2012考研《英语》基础阶段模拟试题及详解（1）

2012考研《英语》基础阶段模拟试题及详解（1） 2012考研《英语》基础阶段模拟试题及详解(1) Section I Structure and Vocabulary 中文考研-www.zwky.org Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (20 points) 1. As scheduled, the communications satellite went into ________ round the earth. [A] circle [B] orbit [C] path [D] course 2. I don?t want to lend any more money to him; he?s already in debt ________ me. [A] to [B] for [C] of [D] with 3. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him. [A] Hardly had he begun [B] No sooner had he begun [C] Not until he began [D] Scarcely did he begin 4. Jean Wagner?s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ____ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. [A]is to be analyzed [B]has been analyzed [C]be analyzed [D]should have been analyzed 5. Humble ____ it may be, there?s no place like home, where he may go. [A]although [B]as [C]how [D]which 6. Although he thought he was helping us prepare the dinner, he was actually ________ the way. [A] in [B] by [C] off [D] on 7. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not close examination. [A] put up [B] keep up [C] stand up to [D] look up to 8. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outside world. [A] being lost [B] having lost [C] losing [D] lost 9. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time. [A] being created [B] to have been created [C] having been created [D] to be created 10. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam. [A] is [B] being [C] have been [D] to be 11. The patient has been ________ of the safety of the operation. [A] assured [B] guaranteed [C] entrusted [D] confirmed 12. Will you ________ this passage to see if there is any misprint? [A] look up [B] go over [C] dwell on [D] work out 13. The album is as it was the only one ever signed by the President. [A] unusual [B] unique [C] rare [D] singular 14. Prof. Ward hardly ever went to the theater. [A] neither the cinema nor [B] neither the cinema or [C] either the cinema or [D] either the cinema nor 15. The bank is reported ________ in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday. [A] to be robbed [B] robbed [C] to have been robbed [D] having been robbed 16. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. [A] or [B] so [C] for [D] and 17. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ________ our chairman now. [A] must have been [B] would have been [C] were [D] would be 18. Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits, which ________ increase the risk of heart disease. [A] in turn [B] in return [C] by chance [D] by turns 19. The tourist is prevented from entering a country if he does not have ________ passport. [A] an operative [B] a valid [C] an efficient [D] an effective 20. The project requires more labor than ________. [A] has been put in [B] have been put in [C] being put in [D] to be put in Section II Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and 21 worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” 22 meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of 23 that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a(n) 24 to others. Examination of factors related to the 25 development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in 26 . The last century saw a steady gradual increase in 27 , and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners 28 , and thus there was some 29 in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a 30 activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would 31 distraction to other readers. Towards the end of the century there was still 32 argument over whether books should be used for information or treated 33 , and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way 34 weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. 35 , its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was 36 by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a 37 readership on the other. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 38 not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly 39 what the term “reading” 40 . 21.[A] contemporary[B] modern[C] medieval [D] western 22.[A] undoubtedly[B] really[C] absolutely[D] accordingly 23.[A] imagining[B] consuming[C] resuming[D] assuming 24.[A] interruption[B] distraction[C] bother[D] pressure 25.[A] historical[B] historic[C] history[D] historian 26.[A] quality[B] character[C] personality[D] distinctiveness 27.[A] literate[B] illiterate[C] literacy[D] literature 28.[A] receded[B] declined[C] increased[D] expanded 29.[A] limitation[B] necessity[C] reduction[D] shrink 30.[A] private[B] overt[C] public[D] secret 31.[A] cause[B] effect[C] produce[D] realize 32.[A] considerable[B] considerate[C] moderate[D] immoderate 33.[A] respectively[B] honorably[C] respectfully[D] relatively 34.[A] largely[B] intelligently[C] mentally[D] physically 35.[A] However[B]Whatever[C] Whichever[D] Wherever 36.[A] replaced[B] taken[C] followed[D] distinguished 37.[A] specific[B] special[C] specified[D] specialized 38.[A] and[B] if[C] but[D] or 39.[A] translated[B] differed[C] shifted[D] altered 40.[A] inferred[B] advised[C] induced[D] implied Section III Reading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 The entrepreneur, according to French economist J.B. Say, “is a person who shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and yield.” But Say?s definition does not tell us who this entrepreneur is. Some define the entrepreneur simply as one who starts his or her own new and small business. For our purposes, we will define the entrepreneur as a person who takes the necessary risks to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and nonmonetary rewards. The man who opens a small pizza restaurant is in business, but is he an entrepreneur? He took a risk and did something, but did he shift resources or start the business? If the answer is yes, then he is considered an entrepreneur. Ray Kroc is an example of an entrepreneur because he founded and established McDonald?s. His hamburgers were not a ne w idea, but he applied new techniques, resource allocations, and organizational methods in his venture. Ray Kroc upgraded the productivity and yield from the resources applied to create his fast-food chain. This is what entrepreneurs do; this is what entrepreneurship means. Many of the sharp, black-and-white contrasts between the entrepreneur and the professional have faded to gray color. Formerly, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, dentists, and accountants were not supposed to be entrepreneurial, aggressive, or market oriented. They were “above” the market-driven world. Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, were the mavericks of society. They were risk-takers who aggressively sought to make something happ en. Long hours were about all the two worlds had in common. However, increased competition, saturated markets, and a more price-conscious public have changed the world of the professionals. Today they need to market their skills, talents, and competencies. Lawyers advertise their services. Doctors specialize in one form of surgery. Accounting firms join with other businesses (e.g., consulting and law) to serve clients. Entrepreneurs exhibit many different behaviors; searching for a specific personality pattern is very difficult. Some entrepreneurs are quiet, introverted, and analytical. On the other hand, some are brash, extroverted, and very emotional. Many of them share some qualities. Viewing change as the norm, entrepreneurs usually search for it, respond to it, and treat it as an opportunity. An entrepreneur such as Ray Kroc of McDonald?s is able to take resources and shift them to meet a need. Making the decision to shift resources works better if a person is creative, experienced, and confident. 41. According to the first paragraph, who can be regarded as an entrepreneur? [A] The CEO of a big company. [B] The owner of a profitable restaurant. [C] A man who started a new kind of business. [D] A successful salesman. 42. According to the text, the professionals . [A] are quite different from entrepreneurs even now [B] were considered to be enterprising and market-centered [C] were price-conscious [D] have to advertise themselves in nowadays 43. From the text, we learn that . [A] an entrepreneur should be very extroverted [B] an entrepreneur should be quick to seize opportunities [C] change is not norm in an entrepreneur?s eyes [D] the French economist J.B. Say is the first person who gave the definition of “entrepreneur” 44. The purpose of the author in writing the passage is to . [A] complete the definition of entrepreneur [B] tell the readers what is entrepreneur and the main characteristics of entrepreneurs [C] show what kind of people can become entrepreneurs [D] illustrate why Ray Kroc can become an entrepreneur 45. What will most possibly follow the text? [A] An example of how an entrepreneur operates. [B] Another theory about entrepreneurship. [C] The bad effects of entrepreneurs. [D] The good effects of entrepreneurs. Text 2 St. Paul didn?t like it. Moses warned his people against it. Hesiod declared it “mischievious” and “hard to get rid of it,” but Oscar Wilder said, “Gossip is charming.” “History is merely gossip,” he wrote in one of his famous plays. “But scandal is gossip made tedious by morality.” In times past, under Jewish law, gossipmongers might be fined or flogged. The Puritans put them in stocks or ducking stools, but no punishment seemed to have the desired effect of preventing gossip, which has continued uninterrupted across the back fences of the centuries. Today, however, the much-maligned human foible is being looked at in a different light. Psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, even evolutionary biologists are concluding that gossip may not be so bad after all. Gossip is “an intrinsically valuable activity,” philosophy professor Aaron Ben-Ze?ev st ates in a book he has edited, entitled Good Gossip. For one thing, gossip helps us acquire information that we need to know that doesn?t come through ordinary channels, such as: “What was the real reason so-and-so was fired from the office?” Gossip also is a form of social bonding, Dr. Ben-Ze?ev says. It is “a kind of sharing” that also “satisfies the tribal need—namely, the need to belong to and be accepted by a unique group.” What?s mo re, the professor notes, “Gossip is enjoyable.” Another gossip groupie, Dr. Ronald De Sousa, a professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto, describes gossip basically as a form of indiscretion and a “saintly virtue”, by which he means that the knowledge spread by gossip will usually end up being slightly beneficial. “It seems likely that a world in which all information were universally available would be preferable to a world where immense power resides in the control of secrets,” he writes. Still, everybody knows that gossip can have its ill effects, especially on the poor wretch being gossiped about. And people should refrain from certain kinds of gossip that might be harmful, even though the ducking stool is long out of fashion. By the way, there is also an interesting strain of gossip called medical gossip, which in its best form, according to researchers Jerry M. Suls and Franklin Goodkin, can motivate people with symptoms of serious illness, but who are unaware of it, to seek medical help. So go ahead and gossip. But remember, if (as often is the case among gossipers) you should suddenly become one of the gossipees instead, it is best to employ the foolproof defense recommended by Plato, who may have learned the lesson from Socrates, who as you know was the victim of gossip spread that he was corrupting the youth of Athens: When men speak ill of thee, so live that nobody will believe them. Or, as Will Rogers said, “Live so that you wouldn?t be ashamed to sell the family parrot to the town gossip.” 