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从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异毕业论文含开题报告

2019-01-22 6页 doc 250KB 78阅读

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从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异毕业论文含开题报告 本科生毕业论文(设计) 题目:Comparison of English and Chinese Euphemism Based on the Politeness Principle 从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异 系 别: 外国语言文学系 专 业: 英 语 Abstract Along with the c...
从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异毕业论文含开题报告
本科生毕业论文(设计) 题目:Comparison of English and Chinese Euphemism Based on the Politeness Principle 从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异 系 别: 外国语言文学系 专 业: 英 语 Abstract Along with the continuous development of globalization, the communications between China and western countries have been increasing gradually in economy, politics and culture. More and more of us are required to understand people coming from countries and cultures different from our own, so the impact of difference between Oriental and Occidental cultures on international trade becomes increasingly exposed. In the cross-culture communication, we can not be ignorant of the differences between English and Chinese euphemism. In addition, politeness is the symbol of human culture and society’s universal phenomenon. However, the different cultures has different politeness principle which does not use to weigh the standard as well as the expression way. Learning the different usages of English and Chinese euphemisms based on the politeness principle aims at pointing out that people can put the euphemisms into right usage only if people understand correctly different cultures. Only in this way, we can avoid some mistakes, misunderstanding or even conflicts. Thus, we can promote the cross-cultural communication going effectively and to be in the best condition. This paper aims at discussing the differences between English and Chinese euphemisms that are faced in today's international communication and evolving appropriate measures to deal with those. It consists of four parts, with an introduction and a conclusion preceding and following them. As euphemism is a linguistic phenomenon, chapter two first states the origin and the definition of the euphemism, and the analysis of the obedience of the English and Chinese politeness principle, thus building up a better understanding of euphemism. Chapter three illustrates the differences of English and Chinese euphemism and discusses the factor for the differences. All of these can help people to avoid pragmatic failures in communication. Key Words: Euphemism,Politeness Principle,Contrastive Analysis 毕业设计(论文)原创性声明和使用授权说明 原创性声明 本人郑重承诺:所呈交的毕业设计(论文),是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知,除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果,也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体,均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 作 者 签 名:       日  期:        ​​​​​​​​​​​​ 指导教师签名:        日  期:        使用授权说明 本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计(论文)的规定,即:按照学校要求提交毕业设计(论文)的印刷本和电子版本;学校有权保存毕业设计(论文)的印刷本和电子版,并提供目录检索与阅览服务;学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文;在不以赢利为目的前提下,学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。 作者签名:        日  期:        ​​​​​​​​​​​​ 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权      大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 导师签名: 日期: 年 月 日 注 意 事 项 1.设计(论文)的内容包括: 1)封面(按教务处制定的标准封面格式制作) 2)原创性声明 3)中文摘要(300字左右)、关键词 4)外文摘要、关键词 5)目次页(附件不统一编入) 6)论文主体部分:引言(或绪论)、正文、结论 7)参考文献 8)致谢 9)附录(对论文支持必要时) 2.论文字数要求:理工类设计(论文)正文字数不少于1万字(不包括图纸、程序清单等),文科类论文正文字数不少于1.2万字。 3.附件包括:任务书、#开题报告#、外文译文、译文原文(复印件)。 4.文字、图表要求: 1)文字通顺,语言流畅,书写字迹工整,打印字体及大小符合要求,无错别字,不准请他人代写 2)工程设计类题目的图纸,要求部分用尺规绘制,部分用计算机绘制,所有图纸应符合国家技术标准。图表整洁,布局合理,文字注释必须使用工程字书写,不准用徒手画 3)毕业论文须用A4单面打印,论文50页以上的双面打印 4)图表应绘制于无格子的页面上 5)软件工程类课题应有程序清单,并提供电子文档 5.装订顺序 1)设计(论文) 2)附件:按照任务书、开题报告、外文译文、译文原文(复印件)次序装订 指导教师评阅书 指导教师评价: 一、撰写(设计)过程 1、学生在论文(设计)过程中的治学态度、工作精神 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 4、研究方法的科学性;技术线路的可行性;设计的合理性 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 5、完成毕业论文(设计)期间的出勤情况 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 二、论文(设计)质量 1、论文(设计)的整体结构是否符合撰写规范? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、是否完成指定的论文(设计)任务(包括装订及附件)? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 三、论文(设计)水平 1、论文(设计)的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、论文的观念是否有新意?设计是否有创意? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、论文(设计说明书)所体现的整体水平 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 建议成绩:□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 (在所选等级前的□内画“√”) 指导教师: (签名) 单位: (盖章) 年 月 日 评阅教师评阅书 评阅教师评价: 一、论文(设计)质量 1、论文(设计)的整体结构是否符合撰写规范? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、是否完成指定的论文(设计)任务(包括装订及附件)? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 二、论文(设计)水平 1、论文(设计)的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、论文的观念是否有新意?设计是否有创意? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、论文(设计说明书)所体现的整体水平 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 建议成绩:□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 (在所选等级前的□内画“√”) 评阅教师: (签名) 单位: (盖章) 年 月 日 教研室(或答辩小组)及教学系 教研室(或答辩小组)评价: 一、答辩过程 1、毕业论文(设计)的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 二、论文(设计)质量 1、论文(设计)的整体结构是否符合撰写规范? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、是否完成指定的论文(设计)任务(包括装订及附件)? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 三、论文(设计)水平 1、论文(设计)的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、论文的观念是否有新意?设计是否有创意? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、论文(设计说明书)所体现的整体水平 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 评定成绩:□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 教研室主任(或答辩小组组长): (签名) 年 月 日 教学系意见: 系主任: (签名) 年 月 日 本科毕业论文 (设计 ) 开 题 报 告 院 (系): 外国语言文学系 专 业: 英语 毕业论文(设计)题目 从礼貌原则上看中西委婉语的差异 Comparison of English and Chinese Euphemism from the Politeness Principle 一、选题依据(研究的目的、意义、国内外研究现状,发展趋势和主要参考文献) 1.研究目的和意义: 随着全球化的不断发展,中国与西方国家在经济、政治和文化上的交流越来越频繁,委婉语成了国际交流不可缺少的重要部分,并且受到很多中外学者的亲睐。同时,它作为社会活动交际的润滑剂,是人际交往中不可或缺的一部分,对我们了解中西方文化差异和国际交流中起着非常重要的作用。虽然古今中外学者的委婉语的研究有一定的成就,但还有许多人还未充分意识到委婉语在语言使用中的重要性,也不了解中西委婉语的差异给中英交流带来的困难和影响。所以,我们有必要仔细回顾前人的研究成果,对中西委婉语作出分析总结,为解决当前中英交流出现的矛盾作出参考和借鉴,促进中外文化交流。 本文选题属于语言文化范畴。中西委婉语的研究在跨文化交际领域中具有重要并现实的意义,它是人类语言交流的重要组成部分,也是协调人际关系的重要手段。了解礼貌原则下的中西委婉语的差异,对身处21世纪的每个人来说都是有必要的。本文将介绍委婉语的研究成果,同时从礼貌原则上分析中西委婉语的差异,使人们了解中西方语言文化的区别,从而增强跨文化交流意识。 2.