LiuJinpingTransportationManagementCollegeDalianMaritimeUniversityEmail:tojinping2000@126.comOffice:文科楼581AnIntroductiontoContemporaryLogistics---LogisticsSystem(Lec.1.5)OutlineTermsLogisticsandSystemsAnalysisApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsMainreference:Chapter2p59-p72TermsAsetofinteractingelements,variables,parts,orobjectsthatarefunctionallyrelatedtoeachotherandform系统是由一组相互关联,功能相关的要素、变量、部件,物体组成的统一整体.Whatisasystem?acoherentgroup.TermsAdecision-makingstrategythatemphasizesoverallsystemefficiencyratherthantheefficiencyoftheindividualpartofthesystem.WhatisSystemsConcept?系统概念是强调整体有效性而非强调系统的个体的有效性的一种决策方法.Terms物流系统是指在一定的空间和时间里,物流活动所需的机械、设备、工具、节点、线路等物质资料要素相互联系、相互制约的有机整体。它是由物流各要素所组成的,要素之间存在有机联系并具有使物流总体合理化功能的综合体;是社会经济大系统的一个子系统或组成部分。WhatisLogisticsSystem?ManagementactionsPlanningImplementationControlRawmaterialsFinishedgoodsNaturalresourcesHumanresourcesFinancialresourcesInformationresourcesTimeandplaceutilityEfficientmovementtocustomerProprietaryassetCompetitiveadvantageLogisticsmanagementSuppliersCustomersInputsoflogisticssystemOutputsofLogisticssystemCustomerserviceDemandforecastingInventorymanagementLogisticscommunicationsMaterialhandlingOrderprocessingPartsandservicesupportPlant/warehousesiteselectionProcurementPackagingReverselogisticsTrafficandtransportationWarehousingandstorageLogisticsactivitiesWorkin-processSource:StrategicLogisticsmanagementJAMESR.STOCKDOUGLASM.LAMBERTElementsofLogisticsSystem(frameworkoflogisticsmanagement)ElementsofLogisticsSystem流动要素:7要素(流体、载体、流向、流量、流程、流速、流效)资源要素:载体(运输、储存、装卸搬运、流通加工、信息处理)网络要素:点、线功能要素:储存(仓储管理、库存控制)、运输(干线运输、短途配送)、包装(分装、集并)、装卸搬运、流通加工、信息处理、增值服务管理要素:人、财、物;技术、信息、管理来源:何明珂《物流系统论》ElementsofLogisticsSystemOutlineTermsLogisticsandSystemsAnalysisApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsLogisticsandSystemsAnalysisExampleChoosethetransportationmodefromSuzhou(acosmeticsfactory)toDalian(regionaldistributioncenter)forthecompany.BywaterByairThetransportationdecisionsshouldbecoordinatedwithrelatedareassuchasinventory,warehousing,packagingormarketing,production,financeect.,tooptimzietheoverallsystem.CostPerspectiveLevelofOptimalityLogisticsandSystemsAnalysisCostPerspective(成本观念)LevelofOptimality(最优化等级)SystemconceptinbusinesssystemLogisticsandSystemsAnalysisCostPerspectivethemostefficientsystemsarenotalwayscomprisedofeachsystemcomponentoperatingatitslowestpossiblecost.Thecriticalconcernistohavetheentiresystemoperatingatitslowesttotalcost.LogisticsandSystemsAnalysisWhatisOptimization?(优化)Maximizationorminimization(最大化或最小化)Theprocessofmakingsomethingasgoodoraseffectiveaspossiblewithgivenresourcesandconstraints(限制).e.g.deliverytimes,minimumproductioncapacity,financiallimitsLogisticsandSystemsAnalysisLevelofOptimality4levelsofoptimalityWithinlogisticscomponentsBetweenlogisticscomponentsBetweencompanyfunctionsBetweenthecompanyandexternalorganizationSystemsAnalysis--LevelsofOptimalityLevel1OrganizationoptimizationLevel2SupplychainoptimizationLevel3EnvironmentEconomyOutlineTermsLogisticsandSystemsAnalysisApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsYouareemployedbyabeermanufacturerwhohasanationaldistributionsystem.Yourbosstellsyoutoanalyzetheircurrentlogisticssystem.Whatdoyouplantodo?Whatdataareyouplanningtocollect?ApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsNodesversusLinksCostCentersMaterialsManagementv.PhysicalDistributionLogisticsChannelApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsTheprocessrelatedtothemovementandstorageofproductsfromtheendoftheproductionlinetotheenduser.MaterialsManagementv.PhysicalDistributionMaterialsManagementv.PhysicalDistributionMaterialmanagement(inboundlogistics)Themovementandstorageofmaterialsfromsuppliersandvendorsintoproductionprocesses.Physicaldistribution(outboundlogistics)FinishedproductsRawMaterials,Subassembles,PartsApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsBalancedsystem(平衡系统)-e.g.,consumerproductsHeavyinbound(偏进货型)-e.g.,aircraft,constructionHeavyoutbound(偏出货型)-e.g.,chemicalsReversesystems(逆向系统)-e.g.,returnableproductsMaterialsManagementv.PhysicalDistribution4differentclassificationsoflogisticssystemsApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsCostCentersTotalLogisticscost (物流总成本)Costtrade-offs(成本背反原理)ApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsCostCentersTotalLogisticscost (物流总成本)Trunkingcost(primarydelivery,初级配送)Localdeliverycosts(secondarydelivery,二级配送)Orderprocessingcosts(informationsystemcost)InventoryholdingcostsWarehousing/storagecostsApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsTheinterrelationshipamongsystemvariablesindicatesthatachangeinonevariablehascostimpactuponothervariables.CostCentersCosttrade-off(成本悖反原理)e.g.,…..TotalCostsofADistributionNetworkOrderprocessingcostsLocaldeliverycostsStoragecostsInventorycostsTrunkingcostsTotaldistributioncostCostsNumberofdepotsOptimalNumberofWarehouses12345TotalCostsofADistributionNetworkCostCentersSystem1System23Warehouses5WarehousesTransportation$850,000$500,000Inventory1,500,0002,000,000Warehousing600,0001,000,000CostofLostSales350,000100,000TotalCost$3,300,000$3,600,000AChangetotheNumberofWarehousesTotalCostsofADistributionNetworkCostCentersRailMotorTransportation$3.00$4.20Inventory5.003.75Packaging4.503.20Warehousing1.50.75CostofLostSales2.001.00TotalCost$15.00$13.00AChangetoModeofTransportApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsNodesversusLinksNodesarespatialpoints节或节点:warehouses,plants,etc.Linksarethetransportationnetwork连线或链:rail,motor,air,pipeandwater(n.空间的)Logisticsnodesandlinksmanufacturingcentersassemblingcenters(安装中心)warehousesdistributioncenters(配送中心)Cross-dockingpoints(直接换装或越库储存)transportationterminalsretailoutlets(零售销售点)mailsortingcenters(信件拣选中心)garbageincinerators(垃圾焚烧点)…truckscarstrainsAirplanesshippipe…Nodes(物流节点)linkedbytransportationservices(links,物流连线)ApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsWherearethosenodes?Distancebetweennodes?ModeoflinksProductflow(incubicorweight,unitload)inoneperiod(Weekormonth)NodesversusLinksmostlyusedwhenlong-runlogisticssystemdesignsRetailerPlantWarehouseRetailerWarehouseNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeLinkLinkLinkLinkLinkNodesandLinksinaLogisticsSystemApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsinwhichparticipantsengagedinstorage,handling,transfer,transportation,andcommunicationsfunctionsthatcontributetotheefficientflowofgoods.LogisticsChannelThenetworkofintermediaries(n.中介,中间商)involvedinthelogisticssystem.ASimpleLogisticsChannelAMulti-EchelonLogisticsChanneln.梯形,梯阵AComplexLogisticsChannelQuickReviewKeytermssystemsystemconceptsLogisticsandsystemanalysisCostPerspectiveLevelsofOptimalityApproachestoAnalyzingLogisticsSystemsMaterialsManagementv.PhysicalDistributionCostCentersNodesversusLinksLogisticsChannel