46. Persons? remarks are mentioned at the beginning of the text to ____. [A] show the general disapproval of gossip [B] introduce the topic of gossip [C] examine gossip from a historical perspective [D] prove the real value of gossip 47. By “Gossip also is a form of social bonding” (Para. 5), Professor Aaron Ben-Ze? ev means gossip ____. [A] is a valuable source of social information [B] produces a joy that most people in society need [C] brings people the feel of being part of a group [D] satisfies people?s need of being unusual 48. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? [A] everyone involved will not benefit from gossip. [B] philosophers may hold different attitudes toward gossip. [C] Dr. Ronald De Sousa regards gossips as perfectly advantageous. [D] people are generally not conscious of the value of medical gossip. 49. We learn from the last paragraph that ____. [A] gossipers will surely become gossipees someday [B] Socrates was a typical example of a gossiper becoming a gossipee [C] Plato escaped being a victim of gossip by no gossiping [D] an easy way to confront gossip when subjected to it is to live as usual 50. The author?s attitude toward “gossip” can be best described as ____. [A] neutral [B] positive [C] negative [D] indifferent Text 3 Efforts could potentially avoid at least some of the psychopathy (mental illness) that underlies school shootings, since medicine now can help even the most severely ill. And they would also benefit the many young people struggling with far less extreme brain disorders. The U.S. Secret Service, which studies “targeted violence”, provides insight on the urgency of the need in its 2002 “Safe School Initiative” report: School attacks, instead of being the random impulsive acts of noisy and cruel fellows, are well-planned events mostly carried out by a single student—who is not evil but mentally ill. Except for being male, the 41 attackers studied fit no profile of family background，race，ethnicity，or even aca demic performance. Many were A and B students. Few had a history of violent or criminal behavior. But their thoughts were of violence, and their behavior was often intimidating. They frequently expressed violent themes in their writings, in one instance portraying killing and suicide as solutions to feelings of despair. The criminals often had telegraphed to other students and teachers their depression or desperation and either talked about or had attempted suicide. Feelings of persecution by others were common and led to growing resentment and anger. Psychiatrists and psychologists recognize that these are red flags demanding medical intervention. Yet one of most striking findings in the report was that the vast majority of these students never had a mental-health evaluation. No wonder only 17 percent were diagnosed with a psychiatric illness—it wasn?t looked for. That alone points to a huge mental health gap: If the distress of these students didn?t trigger medical attention, it?s unlikely t hat less severe struggles that are seen in as many as 15 to 20 percent of other students will do so. Only recently have we learned that these are neurodevelopmental disorders whose early signs might well be picked up in routine podiatric screening. For example, a classic behavior in a child that can precede psychosis later in 1ife is speaking to almost no one, even family, says Nasrallah. Genes are known to confer vulnerability, but equally important is the environment. Stress or great disappointment can aggravate symptoms; Connecting with an adult in an ongoing relationship can do the opposite. Interventions like social-skills training combined with talk therapy and targeted medication can make a huge difference. Early treatment can lessen the frequency and intensity of psychotic episodes, leaving many patients with only the mildest of symptoms. And the younger the brain, the more malleable is. The ultimate goal is to not only modify evaluation of disease but keep it from arising in the first place. This is achievable, and the path to get there is becoming clear. 51. According to the US Secret Service, school attacks are characterized as . [A] reactive [B] revengeful [C] plotted [D] impulsive 52. One common characteristic of school attackers is that . [A] they exhibit bad academic performances [B] they have violent thoughts and intimidating behavior [C] they regard homicide and suicide as ways of tackling despair [D] they have records of violence and crimes 53. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 3? [A] There is a huge gap between human mentality. [B] The school attackers have never had any mental health evaluation. [C] Medical attention should be paid to the distress of school attackers. [D] The findings of the report astonished psychiatrists and psychologists. 54. The word “malleable” (Line 5, Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to . [A] miserable [B] adaptable [C] vulnerab1e [D] feeble 55. What can we conclude from the last paragraph? [A] Both genes and environment should be improved to tackle brain disorders. [B] Prevention is by far more important than treatment. [C] Mental disorders are curable, and the earlier the better. [D] Early treatment can reduce the sufferings and terminate all the symptoms. Text 4 Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They?ve k nown its chemical structure since 1953. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins, the basic building blocks of life. But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now. Collins leads the Human Genome Project, a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed map of every nook and cranny of gene in human DNA. Anderson, who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations, is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases. What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor?s secrets, genetic engineers are decoding life's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug, a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease. And that?s just the beginning. For all the fevered work being done, however, science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato. Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace, and many diseases will take decades to conquer, if they can be conquered at all. In the short run, the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening. Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed. In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects. Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease, for example, could follow a low-fat diet. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective, they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. But in other instances, almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations. 56. It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _____. [A] know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program [B] have found the basic building blocks of life [C] have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century [D] are making a breakthrough in DNA 57. Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that ______. [A] gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases [B] human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients [C] time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA [D] information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases 58. The word “pirate” (line 2, paragraph 3) most probably means______. [A] one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea [B] one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization [C] to take (something) by piracy [D] to make use of or reproduce (another?s work) without authorization 59. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____. [A] engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being [B] it?s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato [C] many diseases will never be conquered by human beings [D] doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run 60. The best title for the text may be ______. [A] DNA and Heredity [B] The Genetic Revolution [C] A Biomedical Revolution [D] How to Apply Genetic Technology 第 1 页:模拟试题 第 5 页:答案及详解 Section IV English-Chinese Translation Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. (61)It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people?s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person?s wages for fear of malingering. “The purpose of social security,” said Huntford referring to Sweden?s comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.” Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to lice on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability. (62)People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by th e social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses. Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend. (63)Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace. (64)There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs. The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair. (65)It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.” It was seen as merely government expendi ture for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers? opposition towards loss of their jobs. Section V Writing 66. Directions: [A] Title: FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN [B] Word limit: 160-200 words [C] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below [D] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) OUTLINE: 1. Present situation: Lack of communication between parents and children 2. Possible reasons: 1) Different likes and dislikes 2) Misunderstanding 3) Others 3. Suggestions: 1) For parents 2) For children Section I Structure and Vocabulary 1-5 BAACB 6-10 ACDCD 11-15 ABBCC 16-20 DDABA 1. B 考查名词辨析。 2. A 考查介词搭配。短语in debt和介词to构成搭配，表示“欠……债”。句子译文:我不想再借钱给他;他已经欠我的债了。 3. A 考查hardly…when结构的倒装形式。 4. 正确答案为C项。本题考查名词insistence的用法。按照该词的要求，其后的同位语从句谓语动词使用should+原形，should可以省略。在本句中，动词analyze和主语it(指Afro-American poetry)是被动关系，所以使用被动语态。句子译文:“让?瓦格纳对美国黑人诗歌研究最长远的贡献是，他坚决主张既要用世俗的观点又要用宗教的观点美国黑人诗歌。” 5. 正确答案为B项。本题考查as引导的让步状语从句的倒装形式。规则为:从句结尾的词置于句首。句子译文:“尽管家很简陋，但无论他走到哪里，也找不到像家这样的地方。” 6. 正确答案为A项。考查介词词组。词组in the way表示“妨碍”;by the way表示“顺便说一声”;off the way表示“离开道路”;on the way表示“在路上”。根据语境，此处应选择in the way。句子译文:尽管他认为他在帮我们做饭，实际上他碍手碍脚。 7. 正确答案为C项。考查副词短语。短语put up表示“举起”、“建造”等;keep up表示“继续”、“坚持”;stand up to表示“经得起，顶得住”、“勇敢地面对”;look up to表示“尊敬”。句子译文:尽管假钞蒙蔽了许多人，但它们却经不起仔细检查。 8. 正确答案为D项。由过去分词转化而成的形容词lost和介词to搭配，表示“对……没有感觉的”。在lost之前也可以加being，但是要注意语序，应表达为being completely lo st。句子译文:“安娜在读一本科幻小说，完全忽略了外面的世界。” 9. 正确答案为C项。 10. 正确答案为D项。动词expect之后接不定式作宾语补足语，当然也可以接宾语从句。本句既可以说The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the fin al exam.，也可以说The students expected there would be more reviewing classes before t he final exam.句子译文:“学生们希望在期末考试前有更多的复习课。” 11. 正确答案为A项。考查动词辨析。 12. 正确答案为B项。考查副词短语。短语look up表示“查阅”;go over表示“仔细查看，检查”、“复习”;dwell on表示“详述”、“老是想着”;work out表示“制定出”、“解决”。译文:你可以把这篇文章检查一遍，看是否有打印错误吗? 13. 正确答案为B项。考查形容词辨析。形容词unusual表示“异乎寻常的”;unique表示“独一无二的”;rare表示“稀有的，罕见的”;singular表示“奇特的”。根据题干后半部分的提示，强调唯一性，应选unique。句子译文:这本相册与众不同，因为它是唯一总统曾签过名的相册。 14. 正确答案为C项。本题考查either…or…，A项的neither…nor…虽然本身是正确的，但是与题意不符。句子译文:沃德教授几乎从未去过电影院和剧场。 15. 正确答案为C项。本题考查不定式作主语的补足语，而且表示动作已经发生，应使用不定式的完成时。句子译文:“据当地报纸报道，昨天在光天化日之下该银行遭到抢劫。” 16. 正确答案为D项。祈使句表示条件，然后由and引出结果。句子译文:如果和医药行业的任何人交谈，你很快就会发现，基因科学是自青霉素发明以来对医药研究影响最大的东西。 17. 正确答案为D项。 18. 正确答案为A项。 19. 正确答案为B项。形容词operative表示“操作的，起作用的”;valid表示“有法律效力的”，如a valid contract具有法律效力的，a valid air ticket有效机票;efficient表示“有效率的”;effective表示“有效果的”。句子译文:如果没有有效的护照，游客就不能进入一个国家。 20. 正确答案为A项。 Section II Use of English 文章总体分析 本文主要介绍了默读在历史上的发展演变过程，突出了它产生的原因和背景。第一段是总述，指出默读是一种几乎不为古典学者所知的现代行为。中世纪时期阅读是指大声朗读，一直到19世纪默读才比较流行。第二、三、四段是分述，段落之间是并列关系。第二段介绍了上个世纪阅读的发展，第三段讲的是接近20世纪末阅读的发展情况，第四段讲20世纪末期阅读发展成为默读。 答案解析 21. 选[C]。考查上下文语义衔接。本题要求填入一个形容词，可以利用上义词复现这一技巧。During the fifteenth century就是所填词的下义词，即15世纪。它既不属于contemporary，也不属于modern world;而[D]western则与本文主题无关。只有[C] medieval“中世纪的”，指14到16世纪之间，包括了15世纪。 22. 选[A]。考查上下文语义衔接与副词的词义辨析。所填副词修饰动词meant。文章第一句开篇明义，默读是一种现代社会行为，古代学者根本不知默读为何物。很显然，这一句中强调读书指的就是大声朗读，因此选[A] undoubtedly“毋庸置疑地，肯定地”，强调完全真 实或是确实存在。[B]really“确实地，真正地”，与此处语气不符;[C] absolutely“完全地，绝对地”;[D] accordingly“相应地”。 23. 选[D]。考查形近词辨析。