国内外研究现状: 18世纪80年代初,英国Gorge Blunt给Euphemism一词下定义:(Euphemism)is a good of favorable interpretation of a bad word .相继有许多学者对委婉语进行研究,其中 Menken于1936年在《The American Language》中非常细致地探讨了委婉语是如何产生并且流行起来的。美国学者Neaman和Sliver于1983年在《 Kind Words——A Treasure of Euphemisms 》中详细描述了委婉语的起源和发展。D.J.Enright于1985年在《Fair of Speech,the Use of Euphemism 》中收集了很多探讨委婉语的论文。Allen和Burridge于1991年在《Euphemism and Dysphemism 》中从语用角度来研究英语委婉语。 委婉语是语言学一个重要的领域,国内也有不少学者对其进行了研究。其中,刘纯豹于1994年在《英语委婉语词典》对语义学进行研究。束定芳于1995年根据 Grice 和 Leech 的理论,阐述了委婉语的使用与语言交际过程的三个原则。徐海铭于1996年在《委婉语的语用研究》介绍的委婉语的语用功能。彭文钊于1999年在《委婉语-社会文化域的语言映射》中介绍了文化对委婉语的影响。 但是,因为国内外委婉语研究的不足,导致有关委婉语的专著比较少,参考文献比较单一。而且,中西委婉语的对比研究做得不夠,所以该选题还有更大的研究空间。 3.发展趋势: 随着现代社会文明的演进,委婉语普遍存在于各种语言之中,并且使用范围和社会功能在不断扩大。从礼貌原则上了解中西委婉语的差异,可以减少跨文化交际中产生的障碍,未来也将会有更多的学者对这一方面进行深入研究。 4.主要参考文献: Rawson Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemisms and other Doubletalk. New York: Crown Publishers,1981. Neaman J.S.& Silver C. Kind Words: A Thesaurus of Euphemisms. New York: Facts on File.1990. Allan K&K Burridge. Euphemism and Dysphemism. Oxford: Oxford University press,1991. Ayto J. Euphemisms. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Limited,1993. Fan Min. A comparative Study of Euphemisms in English and Chinese. Nanjing University,2003. 胡永红.《英汉委婉语浅谈》.绵阳师专学报,2001. 严莉芬.《中西禁忌语、委婉语差异的对比研究》.中南民族大学学报, 2005. 陈正媛.《中西委婉语之简析》.语文学刊,2006. 钟文、郝义侠.《委婉语和礼貌原则》.安徽农业大学学报,2008. 杨娜.《浅谈英语委婉语与礼貌原则》.南昌教育学院学报外语研究,2011. 唐艳军.《礼貌原则与英语委婉语的使用》.湖南科技学院学报,2012 二、研究内容 1.论文思路: 本文首先从中西委婉语的来源与定义入手,准确定位研究方向。进而梳理和分析中西礼貌原则的种类,从研究中总结出在礼貌原则上中西委婉语的差异性。 2. 论文提纲: 1.Introduction论文介绍 2.Literatura Review of Euphemism委婉语的文献综述 2.1 The Origin of Euphemism委婉语的起源 2.2 Definition of Euphemism委婉语的定义 2.3 The Politeness Principle and Euphemism礼貌原则下的委婉语 2.3.1 The Obedience of the English Politeness Principle遵守西方礼貌原则的委婉语 2.3.1.1 The Principle of Appropriateness慷慨原则 2.3.1.2 The Principle of Generosity宽容原则 2.3.1.3 The Principle of Modesty谦虚原则 2.3.1.4 The Principle of Agreement赞同原则 2.3.1.5 The Principle of Sympathy同情原则 2.3.2 The Obedience of the Chinese Politeness Principle遵守中国礼貌原则的委婉语 2.3.2.1 The Principle of Respectfulness尊重原则 2.3.2.2 The Principle of Appellation称呼原则 2.3.2.3 The Principle of Refinement文雅原则 2.3.2.4 The Principle of Consistency求同原则 2.3.2.5 The Principle of Virtue德行原则 3.Comparison of English and Chinese Euphemism From the Politeness Principle 从礼貌原则上分析中西委婉语的差异 3.1 Differences of English and Chinese Euphemism中西委婉语的差异 3.1.1 Different Connotation内涵差异 3.1.2 Different Phonetic Device语音差异 3.1.3 Different Grammar语法差异 3.1.4 Different Lexical Device词汇差异 3.1.5 Different Pragmatics语用差异 3.1.6 Different Rhetoric修辞差异 3.2 Factor Analysis for the Differences差异根源分析 3.2.1 Examples in Different Religion 宗教差异 3.2.2 Examples in National Psychology民族心理差异 3.2.3 Examples in Different Customs习俗差异 3.2.4 Examples in Social Stratum社会等级观念差异 3.2.5 Examples in Different Culture文化差异 4.Conclusion总结 3. 重点解决的问题: 如何利用礼貌原则的基本理论对中西委婉语进行标准合理的分析,使自身对中西委婉语有更深层次的理解和认知,增强跨文化交流意识。 4. 预期效果: 利用礼貌原则对中英委婉语作出对比,最大程度应用自身所学到的基础理论和专业基础知识,发挥主观能动性,提高对本选题的理解,完成5000字的学术论文。 三、研究方法 在指导老师的指导下,收集相关文献,研读前人的研究成果,学习相关理论分析并归纳文献资料,论证相关论点。其中详细包括: 1. 调查分析法:通过调查国内外语言学和外语类主要刊物发表的委婉语研究论文,分析中西委婉语差异性,并且对中西委婉语的差异进行梳理与分析。 2. 文献研究法:通过阅读相关主题的文献,如中西委婉语的文化研究、礼貌原则上的委婉语等,从而更全面地、正确地了解掌握委婉语,形成对其的一般印象。 3. 比较研究法:该研究课题将详细介绍礼貌原则上中西委婉语的差异,将中国与西方的委婉语进行对比,同时对今后发展跨文化交流作出借鉴和参考。 四、研究过程中可能出现的问题及解决方法 1.论文主题方面可能存在的问题: 委婉语的文化历史等研究资料可能不太全面,导致将重点放在礼貌原则的理论上。加上自身的研究知识可能不够深入了解,可能导致研究结果的准确性降低。 2.解决办法: 通过对中西文化的研究学习,特别是委婉语的深入研究学习,方法文献等的查阅,不断的扩大资料来源。要不断于指导老师进行沟通,不断的查漏补缺,从多方面来解决这个问题。 毕业论文(设计)工作计划 时 间 工 作 内 容 预 期 结 果 2012年12月10日 2012年12月11日至2013年1月9日 2013年1月10日至2013年2月18日 2013年2月19日至2013年3月19日 2013年4月 2013年5月 学生确定好研究方向,定好基本的论文框架,积累参考文献,撰写好开题报告,经指导老师审核后,完成开题报告。 学生在本学期结束前基本完成论文初稿的撰写,交给指导老师修改并听取老师指导意见。 经修改过的初稿退还学生,学生按照指导老师的意见继续撰写论文正稿,对论文的不足之处进行修改,丰富论文的内容,使其更符合论文的研究方向和更具专业性。 修改经指导老师审核修改过的论文正稿(一稿),按照指导老师意见继续撰写论文正稿。 对论文进行最后的查漏补缺,避免出现不该有的错误,为毕业答辩做好思想和行动准备。打印、装订论文。 准备毕业论文答辩 完成开题报告,开始论文撰写 完成论文初稿 完成论文正稿(一稿) 完成论文正稿(二稿) 打印装订成册上交 通过论文答辩 指导教师意见:(研究的理论意义和应用价值、创新之处、研究方法可行性等) 签名: 年 月 日 所在系意见: 负责人签名(或盖章): 年 月 日 摘要 随着全球化的不断发展,中国与西方国家在经济、政治和文化上的交流越来越频繁,越来越多的人需要去了解来自不同国家和文化背景的人群,所以东西方文化的差异影响国际贸易日益加深。在跨文化交际中,我们绝对不能忽视中英委婉语的差异。继而,礼貌是人类文明的象征,是人类社会的普遍现象,然而不同的文化有着不用的礼貌衡量标准以及表达方式。了解基于礼貌原则上的中西委婉语的不同用法,旨在人们理解不同文化后正确使用委婉语,只有这样,我们才可以避免一些错误,误解甚至冲突。然后,跨文化交流才得以进一步促进,并调节至最佳状态。 本论文的目的在于分析在面对国际交流过程中中西委婉语产生的差异,并且探究以及解决其产生的问题。它一共由四部分组成,委婉语的介绍和总结也包括在内。我们将委婉语看做一种语言现象,在第二部分会介绍它的来源与定义,再而分析遵循礼貌原则的中西委婉语,从而加深人们对委婉语的认识。第三部分会说明中西委婉语的差异,并且分析产生差异的原因。希望本论文会帮助人们避免在交际中出现语用错误。 关键字:委婉语,礼貌原则,对比分析 Contents Chapter One Introduction 6 Chapter Two Literature Review 8 2.1 The Origin of Euphemism 8 2.2 Definition of Euphemism 8 2.3 The Politeness Principle 9 2.3.1 The Obedience of the English Politeness Principle 10 2.3.2 The Obedience of the Chinese Politeness Principle 11 Chapter Three Comparison of English and Chinese Euphemism based on the Politeness Principle 13 3.1 Different Connotation 13 3.2 Different Phonetic Device 14 3.3 Different Grammar 14 3.4 Different Lexical Device 15 3.5 Different Pragmatics 15 3.6 Different Rhetoric 16 Chapter Four Factor Analysis for the Differences 17 4.1 Different Religion 17 4.2 National Psychology 18 4.3 Different Customs 19 4.4 Social Stratum 19 4.5 Different Culture 20 Chapter Five Conclusion 22 Bibliography 23 Acknowledgements 24 Chapter One Introduction Euphemism, as a social lubricant of communication, plays a very important role to promote the understanding of differences in Chinese and western culture. At the same time, It is the most significant and indispensable part of the international communication. The study of euphemism has long been with us during the development of globalization. After all these years, many Chinese and foreign scholars have a great achievement on the study of euphemism. However, there are a lot of people have not yet fully realized the importance of euphemism, or have not understood the pragmatic failures in communication because of the differences between Chinese and English euphemism. So, it is necessary for us to try hard to review the researches of predecessors. In the meantime, we have to make a analysis of Chinese and English euphemism to strengthen the consciousness of cross-cultural communication. In the early 1780s, Gorge Blunt gave a definition for the meaning of euphemism: (Euphemism)is a good of favorable interpretation of a bad word. Then, there were many scholars studying on euphemism one after the other. Menken explored the formation of euphemism in The American Language in 1936. Neaman and Sliver described the origin and