intercultural-communication-competencePPT优秀课件

InterculturalCommunicationCompetenceCase1.I’veNotConsideredMarriageYetJohn,28yearsold,anAustralianstudyingChineseinBeijing,metLiHuaatadanceparty.LiHua,22,tookaninstantlikingtoJohnthefirsttimetheymet,astimewenton,theysawmoreandmoreofeachother.Aftersixmonthsorso,LiHuasuggeststhatJohnmeetherparents.SincethiswasthefirsttimeJohnhadvisitedaChinesefamily,hebecamequitenervousthemomenthewasintroducedtoLiHua’sparents,eldersisterandsister-in-law.SoonafterservinghimsomeChineseteaandfruit,LiHua’smotherbeganquestioningJohnabouthisbackground,hisfamilyandrelatives,aswellashiseconomicstatus.Johndidhisbesttoanswerallofthequestions,sometimesinbrokenChinese.Afewminuteslater,LiHua’sfatherturnedtowardsJohn,andaskedaverydirectquestion.HewantedJohntotellhimwhenhewouldmarryLiHuaandwherehewasgoingtoliveandwork.John,beingabitsurprisedatthequestion,repliedthathehadn’tthoughtaboutmarriage.LiHua’sfathergotveryupsetandangry.HestampedhisfootandaskedJohntoleave.AsJohnwasabouttoleave,LiHua’sfatherwarnedhimagainstseeinghisdaughteragain.Johnleft,withoutknowingwhathehaddonetoenragethefamily.HowcouldyouexplaintoLiHua’sparentsabouttherelationshipbetweenLiHuaandJohn?HowcouldyouexplaintoJohnLiHua’sparents’behavior?Case2.DifferentAttitudesTowardaFlyinaBeerIfinthedininghall,aflywasseeninaglassofbeer,anEnglishmanwouldsay,“MayIhaveanother,please?”;aFrenchmanwouldpourthebeerout;aSpanishmanwouldputthemoneyonthetableandleavewithoutaword;aJapanesewouldsummonthemanagerandcriticize,“Doyoudoallyourbusinesslikethis?”;anArabwouldgivethebeertothewaiterandsay,“I’llbuyyouadrink.”;andthemorehumorousAmericanwouldsaytothewaiter,“Pleaseservetheflyandbeerseparately.Ifthecustomerlikesthefly,hecouldputitintohisbeerhimself.”Case3.Have you had your lunch? Where are you going? When I first went to Hong Kong a number of years ago, I had no idea about the Chinese language or the Chinese culture. Shortly after my arrival, I went to the bank on my way to school. I was extremely surprisedwhen the bank clerk asked me if I had had lunch. In British culture, the question would be regarded as an indirect invitation to lunch, and between unmarried young people， it indicates a young man’s interest in dating a girl. Since he was a completely stranger, I was quite taken aback. I proceeded to school and was even more surprised when one of the teachers asked me the same question. By now I realized that it could notbeaninvitation,butIwaspuzzledastowhytheykeptaskingit.Inthefollowingdays,asIwasaskedthequestionagainandagain,Icametotheconclusionthatpeoplemustbeconcernedmyhealth.Iwassomewhatunderweight,andIassumedtheymustbeworriedthatIwasnoteatingproperly.Onlylater,didIfindoutthatthequestionhadnorealSignificanceatall,itwasmerelyagreeting.Case4.TherehasbeenaveryfamousbrandofbatteryinChina:WhiteElephant.SupposethisproductistobeexportedtotheUKortheUSA.It’sverylikelytofailwithoutchangingitsbrandname.why?1.FactorsunderlyingInterculturalCommunicationCompetence2.Definitions:CommunicationCompetenceandInterculturalCommunicationCompetenceCompetentcommunicationCommunicationcompetenceInterculturalcompetenceInterculturalcommunicationcompetence2.1CompetentcommunicationCompetentcommunicationisinteractionthatisperceivedaseffectiveinfulfillingcertainrewardingobjectivesandisalsoappropriatetothecontextinwhichtheinteractionoccurs.2.2CommunicationCompetenceCommunicationcompetenceisasocialjudgmentthatpeoplemakeaboutothers.2.3InterculturalCompetenceTheabilitytobecomeeffectiveandappropriateininteractingacrosscultures.2.4InterculturalcommunicationcompetenceInterculturalcommunicationcompetencereferstotheabilitytoaccomplisheffectiveandappropriateinterculturalcommunicationbetweencommunicatorsofdifferentcultures.3.TheComponentsofInterculturalCompetenceIndividualComponentsofInterculturalCompetence:Individualcomponentsusuallyincludemotivation,knowledge,attitudes,behaviorsandskills.ContextualComponentsofInterculturalCompetence3.1IndividualComponentsofInterculturalCompetenceMotivationMotivationincludestheoverallsetofemotionalassociationsthatpeoplehaveastheyactuallycommunicateinter-culturally.b.KnowledgeTheknowledgecomponentcomprisesvariouscognitiveaspectsofcommunicationcompetence;itinvolveswhatweknowaboutourselvesandothers,andaboutvariousaspectsofcommunication.c.AttitudesManyattitudescontributetointerculturalcommunicationcompetence,includingtoleranceforambiguity,empathy,andnonjudgmentalness.d.BehaviorsandskillsThereseemtobetwolevelsofbehavioralcompetence.Themacrolevelincludesmanyculture-generalbehaviors,thenthereisthemicrolevel,atwhichthesegeneralbehaviorsareimplementedinculture-specificways3.2ContextualComponentsofInterculturalCompetence--Contextreferstoalltheinformationintheactualcommunicationsetting,sosomeinterculturalcommunicationscholarswoulduseanotherterm“situationalfeatures”torefertothecontext.--Anotheraspectofcontextisthecommunicator'spositionwithinaspeechcommunity.--Inaddition,anindividual’scompetencemaybeconstrainedbythepolitical,economic,andhistoricalcontexts.4.CommunicationCharacteristicsTraitCommunicationCharacteristicsDominantSpeaksfrequentlyandcontrolsconversations.DramaticVeryexpressivelanguage.Oftenexaggeratesandembellishes.ContentiousArgumentativeandoftenhostile.AnimatedEnergeticandexpressivegestures,facialexpressionsandthelike.Impression-leavingStateideasandfeelingsinanindeliblefashion.Relaxedcalm,comfortable,andseldomnervousaroundothers.AttentiveGoodlistener.Offersverbalandnonverbalencouragementtothespeaker.OpenDisclosespersonalinformation,showsemotionsandfeelings.FriendlyOfferspositivefeedbackandencouragement.5.1StrategiesandSkillsforImprovingInterculturalCompetencea.knowyourselfb.considerthephysicalandhumansettingsc.Seektounderstanddiversemessagesystemsd.developempathye.improvingempathyf.encouragefeedbackg.learnaboutculturaladaptation5.2SkillsforImprovingInterculturalCompetencea.TrytoAcceptDifferingOpinionsb.MakeYourVerbalMessagesc.AvoidDominatingConversationsd.AvoidBeingSubmissiveinConversationse.BeanAffirmerWhenincommunication,frequentlycheck:DoIseemateaseortense?DoIoftenchangethetopicwithouttakingtheotherpersonintoconsideration?DoIsmileoften?DoIinterruptrepeatedly?DoIdeprecatethestatementsofothers?DoIshowsympathywhensomeonehasaproblem?Domyactionstendtolowertheotherperson’sself-esteem?DoIemployapleasanttoneofvoicewhenItalktopeople?DoItendtopickthetopicsfordiscussionordoIsharetopicselection?Whatdoesmytoneofvoicesuggest?HowdoIreacttobeingtouched?........5.3ConsiderthephysicalandhumanSettingsTimingPhysicalsettingCustomsOne’sabilitytoadapttothecustomsofeachculturewill,toalargeextent,determinethesuccessofyourinterculturalencounters.5.4SeektounderstandDiverseMessageSystemLanguagecodingNon-verbalcoding5.5DevelopEmpathy“Weshouldnotjudgeanotherpersonuntilwehavewalkedtwomoonsinhismoccasins.Beabletoseethingsfromthepointofviewofothers.“Empathyhasbeenrecognizedasimportantbothtogeneralcommunicationcompetenceandasacentralcharacteristicofcompetentandeffectiveinterculturalcommunication.”HindrancestoEmpathyConstantself-focusThetendencytonotesomefeaturestotheexclusionofothersoftencausesustomisusethedatawegatheraboutanotherperson.Stereotypednotionsconcerninggender,raceandcultureserveaspotentialstumblingblockstoempathy.Dogmatismisanotherattitudethatkeepsusfromdevelopingempathy.Lackofmotivation.ImprovingempathyPayingattentionTrytobeexpressive(empathyisareciprocalact.)Besensitivetothevaluesandcustomsoftheculturewithwhichyouareinteracting.Avoidinterpretingtheother’sverbalandnonverbalactionsfromyourownculture’sorientation.5.6EncourageFeedbackNonverbalactions：smile,headnoddingPositiveverbalbehavior:askingquestions,like“howdoyouthinkwe…..”Silence,(e.g.someAsianculturesdonotenjoybeinghurriedwhentheynegotiateorsolveproblemsCulturalAdaptationU-curvePattern(1960)Stress-Adaptation-GrowthDynamic(YongYunKim2001)AdialecticalModel(Anderson1994)ATransformativeLearningModel(Mezirrow1978,1981,1991,;KimRuben1988;Talylor1994)U-curvePatternStress-Adaptation-GrowthmodelLearnaboutCultureAdaptationAcquireknowledgeaboutthehostCultureLearntobeopenandflexibleIncreasecontactwiththehostcultureThanksforyourattention!