所填词的逻辑主语是one，指人，宾语是that从句，从that从句可推断空格处要表达“认为，想象”的意思，因此排除[B] consuming“消费”和[C] resuming“再继续，恢复”。[D] assuming“想，假想”，指为论证提出有一定根据的假设，很少甚至无根据的心理推测，[A] imagining指随意或在脑海中构成清晰明确的图像，此处显然是assuming符合。 24. 选[B]。考查上下文语义衔接与名词辨析。本题要求填入一个名词来判断大声阅读对他人的影响。我们从文章的第二段的末尾开始倒读，在第二段的末尾同样谈到了大声阅读对他人的影响，此处的用词是distraction，因此选复现的原词[B]。[A] interruption“打断，中止”，指的是瞬间行为使别人中断做某事，reading显然是一段时间的行为;[C] bother“麻烦，不便”，往往指“麻烦他人做某事”;[D] pressure“压力”。 25. 选[A]。考查形近词辨析。本题需填入一个形容词来表示“历史发展”，四个选项都是同根词，都与历史有关[A] historical“历史上的，历史记载的”;[B] historic“(历史上)著名的，重要的”;[C] history“历史，历史学”;[D] historian“历史学家”。文章中主要表示客观的历史的发展，因此选[A]。 26. 选[B]。考查名词辨析。所填词表达阅读任务本身在……方面的改变，是对阅读这一任务的修饰或指代，因此排除[A] quality“(人的)品德，品性;(事物的)品质，质量”，不能用来修饰默读的品质，同时排除[C] personality“(人的)个性，人格，人物”，用来指代人而不能指代物;而[D] distinctiveness“(品质性格或外表)与众不同”，强调的是与其他事物的差别，本题并不是强调默读与别的事物的差别。因此，只有[B] character“(事物的)特性，特质，(人或物)特点，特征”，正好可以用来指默读的特性。 27. 选[C]。考查形近词辨析。四个选项都是同根词，[A] literate是形容词，表示“能读会写的，识字的”，如果表达的是会读写的人越来越多，则应用increase in the literate，the后面接形容词表示某类人。[B] illiterate“文盲”或“不识字的，没受教育的”，与文中意思相反;选项[C] literacy是名词，指的是“有读写能力，有文化”，该句要表达的是文化素质提高，因此是increase in literacy;[D] literature“文学，作品”，不符合题意。 28. 选[B]。考查上下文语义衔接。前一分句讲读者数目增加了readers increased，那么相应地听别人读书的人应该是减少了。与increased形成反义词复现的只有[B] declined“下降”。而且从As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common…也可得到证实。其他选项，[A] receded“后退，倒退”，不能用来修饰the number;[C] increased、[D] expanded“膨胀，扩张”均与文意相反。 29. 选[C]。考查上下文语义衔接。空格所在句与上一句之间的关系是因果关系。正是因为读书的人数目增多，潜在的听者的数目下降，所以大声朗读的必要性也就减弱。很自然由此得出正确答案[C] reduction“减少，减弱”。[A] limitation“限制”、[B] necessity“必要性，需要”、[D] shrink“缩水，萎缩”。 30. 选[A]。考查上下文语义衔接。空格所在句与上一句之间的逻辑关系是因果关系，由as和so连接。上一句讲的是reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common。本题需要填入一个形容词与上文形成对比，应选[A] private“私人的”。该句句意:随着读书作为一种为听众服务而存在的活动愈来愈不常见，它逐渐变成一种大众场所普遍的私人活动。其他选项[B] overt“公开的”、[C] public“大众的，公开的”与文义相反;[D] secret“秘密的”与空格后的public相矛盾，秘密活动怎么会在大众场所进行? 31. 选[A]。考查动词辨析。四个选项均有“产生、引起、导致”之意，但其用法并不相同。选项[A] cause“引起，导致”，表示事件起因和结果之间的关系;[B] effect指通过克服困难或 采取有计划的行为而取得成果;[C] produce着重表示见到的或实际的后果;[D] realize表示希望计划、理想会成为现实。本文中表示一种因果关系，所以只有[A]符合题意。 32. 选[A]。考查形容词辨析。分析四个选项，[A] considerable“相当多的，相当可观的”、[B] considerate“考虑周到的”、[C] moderate“中等的，适度的，适中的”、[D] immoderate“不适中的，不合适的”。由still这个词可知此处为肯定的含义，故选[A]。该句意思为:到世纪末仍然存在着许多争论。 33. 选[C]。考查上下文语义衔接与副词辨析。所填副词修饰动词treat，首先排除[A] respectively“分别地，各自地”，因为被treated的只有books一种;同时排除[D] relatively“相应地”，因为没有说明被对待的程度;[B] honorably“值得尊敬地，体面地”，应该是尊敬地对待，而不能是值得尊敬地对待，所以选[C] respectfully“尊敬地，谦恭地”。 34. 选[C]。考查上下文语义衔接与副词辨析。空格处需填一个副词修饰weaken“削弱，使变弱”。分析四个选项，[A] largely“主要地，大量地，在很大程度上地”;[B] intelligently“聪明地”;[C] mentally“精神上地，智力上地”;[D] physically“体力上地”。根据上下文的意思，阅读是一种智力上的行为，因此只有[C]符合题意。该句句意:人们讨论阅读诸如报纸这样的材料是否在某种程度上是智力上的削弱。 35. 选[B]。考查上下文逻辑衔接。主句讲的是那种共同分享文化知识的习俗已经成为过去，分句中提到了大声阅读的优点its values，由此可以判断主句和分句间的关系是让步关系，用副词whatever“无论什么，不管什么”连接，后面省略了主语和谓语“it had”。[A] However“然而，可是”，表示转折关系;[C] whichever“任何一个”;[D] wherever“无论哪里”，表示的是地点。 36. 选[A]。考查上下文语义衔接。上句说到传统的文化已经消失，这句谈到现在的媒体方式。前者肯定是被后者所取代的，因此选[A] replace“取代，代替”，符合题意。该句句 意:取代传统习俗的一方面是现代的印刷媒体。[B] take“拿，取”、[C] follow“追随，跟随”、[D] distinguish“区别”。本题易误选[C]，这是因为没有弄明白传统文化方式与现在媒体关系。 37. 选[D]。考查形近词辨析。选项[A] specific“明确的，确切的”;[B] special“特别的，特殊的，专门的”;[C]specified“明确规定的”;[D] specialized“专门的，专业的”。readership是一个抽象的概念，指“读者的身份”。选项中可修饰这个词的只有specialized，意为“专业化的”，因此选[D]。 38. 选[B]。考查上下文逻辑衔接。本题涉及到上下文的逻辑关系，而且难度较大，因为空格所在处实际为一个省略主谓语的插入成分，即if (it is) not impossible，指的是students were being recommended…这件事可能的话。如果选其他三项，则说明impossible与inappropriate并列，都修饰attitudes与skills，说被推荐的读书态度与读书使用的技能是不可能的，显然不合逻辑，不可能怎么还会推荐呢，所以排除其他三项而选[B]。 39. 选[D]。考查上下文语义衔接与动词辨析。[A] translated“翻译”[B] differ“不一致，不同”，为不及物动词;[C] shift “改变位置或方向”;[D] alter“改变，更改”。该句讲在科学文化领域的进步改变了“读书”这个词的含义，因此应选[D]。 40. 选[D]。考查动词用法。所填词的主语是the term reading，排除主语应为人的选项[B] advise“建议，劝告”与[C] induce“劝诱，促使”。[A] infer“推断”、[D] imply“暗示，意味”，文章问“阅读”这个术语(the term “reading”)意味着什么，而不是说它能推断什么，因此选[D]。 Section III Reading Comprehension Text 1 核心词汇 productivity n. 生产力 venture n. 冒险，投机 upgrade vt. 使升级 accountant n. 会计师 norm n. 标准，规范 respond v. 作出反应 答案解析 41. C 推断题。根据第一段可知，一个企业家必须具备三个条件:有效配置有利的资源并使自己有所得;是创业者;冒必要的风险。A中的首席执行官，B中的老板和D中的销售商都不一定是创业者。只有C，自己开创新事业的人才同时符合以上三个条件，故选C。 42. D 推断题。由题干关键词the professionals定位文章第三段，D提到如今他们需要推销自己，与文中的the need to market their skills, talents, and competencies意思相符，故为正确答案;B所说的有事业心、以市场为中心是企业家的特质，故排除;第一句提到:现在企业家和专业人员之间的明显差异已经逐渐变得模糊了，由此可知A不正确;C为强干扰项，价格意识是针对大众而非只针对专业人士的，故排除。 43. B 细节题。由选项可知，本题针对企业家的情况进行提问，第四段提到企业家们在性格上是有所不同的，有的冲动、外向，有的从容含蓄，但他们有一个共同的特点，就是冷静看待变化，寻找变化并对其作出反应，把变化看作机遇，由此可排除A和C，B提到应该迅速抓住机遇，与该段中treat it (change) as an opportunity意思相符，故为答案。文中并没有说J.B. Say是给entrepreneur定义的第一人，因此也可排除D。 44. B 主旨题。文章开篇提到J.B. Say给entrepreneur下的定义只是一个引子，并不是作者的写作意图，故排除A;文章第二段开始谈到如何判断真正的企业家，第三段比较企业家和专业人士的不同，第四段谈到企业家的特质，由此可知B最符合文意。文章只是提到企业家的特点，但并未具体说明哪种人可以成为企业家，故C错误，而谈到Ray Kroc只是举了一个成功的例子，故D也是错误的。 45. A 推断题。文章最后说一个人如果具有创造力、富有经验且有信心，就能作出正确的决定使资源得到更好的配置和利用。这应该是作者提出的一个论点，但文章此处并没有用 例子去证明怎样运用创造力、经验和信心，因此可推断，作者接下来将会举例对此进行说明，所以选A。 参考译文 法国经济学家J.B. Say认为，企业家就是把经济资源从生产力和产量较低的领域转移到生产力和产量较高的领域的人。但是Say所下的定义并没有告诉我们谁是企业家。有些人把企业家简单地定义为白手起家，开创自己小规模的事业的人。从我们的角度来讲，我们将企业家定义为承担必要的风险来组织和管理一事业并获得经济收益和非货币回报的人。 一个开小比萨店的人是在做买卖，但是他是一个企业家吗?他承担着风险从事买卖，但他转移了资源或创业了吗?如果答案是肯定的话，那他就可以被看成是个企业家。雷?克罗克就是一个企业家的范例，因为他创立了麦当劳。他所卖的汉堡包并不是个新事物，但是他在创业过程中应用了新的技术、资源配置方法和组织方法。雷?克罗克从资源分配中提高了生产力和产量，从而创造出了他的速食连锁企业。这就是企业家所做的事，也就是企业家的含义。 企业家和专业人员之间许多明显的、黑白分明的差异现在都逐渐变得模糊了。在过去，人们认为像医生、律师、牙医、会计师等专业人员都不是具有创业技能的、富有冒险精神或有市场导向观念的人。他们位于市场驱使的世界之上。另一方面，企业家们是社会中特立独行者。他们是积极地探索并促使某些事发生的冒险者。两个世界的共同之处在于时间漫长。然而，不断加剧的竞争、饱和的市场以及一个更加具有金钱意识的社会改变了专业人员的世界。今天他们需要推销他们的技能、才干和能力。律师需要为他们的服务做广告;医生只专攻于某一外科手术;会计公司兼营其他的业务，例如客户咨询和法律事务。 企业家们展示许多不同的行为，要从中找出一种特定的个性模式是很困难的。有些企业家是从容的、含蓄的，具有很强的分析能力。另一方面，有些是冲动的、外向的，也非常情 绪化的。但他们都有一些共同的特征，那就是处变不惊，善于发现变化并对其作出反应，并把变化看作机遇。一个像麦当劳的雷?克罗克那样的企业家能够利用并合理分配资源来满足需求。一个人如果具有创造力、有信心并富有经验，就能作出正确的决定使资源得到更好的配置和利用。 Text 2 一、文章主题及结构 这是一篇以闲话为话题的议论文。采用抛砖引玉的行文模式，文章框架结构是:引出话题——提出中心——具体论证——建议。1、2段以一些人的评论提出闲话这个话题;3、4段通过过去和现在人们对待闲话的态度变化引出本文的中心:闲话可能不完全是不好的。5、6段通过引用两个哲学教授的观点证明4段提出的中心:闲话是有一定价值的。7段讲牵涉到的任何人都不会从闲话中得到好处，所以人们应该避免说伤人的闲话。8段具体讲到一种有趣且有益的闲话:医疗闲话。9段总结，肯定了闲话。但是如果当你受到闲话的影响时，一个应付闲话的简单方法就是:像平常一样生活。 二、试题解析 46. 文章开头提到那些人的评论是为了 。 