development of euphemism in Kind Words—A Treasure of Euphemisms in 1983. D.J.Enright collected many papers of euphemism in Fair of Speech,the Use of Euphemism in 1985. Allen and Burridge studied on English euphemism based on the pragmatic perspective in Euphemism and Dysphemism in 1991. China also has a lot of researches about euphemism. Liu Chunbao showed the semantics in Dictionary of English Euphemism in 1994. Su Dingfang expounded the pragmatic functions of euphemism based on the theory of Grice and Leech in 1995. Xu Haiming introduced the pragmatic functions of euphemism in Pragmatic Study of Euphemism in 1996. Peng Wenzhao wrote about the cultural influence to the euphemism in Euphemism-Language Mapping in the Social Culture in 1999. With the evolution of modern social civilization, the social functions of euphemism are widening. Therefore, the comparison of English and Chinese euphemism based on the politeness principle can reduce the obstacle in cultural communication. Because of the lack of researches in China, more and more scholars will conduct the researches of euphemism thoroughly. Through the contrastive study of English and Chinese euphemisms based on the politeness principle, we can learn about lots of both similarities and peculiarities of the two languages, which is of considerable value and guidance to our foreign language learning and cross-cultural communication. Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 The Origin of Euphemism The history of euphemism can be traced back to the ancient times. Its earlier emergence had a close relation to language taboos and religion. In the primitive society, the social system hindered the economic growth. They came to believe that there were some supernatural powers, or the existence of devils and gods that controlled their lives and even the whole world. They dared not to mention the names of the devils and gods directly. Thus, language taboos came into being. Because of the needs in communications, people used euphemisms to substitute the names of those things they feared in circumstances that they had to speak of them. Along with the advance of the society, the effects of euphemism was more and more important when people felt that they were somewhat distant from what they were afraid of and their safety, happiness, health and good luck were guaranteed. Thus, euphemism got the unprecedented development. Nowadays, it still exerts a strong influence on China and western nations. 2.2 Definition of Euphemism Euphemism is originated from the Greek. It is an inoffensive word or phrase substituted for one considered offensive or hurtful. In addition, euphemism is a common phenomenon during the use of human language and exists in a lot of languages concerned with religion, sex, death, or excreta. The followings are two definitions of the euphemism from the reference books: (1) “Using a statement of vague, and making people feel happy or ambiguous, instead of the expression of an unhappy meaning or with not enough respect.” (Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, Stockton and Hartmann) (2) “An indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to something embarrassing or unpleasant, sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is.” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Chinese Dictionary, the commercial press & Oxford University press) So far, the definitions of the euphemism are a lot, and the followings are the definitions of the euphemism from research scholars: (1) The mild or vague expression substituted for a harsher or more direct one. (Pocket Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary) (2) The substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt. (Webster‟s Dictionary of American English) (3) (An example of) the use of a more pleasant, less direct name for something thought to be unpleasant. (Longman English-Chinese Dictionary of Contempo- rary English) (4) A euphemism is a polite, pleasant, or neutral word or expression that is used to refer to something which people may find upsetting or embarrassing to talk about, for example, sex, the human body or death. (Collins Cobuild English Dictionary) (5) A pleasant replacement for an objectionable word that has pejorative connotations. (Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics) 2.3 The Politeness Principle The politeness principle is a constraint observed in human communicative behavior, influencing us to avoid communicative discord or offence, and maintain communicative concord. 2.3.1 The Obedience of the English Politeness Principle (1) Approbation maxim: Minimize dispraise of other; Maximize praise to other. For example: Your sentence isn’t correct, but your answer is good. In western countries, teachers generally grade students with appreciation. Although some students give the wrong answers, teachers always use the praise strategy properly and take the expressions of “Right”, “Good”, “Well done”, “Good job”, “Excellent” when students have a positive performance. For students, praise is the powerful encouragement. (2) Generosity maxim: Minimize benefit to self; Maximize cost to self. For example: In my humble opinion, she was neither quite pretty nor quiet plain. “Plain” is used instead of “ugly”. That is to state some serious things in a temperate way in order to avoid being awkward and strident. This king of expression not only minimizes benefit to self in communication, but show respect to others. (3) Modesty maxim: Minimize praise to self; Maximize dispraise to self. For example: ‘I used to think I was poor. Then they told me I wasn’t poor, I was needy. Then they said it was self-defeating to think of myself as needy, that I was culturally deprived. Then they told me deprived was a bad image, that I was underprivileged. Then they told me that underprivileged was overused, that I was disadvantaged. I still don’t have a dime but I have a great vocabulary.’(Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage) The author used four euphemisms to express ‘poor’ in a paragraph. They show us the embarrassing life and the low social status by ‘needy’, ‘culturally deprived’, ‘underprivileged’, and ‘disadvantaged’. All of these sentences follow the principle of modesty. (4) Agreement maxim: Minimize disagreement between self and other; Maximize agreement between self and other. For example: In private I should merely call him a liar. In the Press you should use the words: ‘reckless disregard for truth’ and in Parliament—that you regret he should have been so misinformed.’ (John Galsworthy, Silver Spoon) The author politely expressed the meaning of telling lies in two places, which revealed the disagreement to someone. The sense of humor follows the principle of agreement and proves the attitude of the speaker. (5) Sympathy maxim: Minimize antipathy between self and other; Maximize sympathy between self and other. For example: On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him armchair, peacefully gone to sleep but—forever. (Frederick Engels, Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx) This is the description of Engels’ on Marx's death. He politely used “ceased to think” and “peacefully gone to sleep” instead of “die”. All these expressed the sorrow of losing friend and respect for Marx. 2.3.2 The Obedience of the Chinese Politeness Principle (1) Respectfulness Maxim: Self’s positive appreciation or admiration of others concerning the latter’s face, social status, and so on. For example: --You are very good at playing table tennis. --No, I am not good at it and I don’t play as well as you do. That is when praising others one should praise profusely; when receiving praise one should receive courteously. (2) Appellation Maxim: Use proper appellation to address others. In China, children should not call their parents by names directly, and the same goes to students to teachers, subordinates to superiors. Otherwise, it would be considered impolite. Chinese not only prefer to use addresses which show kinship, like “brother, sister, uncle, aunt”, to address relatives, but also use them to address others. So “grandpa, grandma, uncle, aunt, big brother, big sister” are very common in China. In addition, another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title or occupation. In formal occasion, Chinese people tend to use one’s title or occupation, such as “Manager Wang” “Principal Li”, to address others so as to show respect to the addressee’s status. Here are more examples. The other party is called “Your honor”, “Your excellency”, “The old person”. The other person’s home is called “noble home”. The other side’s work is call “Great writing”. These euphemisms reflect the Chinese respectfulness and benefit the development of interpersonal relationship. (3) Refinement Maxim: Self’s demonstration of kindness, consideration, and hospitality to others. For example: Kong Yiji, you have got fresh scars on your face. (Zhou Shuren, Kong Yiji) This maxim requests one to try to avoid unpleasant and awkward expressions. In example “to have fresh scars” implies “to have been beaten by others” indirectly. (4) Consistency Maxim: Self’s behavior to other which meets certain standards. For example: --I think these paintings are beautiful. --But I don’t have an eye for beauty. It's quite obvious that the people want to answer “these paintings are not very beautiful”. This euphemism makes the gap has narrowed considerably and shows the principle of consistency. (5) Virtue, Speech and Behavior Maxim: The quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong. For example: Would it be kind of you to do me a favor by passing me the salt? In Leech’s Politeness Principle, Tact Maxim and Generosity Maxim can be generalize as “Lose and Benefit Maxim”. The former is about how to treat others and is used when order or request others; the latter is about how to treat self and is used when promise to help others. These two maxims are has a huge overlapping area with that of Gu’s “Virtue Maxim”. The principle of virtue in the above example is easily seen. This euphemism sentence is polite because if a remark is delivered in a more indirect way, it will sound more polite since the more indirect expressions allow more freedom. Chapter Three Comparison of English and Chinese Euphemism based on the Politeness Principle Although euphemism is a common phenomenon in both English and Chinese cultures, Chinese and English euphemism exist individually based on the politeness principle. For this reason, there are more differences than similarities between the both because of the different religions and national psychologies, customs, social stratums, cultures. And all the differences could be seen in the uses and the expressions of euphemisms. 3.1 Different Connotation There are many ways to express euphemism. Euphemism is not only a common language phenomenon for various languages but a cultural one that can evade mistakes and contradiction and correspond with two participants. We have to know more about the application of euphemism in Chinese and English and to make acknowledge of its social influence, which could help us use euphemism in a correct way. For example, “Passed away” which refers to “dead” belongs to metonymy in English euphemism. When English people talk about death of their close person, they cannot use the verb “dead”. It is very hard to them because it sounds like convict and it bring them somehow certainty. The verb “pass away” sounds a little soft and gives people some hope that loss cannot be forever and whenever wherever they will meet their close person and will be together and happy again. However, some Chinese people may be surprised and they think “pass away” just means "go by". Rice is a big part of Chinese life and we often eat it with a bowl. So, Chinese people like to use "lose the bowl" to express "lose the job" in Chinese euphemism. Some English people cannot understand because they often use "take bread out of one's mouth" to express "lose the job" in English euphemism. Different connotations between Chinese and English euphemisms make diversity of euphemism. 3.2 Different Phonetic Device Light reading is a popular way of euphemism which means that when you have to say something that you are too shy to mention it, usually you say it in a low voice. Usually crude or inauspicious words become acceptable by using phonetic devices. There are abbreviations like ‘WC’ for ‘Water Closet’, ‘SOB’ for ‘son-of-a-bitch’, ‘BS’ for ‘bullshit’, and so on. Thus, compared with English, the Chinese language does not have the convenience of phonetic distortion. We can find fewer phonetic distortions in Chinese and the most common phonetic device is assonance. For example, we use ‘jieshou’ instead of speaking ‘urinate’. 