海洋生物__英文版

StripedEelCatfish（条纹鳗鲶鱼) PhotographybyTanawatLikitkererat,MyShot Eachstripedeelcatfishisarmedwithvenomous（分泌毒液的）spines(体刺）onitsdorsal（背部的）andpectoralfins（胸鳍）thatcandeliveraverypainfulsting—thoughonerarelyfataltohumans.StargazerFish Usingitspectoralfinsasshovels（铲车）,thestargazerfishdigsintotheseafloorsand,leavingitseyesandmouthexposedtospotandeatpassingprey（被捕食的动物）.ReefStonefish Thereefstonefishisamasterofcamouflage（伪装）oftenmistakenforacolorfulrockorchunkofcoral—anabilitythathelpsittoambush（埋伏）passingfishandcrustaceans（甲壳类）.Whenthreatenedthestonefishhunkers（盘坐）downandbrandishes（挥舞）dorsalfinspinesloadedwithoneofthemosttoxicvenoms（毒液）foundinanyfish—andonepotentiallydeadlytohumans Blue-RingedOctopus 蓝圈章鱼 Thebacteriaproducepotentneurotoxins（神经毒素）thatcankillahumaninjustafewminutesyetappeartohavenoharmfuleffectontheoctopus.Thistoxicsaliva（唾液）,injectedthroughshellsbrokenwiththeoctopus‘sbirdlikebeak（鸟嘴）,alsohelpsittodigestcrabs（蟹类）andmollusks（软体动物）.Scorpionfish岩鱼 Membersofthelargescorpionfishfamilyliveontheseafloorwheretheytendtoblendinwiththeirsurroundingsandhuntbyambush（埋伏）.Thesesit-and-waitpredators（捕食者）adoptsucheffectivecamouflagethatmanyoftheirmealslikelyneverknewwhathitthem.Scorpionfisharealsoarmedwithvenomousspines,whichcandeliveradangerousstingtoanyanimaltryingtomakepreyofthispredator.PufferFish河豚鱼 Thisharmless-looking“beachball”isactuallyapufferfish,washeduponaKarnataka,India,shoreline.Thefish,alsoknownasablowfish河豚,attemptstomakeitselfinedible不能吃的bydrinkingenormousamountsofwater(orair)andswellingtoseveraltimesitstypicalsize.Luckyisthepredatorthatnoticesthiswarning.Thosethatdon'tmightnotlivetorepeatthemistake. Pufferfishcontaintetrodoxin（河豚毒素）,whichisfataltomanyfish—andtohumans,whohaveyettodevelopanantidote解药.SomeJapaneseconsiderthepufferadelicacy,thoughonefishholdsenoughtoxinstokill30people.Lionfish Thecolorfullionfishpresentsanattractiveappearance,butitsarsenal（兵器）ofneedlelikedorsalfinsisactuallymeanttowarnothersaway.Too-curioushumanscanreceiveaquitepainfulandpotentiallydangerousstingfromthesespines.LionfishhailfromIndo-Pacificreefsbuttheyhaverecentlyspreadtootherwarmwaters,liketheCaribbean,wheretheyarecausingsomeecologicalconcernbythrivingasaninvasive（侵略性的）species.Nudibranch裸鳃类动物 Thesoftseaslugsknownasnudibranchshavenoshellsandaredefenselessfrompredators—orsoitwouldseem.Infacttheanimalsboastatoxicarsenalacquiredbyproducingtheirownpoisonsorbyingestingthemwithmealsoftoxicspongesoranemones（海葵）andthensecretingthemwhenthreatened.Manynudibranchsboastbrilliantcolorthatmakethemstandoutonreefsoroceanfloorsandsendwould-bepredatorsaclearmessage:Iamnottasty.Short-TailStingray黄貂鱼 Humanstingraydeathsareextremelyrare—onlyoneortwooccurworldwideeachyear.Theanimalstypicallyusetheirdaggerlike(匕首状的）tailspinesforprotectionagainstpredatorslikesharksorkillerwhales. Short-tailsarethelargestofallstingraysandcanreachlengthsof14feet(4.25meters)andtop750pounds(340kilograms).BandedSeaKrait灰蓝扁尾海蛇 Thebandedseakrait’sfatalvenom（毒液）packsapunchtentimesmoretoxicthanarattlesnake’s（响尾蛇）,butfortunatelythesekraitsaresomeek(温驯的）thathumanbitesarerare.Aloneamongtheseasnakes,theyareamphibiousandabletospenduptotendaysatatimeonland.Seakraitshitthebeachtodigesttheirfood(mostlyeelsandfish),mate,andlayeggs.YetiCrab雪人蟹婴儿版滑板虾在一次海洋生物普查远征时发现的婴儿版滑板龙虾，尽管它成长的时候会包着一层厚厚的外壳，但它仍是完全透明的。据美国国家地理协会的新书《海洋公民：海洋普查发现的完美生物》所说，这种龙虾奇怪的眼睛可能是它在浮游生物或微生物间漂浮的时候，起到迷惑被捕食者的作用。