged statements of results for single studies. Nevertheless, overall, the two paragraphs seem simi-lar in terms of the level of conviction. 6. Garfield 1983; Najjar 1988;Throgmartin 1980; Velho and Krige 1984; Warren and Newhill 1978. All but one of these citations are twenty or more years old. Given that changes in language policy are likely to be evolving, the reference list looks rather dated. 7. Users may like to consider issues such as which languages are acceptable in journals or which languages are used for abstracts. 1. The situation and the problem are presented in the first paragraph, while in the first sample they spread over two different paragraphs. In contrast to the previous text, the situation requires little explanation — only one sentence is necessary. Also the nature of the problem is clearer here than in the previous text. We can all imagine the seriousness of the problems associated with the lack of fresh water. A one-sentence paragraph is not a good idea, so it makes sense to continue the paragraph with a discussion of the problem. 2. Nets are erected —> water droplets of the fog are collected by the nets —> water flows from the nets to troughs —> water flows through filters into storage tanks —> water is chemically treated —> water flows to households. 3. Present tense is used because this is a repeatable process. 4. is now being tested, are attached, are trapped, is then piped, is chemically treated. 5. The progressive is appropriate here because the testing is being done at the time of writing. From the author's perspective, it is in progress and has not been completed. Although the progressive is rare in scientific academic English, it can often be used to describe contemporary change (e.g., "Scholars are beginning to change their ideas about. . .") The verb to be can indeed be used in the progressive. 6. now, approximately, when, then, chemically, finally. ?Sentence 4: this absence of rainfall Sentence 14: this collection system Both of these occur in the final sentence of their respective paragraphs. They serve to summarize the main point of the paragraph. 8. There is nothing fancy or elegant here. The solution is "announced": "One interesting solution to this problem is . . ." 9. Students tend to select the following information. the dimensions of the nets the trough material the storage link materials and dimensions the brand name of the netting the duration of the fog season the time needed to construct the system 10. A new paragraph could be added under the description of the process. Adding this paragraph would also necessitate a change in the first sentence of the final paragraph to ensure good How. 11. The information about cost could be added between sentences 15 and 16. 3. 语言聚焦:解决方法中的动词与施动者 1.Bacteria in meat can be killed by a brief but intense period of radiation between butchering and packaging. 2. Possible harmful effects of drugs can he reduced by carrying out carefully designed, large-scale clinical trials. 3. One class of rocks is formed by the gradual accumulation of mineral particles at the bottom of a body of water. 4. Information on political preferences can he obtained by questioning passersby in a busy public area. 5. Sequences of events at archaeological sites can he established by identifying the distinct layers of an excavation site and cataloging which items were discovered in which layers. 6. Cultures are partly preserved by continuing ceremonial and ritualistic traditions — such as those surrounding marriage or the birth of a child — that have helped to define them. 7. Changes in land use can be detected by comparing images taken by satellite over a period of time. 8. The spread of infectious diseases can be controlled by vaccinations and by encouraging frequent hand washing. Exercises M 1. The oil is skimmed from the surface using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling. 2. After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks. 3. First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfections. It is then heated to over 600°C and cooled, in a step known as quenching. 4. A vessel taken from the leg is grafted to the aorta and the coronary artery beyond the narrowed area, thus allowing blood to flow to the heart muscle. 5. When water from rain or melted snow percolates into the ground through cracks, it is heated by the underlying rocks to temperatures well above the boiling point. The water does not boil but, rather, becomes superheated and pressurized, causing it to eventually burst out of the ground in an explosive steam eruption. Exercises N 1. Situation: sentences 1--2 Problem: sentences 3--9 Solution: sentences 10--11 Evaluation: sentence 12 The "problem section" receives the greatest treatment, because the detail is necessary to understand the problem. The nature of the problem (why it is happening) is not transparent, as it is in the "Clouds and Fog" text. 2. Sentence f>: in response Sentence 7: thus Sentence8:i I‘ 3. Investigations are under way and have not been completed. 4. The agent is unnecessary. Passive voice here helps keep the focus on recovery. 5. If sentence 2 said, "They are the marine equivalents of terrestrial rainforests," we could consider this as accepted fact. As it stands in the original, the authors are being cautious about making such a strong claim. Exercises O 1. The question remains whether it is possible to develop a reliable earthquake warning system. 2. Current studies provide little information on how this policy is being implemented in rural areas. 3. We need to know what precautions are being taken to prevent the spread of the disease. 4. There is some question as to whether the current crisis can eventually be overcome. 5. It has not been determined how these policies are likely to affect small businesses. 6. It might also be of interest to investigate to what extent persistence is a major factor in graduate student success. 7. Another issue raised by this study is whether and to what extent poverty and climate are linked. 8. The process uses the CPU power it needs, depending on what it is doing and depending on what other processes are running. 9. The research inves tigated whether time is money …… 10. It is unclear what the optimal level of government debt is. Unit 3 P145 Exercises A b-e-d-a-c-f 力度依次递减 Exercises B 1. The commentary starts in Sentence 3. 2. Sentence 1: definition; Sentence 2: statement of the problem. 3. In many ways, yes; but note that the author offers no perfect solution to reducing the number of virus infect-ion, even though she emphasizes the importance of antivirus programs. 