3.3 Different Grammar (1) Using Negation Euphemism often uses a denial of the opposite idea for a positive word as well as a sentence. For example, ‘He is no more in the world’. Everyone knows it conveys the same meaning as ‘He is dead’. In Chinese, some indirect negatives like ‘maybe’, ‘not necessary’ are often employed to make sentences explicit. (2) Using Omission Omission is a good way to avoid some unpleasant or taboo words. We can easily find some examples in English and Chinese. ‘Someone is out’ is the vague expression of ‘someone is out of work’. Chinese people also intentionally omit some offensive words and expressions, such like we say: "to where?" which refers to "where are you going?" 3.4 Different Lexical Device Let us make an example about the word "old". It is Taboo language in western. In most English speaking countries, people use the address of "a senior citizen" or "the aged" to replace the "old man". Also use "golden years" to express "old age". Some people had funny said: Nowadays, the United States does not have the address of “old”. People praise others with "seasoned" or "well-preserved". However, in China, the word "old" is the polite language in many public. Such as: "old Cheung",Old Lee", "Old professor". People take the word “old” as social status, qualifications, experience but not the age. 3.5 Different Pragmatics The self-denigration is the euphemism of richest Chinese culture characteristics based on the politeness principle. When Chinese gain the praise or congratulations from others, they usually take the expression like “I am flattered”, “It is not good enough” to show their modesty. But if we communicate with the westerners in the Chinese habits, the result of communication would fail. For westerns, it is offensive to deny others praise. However, the Chinese people think the westerns are too confident, not enough modest to show the politeness. For example: Chinese A: You are very beautiful. Chinese B: I'm flattered. British A: You are very beautiful. British B: Thank you. From the above we can make a conclusion that the compliment of Chinese and British has the same common. But Chinese express their politeness through modesty and lower themselves. While British just take the expression of “Thank you”. 3.6 Different Rhetoric Rhetoric can make the structure of euphemism more tense and compact, presenting a refined language to the listener. There is such a sentence as: ‘She is pregnant’. In English euphemism, we can say: ‘she is in a family way.’ This is a metonymy which is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. In Chinese euphemism, we can use ‘she is in the joyous occasion’. This is a metaphor which is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. Sometimes, by using these rhetorical devices and the carefully-chosen words and well-balanced sentences, the words of euphemism are colorful and have a powerful strength of persuasion. Chapter Four Factor Analysis for the Differences Although the euphemism based on the politeness of principle in China is familiar with English, the language also has the differences under influence by the social culture, custom religions, national psychology and social stratums. Therefore, the practical application of language courtesy is widely divergent, even hard to accept each other. Different culture factors can result in the difference. In the following, we will look at some reasons. 4.1 Different Religion From the ancient time, China has never formed a unified religious belief. So, Buddhism and Taoism have played important roles in the development of the religion and their proposals have influence on the formation of the euphemism. While in the west, people have formed a unified religious belief and most people believe in Christianity. Therefore, the difference of religious belief leads to different euphemisms. As discussed earlier, Christianity is the dominant world view in the English–speaking countries. It reinforces group norms, provides moral standards for individual conducts, and furnishes the basis of common purposes and values upon which the community depends. The monism in religion exerts great influence on English euphemism. God made human beings with earth ‘to return to dust’. Men were born guilty and should atone, so ‘to die’ is ‘to pay the debt of nature’. God is the master of all creatures, and men are bound to ‘be called to God to answer the final summonses’ .Therefore, men are required to ‘go to the Heaven’ and thereafter are able to ‘be asleep in the arms of God or Jesus’. In this way, men ‘go to his final reward’. As a result, the euphemisms stated herein have turned into the common core of the English language. Naturally, as Christianity has the most followers in western countries, such euphemisms with religious color are widely accepted by the majorities of people in society. China is a country full of different religious belief and Chinese people have never formed a unified religious belief. Taoism, Buddhism and Islamism coexist in China, and each has its own followers. Taoism think ‘Death’ simply means that the flesh and blood turns into immortal spirit, which can be called ‘to pass away to be among the immortals’. With the introduction of Buddhism into China, ‘death’ was translated into ‘yuanji’, ‘pass away in a sitting posture’. Chinese euphemisms for with a religious hue are far fewer than English ones, which largely results from the pluralism of Chinese religions. What is more, Chinese religion—hued euphemisms for ―death are not popular with the people as English ones. They are more often used within respective religious circles. What is more, Chinese religion euphemisms are not as popular with the people as English ones. They are more often used within respective religious circles. 