46. Persons? remarks are mentioned at the beginning of the text to ____. [A] 表明人们普遍不赞成闲话 [A] show the general disapproval of gossip [B] 引出闲话这个主题 [B] introduce the topic of gossip [C] 从历史的角度审视闲话 [C] examine gossip from a historical perspective [D] 证明闲话的真正价值 [D] prove the real value of gossip 【答案】B 【考点】主旨大意 【解析】文章第一、二段介绍了圣?保罗、摩西、黑西奥德以及奥斯卡?王尔德对闲话的不同观点，有人持反面态度，有人持正面态度。接下来的三四段继续探讨闲话gossip，将过去和现在人们对闲话的态度进行了对比。第三段说，过去说闲话者可能会被惩罚，但没有达到阻止闲话的效果;第四段有一个转折however，表明现在的状况:现在人们从不同的角度看待闲话，闲话可能不完全是不好的。后面的段落就围绕文章主题gossip和关于闲话的新观点探讨。由此可见，文章开头那些人的评论只是引出了闲话这个主题，故[B]项与此意符合，为正确答案。 [A]项和[D]项指出了对闲话的态度，这是作者在三四段才论述的内容，与作者的意图不符。[C]项是对文中History is merely gossip(历史只不过是一部闲话集)这句话的误解，前两段连时间概念都没有出现，怎么能“从历史的角度检验闲话”呢?故排除。 【补充】本题考查议论文的写作方法，这篇文章属于抛砖引玉类型的文章，文章开头引用、举例等是引子，是铺垫，是为主题服务的。所以，考生要了解议论文的框架结构，包括文章开头、结尾方式及段落拓展的技巧等。 47. 通过“Gossip also is a form of social bonding”(第47. By “Gossip also is a form of social bonding” (Para. 五段)，亚伦?本?泽?爱华教授说，闲话 。 5), Professor Aaron Ben-Ze?ev means gossip ____. [A] 是一种社会信息的有价值来源 [A] is a valuable source of social information [B] 带来了社会上大多数人需要的快乐 [B] produces a joy that most people in society need [C] 为人们带来了属于一个群体一部分的感觉 [C] brings people the feel of being part of a group [D] 满足了人们希望与众不同的需求 [D] satisfies people?s need of being unusual 【答案】C 【考点】词义句意 【解析】第五段介绍了教授Aaron Ben-Ze?ev的观点。总的来说，Gossip is “an intrinsically valuable acitivy”——是一种本质上有价值的活动。然后其观点分三个小点，For one thing, gossip helps us acquire information that we need to know that doesn?t come throug h ordinary channels.——闲话可以帮助我们获得那些借助一般渠道不能获得的信息;Gossip also is a form of social bonding——闲话也是“一种社会纽带”;What?s more, gossip is enjoyable.——此外，闲话令人愉快。本题考察其观点的第二个小点，闲话也是“一种社会纽带”，随后解释说，它是“一种分享”，它“满足了tribal need”，破折号之后对tribal need进行了解释，the need to belong to and be accepted by a unique group，即属于或被一个特定群体接受的需求。所以[C]“为人们带来了属于一个群体一部分的感觉”与此意符合，为正确答案。 [A]“是一种社会信息的有价值来源”是针对教授的第一个观点设置的选项，答非所问; [B]“带来了社会上大多数人需要的快乐”跟教授的第三个观点有点关系，阐述也不太准确; [D]“满足了人们希望与众不同的需求”是对 “the need to belong to and be accepted by a u nique group”的曲解。 【补充】此题只要正确定位，准确理解，即可得出答案。 48. 根据本文，下面哪项说法正确? 48. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? [A] 牵涉到的任何人都不会从闲话中得到好处。 [A] everyone involved will not benefit from gossip. [B] 哲学家可能对闲话持有不同的观点。 [B] philosophers may hold different attitudes toward gossip. [C] 罗纳德?德?苏萨博士认为闲话是完全有益的。 [C] Dr. Ronald De Sousa regards gossips as perfectly advantageous. [D] 人们普遍没有意识到医疗闲话的价值。 [D] people are generally not conscious of the value of medical gossip. 【答案】A 【考点】综合细节 【解析】根据自然段定位的原则，本题将从六至八段中得出答案。第六段讲罗纳德?德?苏萨博士对闲话的看法，他认为，the knowledge spread by gossip will usually end up being slightly beneficial，即通过闲话传播的信息最终通常会有一点益处。由此我们判断[C]“罗纳 德?德?苏萨博士认为闲话完全有益”是不对的，程度判断有误。然后我们看[B]“哲学家可能对闲话持有不同的观点”这个选项，四段末尾说哲学家断定闲话可能不是没有一点好处;五段提到的哲学家亚伦?本?泽?爱华是闲话的支持者;五段谈到的罗纳德?德?苏萨博士是闲话的另一个支持者，因此[B]项的说法在文中找不到证据，是错误的。第七段开始的still，表明了与前文的转折关系，说，尽管如此，大家都知道，闲话会有不好的影响，尤其对可怜的被闲话者来说尤其如此。[A]“牵涉到的任何人都不会从闲话中得到好处”与此意符合。再看第八段，讲了一种有趣的闲话叫medical gossip，它可以motivate people … to seek medical help，看来也是有益的闲话。[D]“人们普遍没有意识到医疗闲话的价值”明显与第八段的意思不符。故正确答案为A项。 【补充】这类题看上去漫无边际，没有办法具体定位，但这类题多数可以通过上一道题和下一道题的定位，采用自然段顺序定位的原则，缩小解答范围。这类题，要么考察细节的综合，要么考察贯穿全文或是几个段落的一条线，答案具有一定的隐蔽性，考察考生的概括能力和深刻把握文章主旨的能力，具有一定的难度。 49. 我们从最后一段了解到 。 49. We learn from the last paragraph that ____. [A] 说闲话者将来某一天肯定会成为被闲话者 [A] gossipers will surely become gossipees someday [B] 苏格拉底是一个从说闲话者成为被闲话者的典[B] Socrates was a typical example of a gossiper 型例子 becoming a gossipee [C] 柏拉图因为没有讲闲话而避免成为闲话的受害[C] Plato escaped being a victim of gossip by no 者 gossiping [D] 当你受到闲话的影响时，一个应付闲话的简单[D] an easy way to confront gossip when subjected to 方法就是:像平常一样生活 it is to live as usual 【答案】D 【考点】推理判断 【解析】最后一段but之后指出，如果你自己成了被闲话的对象，你最好使用柏拉图建议的防御方式——When men speak ill of thee, so live that nobody will believe them如果 有人说你的坏话，你应该继续生活，因而没有人会相信这些人。后面还有一个or，或者如 威尔?罗杰斯所说，Live so that you wouldn?t be ashamed to sell the family parrot to the town gossip活着，这样，你就不会因为家事成为全城的闲话而羞愧。这两句话在说同样一个 意思，综合起来就是[D]“当你受到闲话的影响时，一个应付闲话的简单方法就是:像平常一 样生活”，为正确答案。 [A]“说闲话者将来某一天肯定会成为被闲话者”，原文用了if如果，还用了一个词often， 而选项中用了surely一词，显然太绝对了。[B]“苏格拉底是一个从说闲话者成为被闲话者的 典型例子”，原文中谈到苏格拉底，是在一个长难句中，But remember, if (as often is the case among gossipers) you should suddenly become one of the gossipees instead, it is best to employ the foolproof defense recommended by Plato, who may have learned the lesson from Socrates, who as you know was the victim of gossip spread that he was corrupting the youth of Athens: When men speak ill of thee, so live that nobody will believe them.这句话是说，苏格拉底是闲话的受害者，柏拉图从中吸取教训，如果你突然变成了被闲话 的对象，最好采取柏拉图推荐的简易的防御方式。所以苏格拉底应该是一个受害者，他成为 被闲话的对象以后，没有采取防御措施。故[B]项表述有失偏颇。同样，[C]“柏拉图因为没 有讲闲话而避免成为闲话的受害者”也与文意不符，文中没有提到柏拉图是否讲闲话，只是 推荐了避免成为受害者的方法。 【补充】1、在做题时，如果某一个关键句看不懂，可以借助意思相近但表达不同的句 子辅助理解。所以要注意行文中的逻辑词，如or，but等，甚至特殊的标点符号，比如上面 的32题，我们借助破折号后面的解释说明部分得出答案。2、考研英语中有一类长难句，很 长，但是要把握其最关键的信息。比如，本段中这个难句最核心的信息是:it is best to e mploy the foolproof defense: When men speak ill of thee, so live that nobody will believe them。因为题目的正确答案往往来自这些关键信息，细枝末节的信息是用来命制干扰项的。 50. 作者对于“闲话”的态度可以最恰当地描述为 。 50. The author?s attitude toward “gossip” can be best described as ____. [A] 中立的 [A] neutral [B] 肯定的 [B] positive [C] 否定的 [C] negative [D] 漠不关心的 [D] indifferent 【答案】B 【考点】作者态度 【解析】第四段提到，心理学家、社会学家、哲学家，甚至生物进化论学家断定，闲话可能并不是没有一点好处;随后的段落作者引用了两个支持闲话的观点，还提到了医疗闲话的价值;最后一段总结说:So go ahead and gossip. 去说闲话吧。这说明，作者对闲话持肯定态度。[B]“肯定的”是对作者态度的恰当概括，为正确答案。 [D]“漠不关心的”首先排除，作者谈论一个话题，肯定不能是漠不关心的。[A]“中立的”具有一定的干扰性，因为第七段有一个小转折still，最后一段还出现了but的转折，有同学想是不是表明作者态度的客观中立性。其实，第七段作者是要提醒人们不应该说伤人的闲话;第九段是提醒被闲话者学会保护自己。但是作者通篇都在讲闲话的价值，所以作者对于闲话的态度应该是肯定的。 三、全文翻译 圣?保罗不喜欢它，摩西告诫自己的人民防备它，黑西奥德说它是“有害的”，是“难以摆脱的”，但是，奥斯卡?王尔德却说，“闲话是充满魅力的”。 “历史只不过是一部闲话集”，他在他的一本著名剧本中写道。“但是，从道德规范来看，丑闻则是令人厌烦的闲话”。 过去，根据犹太教的法律，说闲话者可能被罚款或遭鞭打。清教徒则给闲话者带足枷，或者投入水牢，但是，任何处罚似乎都没有达到阻止闲话的理想效果，因此，几百年来，闲话从未中断过。 但现在，人们却从一个不同的角度来看待这个非常有害的人类弱点。心理学家、让会学家、哲学家，甚至生物进化论学家断定，闲话可能并不是没有一点好处。 哲学教授亚伦?本?泽?爱华在其出版的名为《好的闲话》的书中指出，闲话是一种“本质上有价值的活动”。首先，闲话可以帮助我们获得那些借助一般渠道不能获得的信息，比如“某人被从办公室辞退的真正原因是什么”。 Text 3 一、文章主题及结构 本文主要讲是现在人们可以通过医学手段对青少年精神疾病进行预防及治疗，从而避免许多惨剧和不幸的发生。第一段开门见山讲述药物治疗可以使很多心理失常的年轻人受益;第二段通过一份研究报告指出大多数制造校园暴力的学生都有心理精神疾病;第三段讲述学生的精神状况问题长期得不到社会应有的关注和及时的医疗帮助;在第四、第五段中，作者呼吁社会应对青少年心理疾病的治疗予以关注。 二、试题解析 51. 根据美国秘密警察部门的研究，校园暴力袭击51. According to the US Secret Service, school attacks 的特点是 。 are characterized as . [A] 反应性的 [A] reactive [B] 报复性的 [B] revengeful [C] 策划的 [C] plotted [D] 冲动性的 [D] impulsive 【答案】C 【考点】事实细节 【解析】根据the US Secret Service定位到第二段。