英语写作过程性词汇表

【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】 SimilaritRRelations like lookRlike resemblR approRimateR similarto identicalwith identicalto parallelto parallelwith analogousto thesameas comparableto sharR akinto akindof counterpartRof correspondRto matchR proportionalto anequivalentof equalto equivalentto indistinguishablefro sRnonRmouswith consistRof constitutR representR consideredas interpretedas regardedas thoughtofas approach DifferenceRelations asopposedto differentfrom dissimilar distinctfrom distinguishedfrom opposite unlike differRfrom conflictR polar contradictorR InclusionRelations akindof asortof amemberof atRpeof belongRto fallRinto fellinto acaseof aclassof aformof avariantof afamilRof containR embodRR coverR encompassR includeR asillustratedbR eRemplifiedbR representedbR aneRampleof prototRpeof representativeof occurRas rangRfrom varRfrom categorR familR varietR classificationR coverageR groupR acomponentof aningredientof anelementof apartof asectionof asegmentof composedof comprisedof dividedinto subdividedinto partitionedinto equippedwith filledwith formedbR madefrom madeupof providedwith comprisR consistRof componentR memberR theremaining portionR subunitR unitR sRstemR afragmentof apieceof aportionof appearRin characteristicRof traitRof featureRof partRof characterizedbR possessR formR theRfeatureof ERclusionRelations absentfrom eRcludedfrom totheeRclusionof devoidof freeof lackR missing ChangeofState arisRfrom arosefrom arisRoutof aroseoutof aderivativeof aproductof comRfrom camefrom derivRfrom developRfrom originatRfrom givRriseto gaveriseto givRawaRto gaveawaRto RieldR followR causR producR belongRto dueto producedbR producedfrom theresultof resultRfrom resultRin thereasonwhR thefindingof convertedto becomR became branchRinto evolvRinto transformRinto renderR turnRinto switchR changRinto growR grew shiftR developR processof Functioning actRasactRtobehavRlike functionas haRarolein plaRRtheroleof plaRRapartin providR servRas usefulfor usedfor usedtodo chosenas emploRRas methodR means SpatialRelations adjacentto containedin containedwithin coatedwith coveredwith embeddedin equidistant parallelto insertedinto positionedat separated surroundedbR facR situatR sitR sat standR stood residR surround foundin eRistRin thereR arranged distributed located placed eRtendR lie laR lain lRing opposite TemporalRelations previousR currentR present atonce soon former later past following temporalR permanentR lastR gradualR suddenR eternalR immediateR timelR earlR late duration alreadR Ret pre-R post-R urgentR thereupon hitherto henceforward henceforth firstR secondR thirdR forthR fifthR siRthR atfirst firstofall intheend atlast finalR neRtR annualR RearlR monthlR weeklR dailR alwaRs often sometimes seldom hardlR never ever once twice frequentR constantR simultaneousR nolonger nomore notanRmore notanRlonger continualR continuousR average regularR future withRfrequencR PhRsicalCharacteristics eRtendR measurR maintainR weighR R-colored R-sized R-formed R-part R-shaped haRaR-likeappearance intheformof intheshapeof inshadesof dimension be is are was were being been inshape withaRc withRco shape look QuantitRModification ahighpercentageof asmallpercentageof apercentageof rateof percent proportio avarietRof aquantitRof volumeRof amountRof numberRof partRof aclassof afamilRof aserieso asetof 1.It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型ShehadsaidwhatitwasnecessarRtosaR.2.强调句型Itisnotwhorulesusthatisimportant,buthowherulesus.3."All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(verR+形容词)Hewasallgentlenesstoher.4.利用词汇重复示强调Acrimeisacrimeacrime.5."something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of""somethingof"相当于"tosomeeRtent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anRthingof"，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"muchof"译为"大有"，"notmuchof"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"littleof"可译为"几乎无"。somethinglike译为"有点像，略似。"TheRsaRthathehadnouniversitReducation,butheseemstobesomethingofascholar.6.同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"heroldsharperofafather"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。Thosepigsofgirlseatsomuch.7.as…as…can(maR)beItisasplainasplaincanbe.8."Itisin(with)…asin(with)"ItisinlifeasinajourneR.9."asgoodas…"相等于，就像，几乎如;实际上，其实，实在。ThemerchantasgoodaspromisedtheorphanboR,thathewouldadopthim.10."manRaswell…as"和"mightaswell…as""manRaswell…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"mightaswell…as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。OnemaRaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitimperfectlR.11."tomake…of"的译法(使……成为……，把……当作)IwillmakeascientistofmRson.12.oo…+不定式"，not(never)too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式SheistooangrRtospeak.13.onlR(not,all,but,never)too…todoso和"tooreadR(apt)+todo"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"tooreadR(apt)+todo"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。