4.2 National Psychology Another factor between China and western is the national psychology differences. On the one hand, the Westerns are often proud of their achievement. They never conceal their confident, honor and granulation after they succeed while Chinese show advocated modest, not in favor of personal honor. On the other hand, Westerners cherish their individual freedom so much that they would not be restricted. While in China, we have maintained all along that there is a basic community of interests between the collective and the individual. If they clash, it is the individual interests which should be subordinated to the collective. For example, Chinese A: Your Spanish is very good. Chinese B: No, I don't speak as well as you do. English A: You are looking very smart today. English B: Thank you. So are you. 4.3 Different Customs As the differences of natural environment, economic levels and national development history, each nation has its own unique and accustomed lifestyle. Different nation has different customs and the custom related to euphemism of China is different from that of the west. Therefore, many different euphemisms emerged from the different folk customs. Euphemism still have an important influence today in spite of the changes of time and that can be proved by folk customs which are still used today. Here are some examples. Chinese people’s choice of the cemetery is also very exquisite, a good location of the cemetery is thought to make their descendants thrived, the custom of choosing Fengshui is unique to Chinese culture. So the saying of ‘return to the dust’ is the typical examples of choosing a good tomb. Besides, when people died, their relatives will set up a mourning hall to memory the dead and there comes ‘white jacaranda’. In recent decades, there emerged the saying like “heart stopped beating”with the spread of cremation and the development of the modern medicine. On the contrary, cremation is popular in the west as inhumation is popular in China. Around the tomb in the Britain or US, there is always daisies’ blossoming. So there are some idioms concerned with daisies used by them to refer to death, such as “to push up the daisies”, “under the daisies”, “to count the daisies”. 4.4 Social Stratum In China, terms such as ‘uncle’, ‘aunt’, ‘grandpa’, and ‘granny’ are used as honorific titles for acquaintances, as in ‘Granny Li’ and ‘Uncle Zhang’. Native speakers of English would be puzzled if they were called such by people outside the immediate family. The use of respectful titles ‘Chairman Shen’, ‘Premier Zhou’, ‘Director Ma’ to indicate people’s influential status is typical of Chinese culture. Such practice, however, is less common in the culture of western countries. Many terms that Americans consider appropriate only for descriptive purposes are used in China as titles that recognize a person’s rank or special skills. Americans value equality which is emphasized ‘all men are created equal’ to social relationships. The value of equality is prevalent in both primary and secondary social relationships. For instance, most of the primary social relationships within a family tend to advance equality rather than hierarchy, and friendships, co–worker relationships; and other kinds of secondary relationships are characterized by equality. Although life in the United States certainly involves people in hierarchies, Americans typically make efforts to deemphasize the social distance implied in any relationship and thus to promote, at least superficially, an ethic of egalitarianism. So, in the western countries, in spite of social status, age, gender, most people like to be addressed by their first name. Furthermore, it is inoffensive for the young generation to have the same names as the old generation. For example, the former Prime Minister of Britain Churchill’s son’s name was the same as his grandfather’s, so was the name of the son of American president Roosevelt. 4.5 Different Culture Chinese people are not accustomed to express their ideas directly, but to use the euphemism, tortuous way to express. Han nationality affected by Confucian ideas is modest, introverted and conservative. This is unlike European and American national export and lively personality. Chinese culture is known to family peace and harmonious, this is consistent with the physical environment, and this is related closely to the past several thousand years of self-sufficiency family’s economy systems. For example, in the invitation, Chinese people do not quickly give a definite answer out of politeness. They always take the expression that “I'll try to come”. This answer makes the people in English speaking countries puzzled that whether the guests come or not. In accepting the invitation, British and American people answer very simply with euphemism. They would like to say “Thank you, I'll come” or “I'd love to, but I'm afraid I can't, because I'll have to attend an important meeting.” Chapter Five Conclusion From the above, there are many similar politeness principle and different euphemism between Chinese and English. The different euphemism reflects precisely the different culture background. As a part of culture, euphemism is a means of expressing cultural customs, and plays an important role in culture. It can not separate from related culture to be independent. From another aspect, euphemism is affected by language and reflected the culture. Language is based on the historical and cultural aspects. The nation's way of thinking, values, concepts, habits and behavior will affect the development of euphemism. Thus, we should try to understand the comparison of English and Chinese euphemism from the politeness principle and to learn them. Meanwhile, the Chinese and Western social and cultural knowledge which contained in language make us experience the infinitude delight .Chinese and Western euphemism let us deepen our understanding of foreign countries, and bring to the world of cross-cultural exchanges. In addition, euphemism is an appropriate language form to achieve an ideal communicative effect in the social communications. They are also widely used in people’s social life. Based on the Politeness Principle, euphemism is considered as a kind of lubricant which could make people’s communication much more harmonious and easier. If people make good use of euphemism, human communications will be facilitated. People’s interpersonal relations will be more harmonious. This paper focuses on the politeness principle for comparing English euphemism with Chinese euphemism. That could make people know more about the cultures from China to English speaking countries and improve the relationship between them. Bibliography [1] Rawson Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemisms and other Doubletalk. New York: Crown Publishers, 1981. [2] Deng Yanchang, Liu Runqing. Language and Culture. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1989. [3] Neaman J.S. & Silver C. Kind Words: A Thesaurus of Euphemisms. New York: Facts on File.1990. [4] Allan K&K Burridge. Euphemism and Dysphemism. Oxford: Oxford University press, 1991. [5] Ayto J. Euphemisms. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Limited, 1993. [6]Fan Min. A comparative Study of Euphemisms in English and Chinese. Nanjing University, 2003. [7] Li Tong. Pragmatic Difference in Politeness Compared between English and Chinese. Journal of Xinzhou Teachers University, 2003. [8] Liu Chunbao. A Dictionary of English Euphemisms. Nanjing: The Commercial Press, 1993. [9] Houghton Mifflin. American Heritage Dictionary. Boston: 2000 [10] Politeness: Some universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press, 1987. [11] Leech, Geoffrey. Politeness: is there an East-West divide? Journal of Politeness Research, 2007. [12] 胡永红.《英汉委婉语浅谈》.绵阳师专学报,2001. [13] 严莉芬.《中西禁忌语、委婉语差异的对比研究》.中南民族大学学报, 2005. [14] 陈正媛.《中西委婉语之简析》.语文学刊,2006. [15] 钟文、郝义侠.《委婉语和礼貌原则》.安徽农业大学学报,2008. [16] 杨娜.《浅谈英语委婉语与礼貌原则》.南昌教育学院学报外语研究,2011. [17] 唐艳军.《礼貌原则与英语委婉语的使用》.湖南科技学院学报,2012 Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Li Tong, for her constant encouragement and guidance. Her erudition and preciseness has inspired me to write this thesis with an open and positive mind. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, I believe that inadequacies in my paper are inevitable. Second, I would say thank you in my heart to Professor Zhou, who led me into the world of Euphemism. Her interesting discussion with me is very informative and useful. I have realized my limitations and found the losses in my composition because of her comment, criticism and guidance. Last, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence. They made me have a confidence to write this thesis down carefully. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis. 毕业论文(设计)成绩评定记录 指导教师评语: 成绩评定: 指导教师签名: 年 月 日 答辩小组或专业负责人意见: 成绩评定: 签名(章): 年 月 日 院系负责人意见: 成绩评定: 签名(章): 年 月 日 毕业设计(论文)原创性声明和使用授权说明 原创性声明 本人郑重承诺:所呈交的毕业设计(论文),是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知,除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果,也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体,均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 作 者 签 名:       日  期:        ​​​​​​​​​​​​ 指导教师签名:        日  期:        使用授权说明 本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计(论文)的规定,即:按照学校要求提交毕业设计(论文)的印刷本和电子版本;学校有权保存毕业设计(论文)的印刷本和电子版,并提供目录检索与阅览服务;学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文;在不以赢利为目的前提下,学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。 作者签名:        日  期:        ​​​​​​​​​​​​ 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权      大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 导师签名: 日期: 年 月 日 指导教师评阅书 指导教师评价: 一、撰写(设计)过程 1、学生在论文(设计)过程中的治学态度、工作精神 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 4、研究方法的科学性;技术线路的可行性;设计方案的合理性 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 5、完成毕业论文(设计)期间的出勤情况 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 二、论文(设计)质量 1、论文(设计)的整体结构是否符合撰写规范? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、是否完成指定的论文(设计)任务(包括装订及附件)? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 三、论文(设计)水平 1、论文(设计)的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、论文的观念是否有新意?设计是否有创意? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、论文(设计说明书)所体现的整体水平 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 建议成绩:□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 (在所选等级前的□内画“√”) 指导教师: (签名) 单位: (盖章) 年 月 日 评阅教师评阅书 评阅教师评价: 一、论文(设计)质量 1、论文(设计)的整体结构是否符合撰写规范? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、是否完成指定的论文(设计)任务(包括装订及附件)? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 二、论文(设计)水平 1、论文(设计)的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、论文的观念是否有新意?设计是否有创意? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、论文(设计说明书)所体现的整体水平 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 建议成绩:□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 (在所选等级前的□内画“√”) 评阅教师: (签名) 单位: (盖章) 年 月 日 教研室(或答辩小组)及教学系意见 教研室(或答辩小组)评价: 一、答辩过程 1、毕业论文(设计)的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 二、论文(设计)质量 1、论文(设计)的整体结构是否符合撰写规范? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、是否完成指定的论文(设计)任务(包括装订及附件)? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 三、论文(设计)水平 1、论文(设计)的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 2、论文的观念是否有新意?设计是否有创意? □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 3、论文(设计说明书)所体现的整体水平 □ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 评定成绩:□ 优 □ 良 □ 中 □ 及格 □ 不及格 (在所选等级前的□内画“√”) 教研室主任(或答辩小组组长): (签名) 年 月 日 教学系意见: 系主任: (签名) 年 月 日 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下进行的研究工作所取得的成果。尽我所知,除文中已经特别注明引用的内容和致谢的地方外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式注明并表示感谢。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者(本人签名): 年 月 日 学位论文出版授权书 本人及导师完全同意《中国博士学位论文数据库出版章程》、《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库出版章程》(以下简称“章程”),愿意将本人的学位论文提交“中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社”在《中国博士学位论文全文数据库》、《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》中全文发表和以电子、网络形式公开出版,并同意编入CNKI《中国知识资源总库》,在《中国博硕士学位论文评价数据库》中使用和在互联网上传播,同意按“章程”规定享受相关权益。 论文密级: □公开 □保密(___年__月至__年__月)(保密的学位论文在解密后应遵守此协议) 作者签名:_______ 导师签名:_______ _______年_____月_____日 _______年_____月_____日 独 创 声 明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的毕业设计(论文),是本人在指导老师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果,成果不存在知识产权争议。尽我所知,除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本设计(论文)不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。 本声明的法律后果由本人承担。   作者签名: 二〇一〇年九月二十日   毕业设计(论文)使用授权声明 本人完全了解滨州学院关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计(论文)的规定。 本人愿意按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版,同意学校保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版,或采用影印、数字化或其它复制手段保存设计(论文);同意学校在不以营利为目的的前提下,建立目录检索与阅览服务系统,公布设计(论文)的部分或全部内容,允许他人依法合理使用。 (保密论文在解密后遵守此规定)   作者签名: 二〇一〇年九月二十日 致 谢 时间飞逝,大学的学习生活很快就要过去,在这四年的学习生活中,收获了很多,而这些成绩的取得是和一直关心帮助我的人分不开的。 首先非常感谢学校开设这个课题,为本人日后从事计算机方面的工作提供了经验,奠定了基础。本次毕业设计大概持续了半年,现在终于到结尾了。本次毕业设计是对我大学四年学习下来最好的检验。经过这次毕业设计,我的能力有了很大的提高,比如操作能力、分析问题的能力、合作精神、严谨的工作作风等方方面面都有很大的进步。这期间凝聚了很多人的心血,在此我表示由衷的感谢。没有他们的帮助,我将无法顺利完成这次设计。 首先,我要特别感谢我的知道郭谦功老师对我的悉心指导,在我的论文书写及设计过程中给了我大量的帮助和指导,为我理清了设计思路和操作方法,并对我所做的课题提出了有效的改进方案。郭谦功老师渊博的知识、严谨的作风和诲人不倦的态度给我留下了深刻的印象。从他身上,我学到了许多能受益终生的东西。再次对周巍老师表示衷心的感谢。 其次,我要感谢大学四年中所有的任课老师和辅导员在学习期间对我的严格要求,感谢他们对我学习上和生活上的帮助,使我了解了许多专业知识和为人的道理,能够在今后的生活道路上有继续奋斗的力量。 另外,我还要感谢大学四年和我一起走过的同学朋友对我的关心与支持,与他们一起学习、生活,让我在大学期间生活的很充实,给我留下了很多难忘的回忆。 最后,我要感谢我的父母对我的关系和理解,如果没有他们在我的学习生涯中的无私奉献和默默支持,我将无法顺利完成今天的学业。 四年的大学生活就快走入尾声,我们的校园生活就要划上句号,心中是无尽的难舍与眷恋。从这里走出,对我的人生来说,将是踏上一个新的征程,要把所学的知识应用到实际工作中去。 回首四年,取得了些许成绩,生活中有快乐也有艰辛。感谢老师四年来对我孜孜不倦的教诲,对我成长的关心和爱护。 学友情深,情同兄妹。四年的风风雨雨,我们一同走过,充满着关爱,给我留下了值得珍藏的最美好的记忆。 