4. Lots of possibilities here: the formal vocabulary; the absence of reference to people (e.g. "concern over" in sentence 2 ); the uses of the passive; nonfinite -ing clauses; sentence complexity, especially in sentences 4 and 6; and so on. 5. Sentence 5 seems more highlighted than sentence 4. 6. Discuss the implications of the data. 7. This seems very reasonable, given the importance of this mode of infection. 8. This might be the comment to discuss the "rounding" of numbers. Alterna-tive B looks a bit flat and alternative A possibly a bit enthusiastic (is 87% really " about 90%"?). Also the intensifying as much as ( and other comparable expressions) can be sold as a useful way of enlivening the text. Exercises C 1. in 2. by 3. in 4. in 5. in 6. in 7. with…of 8. by 9. by 10. in Exercises E 第一段are shown/measured/was chosen 第二段Figure 1/decrease/presumed/underestimates them during the vacant period 第三段may be due to/On the other hand/observed levels /may be reduced/the effects of Exercises F 1. PCM 45 minutes peak 2. NFM 10 minutes low point 3. NFM 25 - 35 minutes remained steady 4. PCM 15 - 25 minutes sharp rise 5. PCM 45 -60 decline 6. NFM 10-25 minute sharp rise Exercises G e-b-h-c-d-i-a-f-g P a r t3 P180 Exercises B (1). The girl was good-looking, well mannered, and kind-hearted. (climatic) (2). So beautifully did she sing that the audience burst into applause. (inverted) (3). If you have nothing to say, stop talking. (periodic) (4). In recent years, many factories, especially those engaged in the manufacture of chemical products, were established in the suburbs. (repetition) (5). To be sure she wasn't out with someone else, he called his girlfriend every night. (periodic) (6). At the edge of the wood was a little hut half buried in snow. (inverted) (7). Each state in the United States is allowed to a large extent to control its own affairs. (balanced) (8). My father bought this tape-recorder at half price. (active emphasis) (9). Although he wanted it more than anything else in the world,he knew he had little chance of getting the job. (periodic) (10). One good teacher, generally speaking, is worth a dozen good books. (first order) (11). The person who cheats others is ultimately cheating himself. (end order) Exercises C (1). Having written down all the answers, he still had time to revise them. (2). Holding/With his walking-stick under his arm, he walked up and down the street. (3) The spring being well advanced, we shall soon hear cuckoo's voice again. (4). He declined to open his door to these visitors without giving any reason. (5). Having no money left, he could not carry on the business any longer. (6). They could not decide the point themselves, so they asked a third person to decide it for them. (7). Though he is a rich man, he is not proud of his wealth and makes no distinction between rich and poor. (8). The feet of a cat are furnished with long sharp claws, so a bird or mouse, once caught, cannot escape. (9). They despised my warning, so they shall eat of the fruit of their own way. (10). No one knows when he will come. (11). I was glad to hear that you have succeeded so well. Exercises D (1). Many of my friends didn't have the opportunity to go to college. (2). Second, men are usually physically stronger than women. (3). I don't feel that grades in college have much value. (4). He enrolled in an advanced calculus class. Later he found it too difficult, and dropped. (5). When anyone shows up, you should invite him to come in. (6). The faculty here seem more like friends than like teachers. (7). Whenever he saw a pine forest, he was reminded of the night he spent on the mountain. (8). She created at least one good design, and sold it for several hundred dollars. (9). In the modern world of today, we must get an education that will prepare us for a lifelong job. (10).Feeding its ever-increasing population is one of India's most acute problems. (11). She has never read a book more interesting and instructive than that one. (12). The college has some professors well- known at home and abroad. (13). At a secondhand bookstore, my father bought me this book which cost $5. (14). To succeed in business, you must hold a responsible job. (15). I met a boy who had lived in a new city, but who knew little about his home town. (16). The school management brought not only paper, and books, but also large quantities of ink. (17). The workers in our factory work much harder than those in your factory. (18). The little girl not only plays the piano but also composes music. (19). Shanghai has a good harbor and a highly developed industry, so it has become the industrial center and most important port of China. (20). My sister suddenly fell ill and she had to stay at home. Therefore, she missed many lessons. (21). They heard an interesting account of the villagers' customs. (22). He was not only a famous scholar but also a great patriot. (23). My father usually worked late into the n ight. (24). The splendid display in shop windows has a irresistible fascination. (25). My father is a veteran worker. (26). First mop the floor and then have a rest. (27). My father is an artist; therefore, I have also chosen art as my profession. (28). John Smith first met Johnson when John Smith/Johnson was fifty-four. (29).The reason for Tom's disappointment was that his sister wasn't there to comfort him. (30). I enjoyed the sun, the sand and the surf. This experience revealed to me that I really prefer a vacation at the beach. (31). Often people can find work if they are willing to take what they get. (32). In ten seconds I made my decision that changed the next seven years of my life. (33). There was a knock at the door. I asked who it was, but got no answer. (34). Gasoline is becoming expensive, so automobile manufacturers are producing smaller cars that use less gasoline. (35). Getting married is easy, but staying married is a different matter. (36) Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon, so they have to study at night. As a result, they are usually exhausted by the weekend. (37). It is especially true in our country that t eachers are respected by everyone. (38) At first I wondered if I should speak to her b ecause she seemed so absorbed in her thought. (39) We knew the old desk had a secret drawer, but no one could find it. (40). They did not win the game; so far as I could see they did not even try. P187 Exercises C 931745268 Exercises D 2376451 Exercises F ⑴923876541 ⑵3724651 Exercises G 562413 Exercises H 426351