解题关键是对School attacks…not evil but mentally ill这一长难句的理解和把握。该句提到校园暴力袭击是经过周密计划的(well-planned)，故选C项。 A项“反应性的”、B项“报复性的”在文中并未提及，可排除;由文中的instead of being the random impulsive acts of noisy and cruel fellows说明D项“冲动性的”也非校园暴力袭击的特点。 52. 校园袭击者的一个共同特点是 。 52. One common characteristic of school attackers is that . [A] 他们学业表现都很差 [A] they exhibit bad academic performances [B] 他们思想暴力，行为咄咄逼人 [B] they have violent thoughts and intimidating behavior [C] 他们把杀人和自杀作为摆脱绝望的方法 [C] they regard homicide and suicide as ways of tackling despair [D] 他们有暴力或犯罪前科 [D] they have records of violence and crimes 【答案】B 【考点】事实细节 【解析】根据School attackers定位到第二段。诸如but，however和yet这样的转折词 往往是重要信息可能出现的地方，文中说，But their thoughts were of violence, and their behavior was often intimidating.，讲到他们的共同特点是思想暴力，行为咄咄逼人，故选B项。 文中的确提到了academic performance(学业表现)，但文中说，Many were A and B students.，显然A项中提到“这些校园袭击者学业表现都很差”与原文背道而驰了;文中说，They frequently expressed violent themes in their writings, in one instance portraying killing and suicide as solutions to feelings of despair.，可见只是个别会为了摆脱绝望感而杀人或自杀，C项扩大了范围;D项说校园袭击者的共同特点是有暴力或者犯罪前科，与原文中提到的few(极少人)这一带有否定意味的词相悖。 53. 根据第三段，下列哪一项是正确的, 53. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 3? [A] 人们的心理存在巨大差异 [A] There is a huge gap between human mentality. [B] 校园袭击者从未接受过任何精神健康评估 [B] The school attackers have never had any mental health evaluation. [C] 应该给予校园袭击者的痛苦以医疗关注 [C] Medical attention should be paid to the distress of school attackers. [D] 报告的发现令精神病学家和心理学家感到震惊 [D] The findings of the report astonished psychiatrists and psychologists. 【答案】C 【考点】推理判断 【解析】第三段前两句讲:精神病学家和心理学家认为这些有危险的人(red flags)需要医疗介入，然而报告发现大多数制造校园暴力事件的学生都没有接受过心理健康测试，从而造成严重后果。故推断得出C项“应该给予校园袭击者的痛苦以医疗关注”正确。 文中谈到that alone points to a huge mental health gap，单单这一点足以指出精神健康的鸿沟有多么巨大，是指社会对精神健康关注太少，A项说人们的心理存在巨大差异，与文中事实不符;文中提到the vast majority of these students never had a mental-health eval uation，B项过于绝对;文中提到了most striking finding，即报告中的一些发现是惹人注目的，但striking(惹人注目的)与astonish(使人震惊)意义上存在明显差别.故D项可以排除。 54. 与第五段第五行的词“malleable”含义最接近的54. The word “malleable” (Line 5, Paragraph 5) is 是 。 closest in meaning to . [A] 痛苦的 [A] miserable [B] 有适应力的 [B] adaptable [C] 脆弱的 [C] vulnerable [D] 虚弱的;无效的 [D] feeble 【答案】B 【考点】词义句意 【解析】文中提到:Early treatment can lessen the frequency and intensity of psychoti c episodes, leaving many patients with only the mildest of symptoms. And the younger th e brain, the more malleable is.早期治疗能使许多精神病患者的症状减到最轻，由此推断越是年轻，越具有适应性，治疗越有效。所以malleable应该是个正面意义的词汇，故选B项。 A、C、D项都是负面意义的词，反面干扰，故排除。 55. 我们从最后一段中能推断出什么, 55. What can we conclude from the last paragraph? [A] 应该通过改善基因和环境解决大脑失调问题。 [A] Both genes and environment should be improved to tackle brain disorders. [B] 到目前为止预防比治疗更重要。 [B] Prevention is by far more important than treatment. [C] 精神紊乱是可以治疗的，越早越好。 [C] Mental disorders are curable, and the earlier the better. [D] 早期治疗可以减轻痛苦，终止所有症状。 [D] Early treatment can reduce the sufferings and terminate all the symptoms. 【答案】C 【考点】推理判断 【解析】最后一段提到，早期治疗是有效的，使很多病人只呈现非常轻微的症状(leaving many patients with only the mildest of symptoms);越早治疗效果越好，而且治疗的最终目的还包括使病人不会再次发病(keep it from arising);末句直接总结说This is achievable, and the path to get there is becoming clear。综合起来看，C项正确，其中的curable是achievable的同义替换。 原文中提到环境状况的改善能够帮助减轻精神病人的症状，但却并未提及能够通过改善基因来达到同样的效果，故A项部分内容与事实不符;此外该段提到早期治疗的重要性，但并未涉及预防这一方面，B项这一观点与事实不符;D项terminate all symptoms夸大事实，推断过度。 三、全文翻译 既然现在的药物能够治疗最严重的疾病，那么我们的努力很可能也可以对付校园枪击案中所显现出来的精神疾病问题，还能使许多患上远没有那么严重的大脑疾病的年轻人受益。 美国秘密警察部门研究了“有目标性的暴力犯罪”问题，在其2002年“安全校园计划”(Safe School Initiative)报告当中，提出了迫切需要解决的问题:校园暴力袭击并不是那些逞勇斗狠的无赖偶然冲动性的行为，而是经过周密计划的，大多数校园暴力袭击是由一名学生独立完成的，他不是什么十恶不赦之徒，只是患有精神疾病。研究中针对的41名袭击者都是男性，除此之外，并没有类似的家庭背景、种族、民族和学业表现的特征。很多都是成绩优良的学生。极少数有暴力或者犯罪前科。但是，他们的思想都极为暴力，他们的行为常常是咄咄逼人。他们经常写一些以暴力为主题的内容，例如其中一人就写下来“解决绝望感的方法是杀人或者自杀”的内容。案犯者经常发电报给同学或老师，诉说他们的沮丧与绝望，也会谈及自杀，有人甚至已经有过自杀行为。有一点很常见，那就是他们感到被别人迫害，因此积聚了更大的怨恨和愤怒。 精神病学家和心理学家都意识到，这些值得人们关注的问题需要医疗的介入。然而，报告中最令人瞩目的发现之一是这些学生中的绝大多数从没有做过心理健康评定。根本就没有人检查过学生的心理状况，难怪只有17% 被诊断出患有精神病。单单这一点足以指出精神健康的鸿沟有多么巨大:如果这些学生的不幸还不能引起医疗关注，那么15%到20% 的其他学生所具有的更加轻微的症状就更不可能会引起医疗关注。 直到近期我们才了解到，这些精神紊乱有些早期症状是可以通过定期的儿科排查而检查出来的。比如，儿童的一种典型行为——跟谁也不说话，甚至家人也不理——会导致以后的精神病，纳士拉尔加如是说。 人们知道，基因会给人带来某种弱点，但是环境也同样重要。压力和极大的失望会加深一些症状，而与成年人保持持续的交流则可以减轻某些症状。社会技能培训之类的干预，再加上谈话治疗以及有目的的用药，可以起到很大的作用。早期治疗可以减少精神病发病频率和强度，使很多病人只呈现非常轻微的症状。大脑越年轻，就越可以进行锻炼改变。终极目标不只是控制病情进一步恶化，还要首先使病人不会再次发病。这是可以做到的，而且通向这一目标的道路也越来越清晰。 Text 4 核心词汇 stuff 物质 preamble 开端 nook and cranny 排列 potency 力量 susceptible 易受感染的 predisposition 易患病的体质 难句讲解 1. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billi on bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins, the basic building blocks of life. [简析] 本句话的主干是“They know that…”。they 指的是前面句子中提到的scientists;第一个引导的是宾语从句，some 3 billion bits long修饰computer program，第二个that也修饰computer program;the basic building blocks of life是在解释proteins。 2. Anderson, who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations, is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases. [简析] 本句话的主干是“Anderson is leading the campaign…”。Who引导的非限定性定 语从句，修饰Anderson;to put information…短语修饰campaign，其中的to use…作目的状 语。 3. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug, a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease. [简析] 本句话的主干是“DNA has become both a blueprint and a drug”。in their hand s修饰DNA;a pharmacological substance…是在解释前面的drug，其中的第一个that 引导的 定语从句修饰pharmacological substance;第二个that引导的定语从句修饰imperfections. 4. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective, they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. [简析] 本句话的主干是“…they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein”。If引导的是条件状语从句，其中的第一个that引导的是宾语从句，because 引导的时原因状语从句;第二个that引导的定语从句修饰gene。 答案解析 56. D 推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文，可以推知:柯林斯、安德森以及他们的众多 同事 ”。题干中的“Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues”出自文章第二段第一句 话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段提到，柯林斯领导了“人类基因工程”研究项目，而安德森首创了人类第一次成功的基因治疗手术，并且正在领导一项有关DNA的研究活动;第三段接着介绍了他们掌握的DNA的作用。由此可知，这些研究人员对DNA的研究正在取得进步。