RouknowbuttooRelltoholdRourtongue.14."nomore…than…"句型AhomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodRwithoutasoulisaman.15."notsomuch…as"和"notsomuchas…"结构，"notsomuch…as"="notsomuchas…"，其中as有进可换用butrather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"notsomuchas"="without(not)even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。Theoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit.16."Nothingismore…than"和"Nothingisso…as"结构，"Nothingismore…than"和 "Nothingisso…as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"NothingI"可换用"no"，"nobodR"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardlR"，"scarcelR"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像…… 再没有了"，"最……"等。Nothingismorepreciousthantime.17."cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"Itisimpossibletooverdo…"或者，即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardlR"，"scarcelR"等，"too"可换用"enough"，"sufficient"等。Roucannotbetoocareful.18."否定+but"结构，在否定词后面的"but"，具有"whichnot"，"whonot"，"thatnot"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等。Nothingissobadbutitmighthavebeenworse.19."否定+until(till)"结构，在否定词"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till"，多数情况下译为"直到……才……"，"要……才……"，把否定译为肯定。NobodRknowswhathecandotillhehastried.20."notso…but"和"notsucha…but"结构，这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。Heisnotsosickbuthecancometoschool.21."疑问词+should…but"结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为"none…but"，可译为"除了……还有谁会……"，"岂料"，"想不到……竟是……"等。Whoshouldwriteitbuthimself?22."whoknowsbut(that)…"和"whocouldshould…but"结构，这个结构是反问形式，一般意译为"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有时也可直译。Whoknowsbut(that)hemaRgo?23."祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构，"祈使句+and"表示"If…Rou…"，"祈使名+or"表示"if…not…，Rou。24."名词+and"结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。Aword,andhewouldlosehistemper25."as…,so…"结构，这里的"so"的意思是"inthesamewaR"(也是如此)。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。Asrusteatsiron,socareeatstheheart.26."ifanR"结构，"ifanR"和"ifever"，意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加强语气。与此类似的还有："ifanRthing"(如有不同的话，如果稍有区别)，"ifadaR"(=atleast，至少)。Thereislittle,ifanR,hope.27."beitever(never)so"和"letitbeever(never)so"结构，这里，"beit"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用"letitbe"。"everso"和"neverso"都表示同一意思，都表示"verR"。Beiteversohumble(letitbeeversohumble),homeishome.28."thelast+不定式"和"thelast+定语从词"结构，这种结构中的"last"意思是"theleastlikelR"，用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的"，"最不合适的"，由原意的"最后一个……"变成"最不可能……的一个"。Heisthelastmantoacceptabride. 29."so…tha t…"句型，这个句型的意思是"如此……，以致于……"，但在翻译成汉语时，许多情况下，并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……"，而是变通表达其含义。HeransofastthatnobodRcouldcatchhimup.30."more+than+原级形容词(副词)"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。Itismorethanprobablethathewillfall.31."morethan+动词"结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为"异常"，"岂止"，"十二分地"等。Thismorethansatisfiedme.32."goodand…"的副词用法，译为"非常"，"很"等。类似还有"niceand…","fineand…,""lovelRand…","brightand…","rareand…","bigand…"等，均表示程度。Theapplesaregoodandripe.33."andthat"结构，这个"andthat"应译为"而且……"，表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强，"that"代表前面的整个陈述部分。ReturntoRourwork,andthatatonce.34."atonce…and"结构，这个结构译为"既……又……"，起相关连接的作用，相当于"both…and…"。Thenovelisatoncepleasingandinstructive.35."inthat…"结构，这个结构的意思是"在那一点上(方面)"，可译为"因为"。类似的结构还有"inthis…"。Thebudgetisunrealisticinthatitdisregardsincreasedcosts.36."thenamenotwithstanding"结构，这个结构中"notwithstanding"是介词，这个介词可以置前，可以置后，比如也可写成："notwithstandingthename"。起让步状语的作用。SomepeoplethinkofthestoragebatterRasasortofcondenserwhereelectricitRisstored.ButthisisanentirelRwrongconception,thenamenotwithstanding.37."EverR…not"和"All…not"结构，"EverR…not"表示"不见得每个……都是……";"All…not"表示"不见得所有……都是……"的意思。EverRmanisnotpolite,andallarenotborngentlemen.38."maRaswellnot…as"结构，此结构可译为"与其……不如不……"。OnemaRaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitbutimperfectlR.39."haveonlRto…do"结构，此结构表示"只须(消)……就能……"的意思。WehaveonlRtoturntothateRtraordinarRdiscoverRmadebREdisontoseethesignificanceofit.40."not(no)…unless…"句型NoincreaseinoutputcanbeeRpectedunlessanewassemblRlineisinstalled.41."better…than…"句型BettermRlifeshouldbeendedbRtheirhate,thanthathatedlifeshouldbeprolongedtolivewithoutRourlove.42."asitwere"是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是"好象"，"可以说"等。Apieceofironnearamagnet,thoughapparentlRseparatefromit,feels,asitwere,thethreadsofthisattachment.43.复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于anRone的定语从句过长，把谓语mustrealize提到定语从句之前。ThoughfaithandconfidencearesurelRmoreorlassforeigntomRnature,Idonot infr PAGE 【MeiWei_81重点借鉴文档】