在我的十几年求学历程里,离不开父母的鼓励和支持,是他们辛勤的劳作,无私的付出,为我创造良好的学习条件,我才能顺利完成完成学业,感激他们一直以来对我的抚养与培育。 最后,我要特别感谢我的导师赵达睿老师、和研究生助教熊伟丽老师。是他们在我毕业的最后关头给了我们巨大的帮助与鼓励,给了我很多解决问题的思路,在此表示衷心的感激。老师们认真负责的工作态度,严谨的治学精神和深厚的理论水平都使我收益匪浅。他无论在理论上还是在实践中,都给与我很大的帮助,使我得到不少的提高这对于我以后的工作和学习都有一种巨大的帮助,感谢他耐心的辅导。在论文的撰写过程中老师们给予我很大的帮助,帮助解决了不少的难点,使得论文能够及时完成,这里一并表示真诚的感谢。 毕业设计(论文)原创性声明和使用授权说明 原创性声明 本人郑重承诺:所呈交的毕业设计(论文),是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知,除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果,也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体,均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 作 者 签 名:       日  期:        ​​​​​​​​​​​​ 指导教师签名:        日  期:        使用授权说明 本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计(论文)的规定,即:按照学校要求提交毕业设计(论文)的印刷本和电子版本;学校有权保存毕业设计(论文)的印刷本和电子版,并提供目录检索与阅览服务;学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文;在不以赢利为目的前提下,学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。 作者签名:        日  期:        ​​​​​​​​​​​​ 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权      大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 导师签名: 日期: 年 月 日 独 创 声 明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的毕业设计(论文),是本人在指导老师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果,成果不存在知识产权争议。尽我所知,除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本设计(论文)不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。 本声明的法律后果由本人承担。   作者签名: 年 月 日   毕业设计(论文)使用授权声明 本人完全了解**学院关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计(论文)的规定。 本人愿意按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版,同意学校保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版,或采用影印、数字化或其它复制手段保存设计(论文);同意学校在不以营利为目的的前提下,建立目录检索与阅览服务系统,公布设计(论文)的部分或全部内容,允许他人依法合理使用。 (保密论文在解密后遵守此规定)   作者签名: 年 月 日 基本要求:写毕业论文主要目的是培养学生综合运用所学知识和技能,理论联系实际,独立分析,解决实际问题的能力,使学生得到从事本专业工作和进行相关的基本训练。毕业论文应反映出作者能够准确地掌握所学的专业基础知识,基本学会综合运用所学知识进行科学研究的方法,对所研究的题目有一定的心得体会,论文题目的范围不宜过宽,一般选择本学科某一重要问题的一个侧面。 毕业论文的基本教学要求是: 1、培养学生综合运用、巩固与扩展所学的基础理论和专业知识,培养学生独立分析、解决实际问题能力、培养学生处理数据和信息的能力。2、培养学生正确的理论联系实际的工作作风,严肃认真的科学态度。3、培养学生进行社会调查研究;文献资料收集、阅读和整理、使用;提出论点、综合论证、总结写作等基本技能。 毕业论文是毕业生总结性的独立作业,是学生运用在校学习的基本知识和基础理论,去分析、解决一两个实际问题的实践锻炼过程,也是学生在校学习期间学习成果的综合性总结,是整个教学活动中不可缺少的重要环节。撰写毕业论文对于培养学生初步的科学研究能力,提高其综合运用所学知识分析问题、解决问题能力有着重要意义。 毕业论文在进行编写的过程中,需要经过开题报告、论文编写、论文上交评定、论文答辩以及论文评分五个过程,其中开题报告是论文进行的最重要的一个过程,也是论文能否进行的一个重要指标。 撰写意义:1.撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施,也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文,经答辩通过后,方可取得学位。可以这么说,毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露,是向祖国和人民所交的一份有份量的答卷,是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华,也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益,对专业产生开拓性的影响。但是,实践证明,撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节,是保证出好人才的重要措施。 2.通过撰写毕业论文,提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。党中央要求,为了适应现代化建设的需要,领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”。这个“四化”的要求,也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。 3.提高大学生的写作水平是社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要。在新的历史时期,无论是提高全族的科学文化水平,掌握现代科技知识和科学管理方法,还是培养社会主义新人,都要求我们的干部具有较高的写作能力。在经济建设中,作为领导人员和机关的办事人员,要写指示、通知、总结、调查报告等应用文;要写说明书、广告、解说词等说明文;还要写科学论文、经济评论等议论文。在当今信息社会中,信息对于加快经济发展速度,取得良好的经济效益发挥着愈来愈大的作用。写作是以语言文字为信号,是传达信息的方式。信息的来源、信息的收集、信息的储存、整理、传播等等都离不开写作。 论文种类:毕业论文是学术论文的一种形式,为了进一步探讨和掌握毕业论文的写作规律和特点,需要对毕业论文进行分类。由于毕业论文本身的内容和性质不同,研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同,因此,毕业论文就有不同的分类方法。 按内容性质和研究方法的不同可以把毕业论文分为理论性论文、实验性论文、描述性论文和设计性论文。后三种论文主要是理工科大学生可以选择的论文形式,这里不作介绍。文科大学生一般写的是理论性论文。理论性论文具体又可分成两种:一种是以纯粹的抽象理论为研究对象,研究方法是严密的理论推导和数学运算,有的也涉及实验与观测,用以验证论点的正确性。另一种是以对客观事物和现象的调查、考察所得观测资料以及有关文献资料数据为研究对象,研究方法是对有关资料进行分析、综合、概括、抽象,通过归纳、演绎、类比,提出某种新的理论和新的见解。 按议论的性质不同可以把毕业论文分为立论文和驳论文。立论性的毕业论文是指从正面阐述论证自己的观点和主张。一篇论文侧重于以立论为主,就属于立论性论文。立论文要求论点鲜明,论据充分,论证严密,以理和事实服人。驳论性毕业论文是指通过反驳别人的论点来树立自己的论点和主张。如果毕业论文侧重于以驳论为主,批驳某些错误的观点、见解、理论,就属于驳论性毕业论文。驳论文除按立论文对论点、论据、论证的要求以外,还要求针锋相对,据理力争。 按研究问题的大小不同可以把毕业论文分为宏观论文和微观论文。凡届国家全局性、带有普遍性并对局部工作有一定指导意义的论文,称为宏观论文。它研究的面比较宽广,具有较大范围的影响。反之,研究局部性、具体问题的论文,是微观论文。它对具体工作有指导意义,影响的面窄一些。 另外还有一种综合型的分类方法,即把毕业论文分为专题型、论辩型、综述型和综合型四大类: 1.专题型论文。这是分析前人研究成果的基础上,以直接论述的形式发表见解,从正面提出某学科中某一学术问题的一种论文。如本书第十二章例文中的《浅析领导者突出工作重点的方法与艺术》一文,从正面论述了突出重点的工作方法的意义、方法和原则,它表明了作者对突出工作重点方法的肯定和理解。2.论辩型论文。这是针对他人在某学科中某一学术问题的见解,凭借充分的论据,着重揭露其不足或错误之处,通过论辩形式来发表见解的一种论文。3.综述型论文。这是在归纳、总结前人或今人对某学科中某一学术问题已有研究成果的基础上,加以介绍或评论,从而发表自己见解的一种论文。4.综合型论文。这是一种将综述型和论辩型两种形式有机结合起来写成的一种论文。如《关于中国民族关系史上的几个问题》一文既介绍了研究民族关系史的现状,又提出了几个值得研究的问题。因此,它是一篇综合型的论文。 写作步骤:毕业论文是高等教育自学考试本科专业应考者完成本科阶段学业的最后一个环节,它是应考者的 总结 性独立作业,目的在于总结学习专业的成果,培养综合运用所学知识解决实际 问题 的能力。从文体而言,它也是对某一专业领域的现实问题或 理论 问题进行 科学 研究 探索的具有一定意义的论说文。完成毕业论文的撰写可以分两个步骤,即选择课题和研究课题。 首先是选择课题。选题是论文撰写成败的关键。因为,选题是毕业论文撰写的第一步,它实际上就是确定“写什么”的问题,亦即确定科学研究的方向。如果“写什么”不明确,“怎么写”就无从谈起。 教育部自学考试办公室有关对毕业论文选题的途径和要求是“为鼓励理论与工作实践结合,应考者可结合本单位或本人从事的工作提出论文题目,报主考学校审查同意后确立。也可由主考学校公布论文题目,由应考者选择。毕业论文的总体要求应与普通全日制高等学校相一致,做到通过论文写作和答辩考核,检验应考者综合运用专业知识的能力”。但不管考生是自己任意选择课题,还是在主考院校公布的指定课题中选择课题,都要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的、切实可行的课题。选好课题是毕业论文成功的一半。 第一、要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。科学研究的目的是为了更好地认识世界、改造世界,以推动社会的不断进步和发展 。因此,毕业论文的选题,必须紧密结合社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要,以促进科学事业发展和解决现实存在问题作为出发点和落脚点。选题要符合科学研究的正确方向,要具有新颖性,有创新、有理论价值和现实的指导意义或推动作用,一项毫无意义的研究,即使花很大的精力,表达再完善,也将没有丝毫价值。具体地说,考生可从以下三个方面来选题。首先,要从现实的弊端中选题,学习了专业知识,不能仅停留在书本上和理论上,还要下一番功夫,理论联系实际,用已掌握的专业知识,去寻找和解决工作实践中急待解决的问题。其次,要从寻找科学研究的空白处和边缘领域中选题,科学研究。还有许多没有被开垦的处女地,还有许多缺陷和空白,这些都需要填补。应考者应有独特的眼光和超前的意识去思索,去发现,去研究。最后,要从寻找前人研究的不足处和错误处选题,在前人已提出来的研究课题中,许多虽已有初步的研究成果,但随着社会的不断发展,还有待于丰富、完整和发展,这种补充性或纠正性的研究课题,也是有科学价值和现实指导意义的。 第二、要根据自己的能力选择切实可行的课题。毕业论文的写作是一种创造性劳动,不但要有考生个人的见解和主张,同时还需要具备一定的客观条件。由于考生个人的主观、客观条件都是各不相同的,因此在选题时,还应结合自己的特长、兴趣及所具备的客观条件来选题。具体地说,考生可从以下三个方面来综合考虑。首先,要有充足的资料来源。“巧妇难为无米之炊”,在缺少资料的情况下,是很难写出高质量的论文的。选择一个具有丰富资料来源的课题,对课题深入研究与开展很有帮助。其次,要有浓厚的研究兴趣,选择自己感兴趣的课题,可以激发自己研究的热情,调动自己的主动性和积极性,能够以专心、细心、恒心和耐心的积极心态去完成。最后,要能结合发挥自己的业务专长,每个考生无论能力水平高低,工作岗位如何,都有自己的业务专长,选择那些能结合自己工作、发挥自己业务专长的课题,对顺利完成课题的研究大有益处。 致 谢 这次论文的完成,不止是我自己的努力,同时也有老师的指导,同学的帮助,以及那些无私奉献的前辈,正所谓你知道的越多的时候你才发现你知道的越少,通过这次论文,我想我成长了很多,不只是磨练了我的知识厚度,也使我更加确定了我今后的目标:为今后的计算机事业奋斗。在此我要感谢我的指导老师——***老师,感谢您的指导,才让我有了今天这篇论文,您不仅是我的论文导师,也是我人生的导师,谢谢您!我还要感谢我的同学,四年的相处,虽然我未必记得住每分每秒,但是我记得每一个有你们的精彩瞬间,我相信通过大学的历练,我们都已经长大,变成一个有担当,有能力的新时代青年,感谢你们的陪伴,感谢有你们,这篇论文也有你们的功劳,我想毕业不是我们的相处的结束,它是我们更好相处的开头,祝福你们!我也要感谢父母,这是他们给我的,所有的一切;感谢母校,尽管您不以我为荣,但我一直会以我是一名农大人为荣。 通过这次毕业设计,我学习了很多新知识,也对很多以前的东西有了更深的记忆与理解。漫漫求学路,过程很快乐。我要感谢信息与管理科学学院的老师,我从他们那里学到了许多珍贵的知识和做人处事的道理,以及科学严谨的学术态度,令我受益良多。同时还要感谢学院给了我一个可以认真学习,天天向上的学习环境和机会。 即将结束*大学习生活,我感谢****大学提供了一次在**大接受教育的机会,感谢院校老师的无私教导。感谢各位老师审阅我的论文。
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