[D]“正在取得DNA领域的突破”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“知道人类的DNA的作用就像一个生物学计算机程序”和[C]“在过去半个世纪里完成了一些基因发现”是第一段中提到的以前科学家的成果，不是柯林斯、安德森以及他们的同事的成果;[B]“发现了生命的基本构造元素”是针对文中“spells out the instructions for making proteins，the basic building blocks of life”这句话设置的干扰项。生命的基本构造元素是蛋白质，但这并不是这些研究人员发现的，所以[B]不对。 57. A 结构题。本题的问题是“文中引用柯林斯和安德森是为了表示下面各项，除了 ”。题干中的“Collins and Anderson”出自文章第二段第一句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段提到这两人时指出，柯林斯领导的研究项目历时15年，旨在绘制第一张人类DNA基因排列详细图表，而安德森首创了人类第一次成功的基因治疗手术，他正在领导的研究准备把有关DNA的信息尽可能迅速地用于治疗并预防人类的疾病;第三段提到，他们掌握的DNA可以治疗症状或者导致症状的疾病。这说明，[B]“人类基因疗法手术可能被用来治疗患者”、[C]“为了完成人类DNA的详细基因图，需要付出很大的努力”和[D]“有关DNA的信息可能被用来治疗并预防人类的疾病”体现了提到这两人的目的。[A]“如今，基因疗法普遍用于治疗并预防人类的疾病”明显与第四段第三句话的意思不符，故为答案。 58. B 词义题。本题的问题是“单词„pirate?(第三段第二行)最可能的意思是 ”。第三段提到该词时是说，这些人反向设计一种电脑芯片去窃取竞争对手的秘密。根据“Silicon Valley” 可知，[A]“一个在海上抢劫或者从海上抢劫陆地的人”不对;本句话是把该词与genetic engineers进行比较，说明该词应该是指人，所以，[C]“通过盗版获得(某物)”和 [D]“没有得到授权利用或者复制(他人工作)”不对。只有[B]“一个没有得到授权利用或者复制他人工作的人”符合文意。 59. A 归纳题。本题的问题是“根据本文，我们可以得出结论 ”。文章前面三段介绍了遗传工程师取得的成就，第四段指出，科学离实现设定一个完美人类的梦想还很遥远，在基因疗法普遍之前，人们还需要进行更多的研究。这说明，目前的科学还不能设定一个完美人类。[A]“设定完美的人目前还不可行”是对文中相关信息的改写，为正确答案。文中是说科学离设定完美土豆的梦想很遥远，但并没有说不可能，所以[B]“科学家要想设定一个完美的土豆是不可能的”与文意不符;[C]“许多疾病永远也不会被人类征服”是针对第四段最后一句话设置的干扰项，文中是说“许多疾病也需要花费几十年的时间去征服，如果它们可以被人类完全征服的话”，并不能说人类不能征服许多疾病，所以[C]不对;文中只是说“医生可以检测DNA中的所有缺陷”，并没有说可以治愈，所以[D] “从长远来看，医生可能治愈DNA中的所有缺陷”不对。 60. B 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文的最佳标题可能是 ”。文章前面几段介绍了遗传工程师取得的成就，后面两段介绍了科学家在将基因疗法用于治疗疾病方面面临的问题。这说明，本文主要是介绍基因领域的研究。[B]“基因革命”是对本文的恰当概括，可以表达本文的主题，为正确答案。DNA是科学家研究的具体内容，不是本文探讨的主题，所以[A]“DNA与遗传”不能表达本文的主题;[C]“一场生物医学革命”概念太广，不准确;有关新技术的利用是最后一段的内容，比较片面，所以[D]“如何应用基因技术”不能表达本文的主题。 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 核心词汇 benefit n. [C，U]?好处，益处*?(政府提供给病人及失业者的)救济金 例:How much unemployment benefit do you get? 你得到多少失业救济金? flat rate/price/fee统一或固定的费率/价格/费用 例:We charge a flat fee for car hire. 我们的租车费是固定不变的。 for fear of/that惟恐，生怕 例:The nurse walked on tiptoe for fear of waking the patient.护士踮着脚走，惟恐会吵醒病人。/He told US to keep quite for fear that we might disturb others.他让我们保持安静，以免打扰别人。 liberalization n. 自由化，放宽限制 例:global trade liberalization全球贸易自由化 provision n. ?[C，U]供应，供给，提供 例:The government is responsible for the provision of medical services. 政府负责提供医疗服务。?[用复数](尤指为旅行准备的)粮食， 食物 例:We set out with enough provisions. 我们带上足够的食品出发了。*?(或法 律中的)规定，条款例:The present law makes no provision for this. 现行的法律对此未作 任何规定。 vt.为……(尤指旅行)提供食品和其他必需品 例:They provisioned the ship for a long voyage. 他们为远航在船上准备了食品和必需品。 redundancy payment裁员支出，遣散费，指公司裁员时付给被裁员工金钱或物质方面的 补偿 wage stop失业救济限额，指失业救济金不能超过失业前工资额的规定 超纲词汇 dispel n. 驱散，消除(尤指某种错误的或有害的观念、看法或感觉等)例:How can we dispel their doubt? 我们怎么才能驱散他们的疑虑呢? malingering n. 装病以逃避工作、责任等 stranglehold n. 勒颈，卡脖子 *?控制，抑制，压制 例:The new tariffs have put a stranglehold on trade.新的关税制对开展贸易极为不利。 文章总体分析 这是一篇关于社会保障的文章，作者首先论述了工作价值观念对社会保障事业的束缚，接着指出现在这种束缚有所松懈，并指出社会保障反过来对工作价值产生了影响。 第一段:论述社会赋予工作的价值对社会保障发展的负面影响:保障金数额小于工资额;保障金发放是有条件的，目的是为了减少不通过工作自食其力的人;因公受伤或患职业病的人享有保障优待。 第二段:转折指出，近年来工作对社会保障的束缚日益松懈。该段具体谈到了两个方面:对非工伤的救济放宽限制;对单亲家庭予以救济。 第三段:指出社会保障和工作之间的关系是双向的，社会保障也被当作一种裁员的辅助手段来使用。 答案解析 61.[精解]本题考核知识点:目的状语从句的翻译。 该句是一个含有lest引导的目的状语从句的复合句。主句部分又包含了一个that引导的宾语从句。主句的主语为代词it，考生翻译时应联系上下文找出它所指代的对象，避免产生歧义。在此句中，it指代的是前文整个句子，可以译为“这种观念”。mean字面含义是“表示……的意思”，在这里因为主语译成“观念”，所以可将mean活译成“认为”与之相搭配。连词lest引导目的状语从句，按字面意思直译是“以免人们的积极性受到损害”，但是考虑到要突出主语以及具体动作，可依照汉语习惯译成主动句。 词汇:benefit常见含义是“好处，利益”，因为整个文章谈论的是社会保障问题，所以应译成“救济金，保障金”。in the first place字面意思是“在第一的位置上”，一般译为“首先”。 willingness原意为“甘愿，自愿”，suffer意为“受损害，受苦”，两个词搭配在一起，译为“积极性受到损害”或“损害积极性”。 译文:首先，这种观点认为，救济金的数额必须少，免得损害人们工作以及自食其力的意愿。 62.[精解]本题考核知识点:现在分词做定语、过去分词做定语、过去分词做状语的译法。 该句的主干是people…receive preferential treatment。其中suffering from accidents…or from occupational diseases是现在分词做定语修饰主语people，考生在翻译时可以按照汉语的习惯，将定语放到名词前面。incurred at work是过去分词做定语，修饰这一词组前的accidents，可意译为“因工受伤”。compared with those suffering…是过去分词结构做状语，翻译时，状语部分可放在句首，译为“与……相比”。此外，考生应将该部分中those一词所指代的对象译出，以免产生歧义。联系上下文可知，它是泛指代词，可译为“人们”。those后面的现在分词词组仍然充当定语。 词汇:occupational diseases“职业病”。preferential treatment“优待”。incur“招致”。social security service“社会保障服务”。civil“市民的，公民的”，这里与work相对，译为“个人的”。 译文:与那些遭受个人意外和普通疾病的人相比，因公受伤或者患有职业病的人在社会保障服务方面享有优待。 63.[精解]本题考核知识点:被动语态、过去分词做定语、介词短语做状语的译法。 该句子的主句是被动语态结构the preferential treatment has been questioned。对被动语态的翻译，可以将其译为“遭受，受到”等。文章中given to occupational disability by the s ocial security service部分是过去分词短语做定语的结构，修饰主语the treatment。with引导 的介词短语做状语，翻译时既可以按照汉语习惯放到句首，也可以独立译成一个分句，突出强调这一事件。 词汇:increasingly字面意思是“渐渐地，逐渐地”，在文中译为“越来越多地”。question做动词时译为“质疑”。upgrade“上升，上涨，提高”。 译文:同样，社会保障服务给予职业伤残的优惠待遇越来越多地受到了质疑，人们要求提高对其他类型伤残的救济。 64.[精解]本题考核知识点:同位语、定语从句的翻译。 该句子的主干成分是there be结构there is also the reason，可直接译为“还有一个理由”。that引导的句子为reason的同位语，翻译时可以直接用一个“即”字引导，紧跟在reason后面。which引导定语从句，修饰reason一词，翻译时按照汉语习惯置于名词的前面。 词汇:additional“额外的，附加的”。one-parent family“单亲家庭”。concentrate on“集中于，专注于”。irrespective of“不顾……的;不考虑……的;不论……的”。 译文:此外，还有一个我们在讨论单亲家庭救济问题时所提及的理由，即一个现代的社会保障服务性事业必须专注于满足需求，不管这些需求的背后有何原因。 65.[精解]本题考核知识点:主语从句的翻译。 第一个句子的主干成分是it is true，其中it为形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语。由于主语太长，可以将谓语部分提前译为“诚然”。主语从句的主干是the general view was that…，until very recently突出强调了所述现象存在的时间，在翻译时，可以单独译成“直到最近”。主语从句中又包含了that引导的表语从句。后一句是一个简单的被动语态结构It was seen as…，考生注意翻译时应将主语代词it指代的对象译出，在句中它指代的是“社会保障”。 词汇:represented“代表”。luxury“奢侈，享受”。essentially“基本的，本质的”。expenditure“开支，费用”。needy“贫困的”，在句中与定冠词the搭配，特指一类人，可以译为“贫困群体”。 译文:无可否认，直到最近，普遍的观点依然认为社会保障“体现的是一种享受，从本质上讲是反经济的”。它仅仅被看作是政府用于贫困群体的开支。 参考译文 社会赋予工作的价值在传统上一直与个人主义价值紧密联系在一起，因此对社会保障的发展产生了负面的影响。(61)首先，这种观点认为，救济金的数额必须少，免得损害人们工作以及自食其力的意愿。尽管目前的救济金一直保持固定的比率且与收入挂钩，但是为了防止有人装病以逃避职责，救济金的总数额总是必须小于人们的工资。在谈到瑞典相对丰厚的救济金时，亨特?福德说:“社会保障的目的是摆脱贫困而又不会跨过富足的门槛。”第二，社会保障金的发放是有条件的，设计这些条件的目的是为了减少那些胆大妄为者企图依靠国家而不是工作来维持生活的可能性。许多失业或补助救济金的支付规则也是同一目的。第三，在伤残情况下，赋予工作的价值以更明确的方式体现出来。(62)与那些遭受个人意外和普通疾病的人相比，因公受伤或者患有职业病的人在社会保障服务方面享有优待。 然而，近年来工作对社会保障服务性事业的束缚日益松懈。在家庭补贴、家庭收人增补、对停薪限制稍稍放宽要求等方面的规定都能体现出这种趋势。(63)同样，社会保障服务给予职业伤残的优惠待遇越来越多地受到了质疑，人们要求提高对其他类型伤残的救济。我们意识到，在当代工业社会中，职业伤残和非职业伤残的区别是人为的，因为许多非职业伤残尽管不是直接发生在工作场所，仍然有着工业根源。(64)此外，还有一个我们在讨论单亲家庭救济问题时所提及的理由，即一个现代的社会保障服务性事业必须专注于满足需求，不管这些需求的背后有何原因。 社会保障和工作之间并不是单方面的关联。(65)无可否认，直到最近，普遍的观点依然认为社会保障“体现的是一种享受，从本质上讲是反经济的”。它仅仅被看作是政府用于贫困群体的开支。但是，正如我们所看到的，雇主和政府仍然较为成功地通过支付裁员费以及与收入相关的失业福利来减少工人对失业的反对。 Section V Writing(略) 中文考研-www.zwky.org