库课网2023年专升本英语讲义-阅读理解

2023年专升本英语讲义-阅读理解TOC\o"1-3"\h\uHYPERLINK\l"_Toc15773"一、专升本阅读理解能力要求PAGEREF_Toc157733HYPERLINK\l"_Toc2990"二、专升本阅读理解测试要点PAGEREF_Toc29903HYPERLINK\l"_Toc29937"三、影响阅读理解解题的四大恶习PAGEREF_Toc299373HYPERLINK\l"_Toc3828"四、专升本的题材PAGEREF_Toc38284HYPERLINK\l"_Toc3829"五、阅读理解的体裁PAGEREF_Toc38294HYPERLINK\l"_Toc30345"六、专升本阅读理解篇章结构类型PAGEREF_Toc303454HYPERLINK\l"_Toc21498"七、做题三步走PAGEREF_Toc214985HYPERLINK\l"_Toc24140"八、五路标PAGEREF_Toc241405HYPERLINK\l"_Toc31189"九、英语长难句的专项练习PAGEREF_Toc311896HYPERLINK\l"_Toc20591"十、四考点PAGEREF_Toc205918HYPERLINK\l"_Toc1779"十一、十二法宝PAGEREF_Toc177912HYPERLINK\l"_Toc21153"十二、一要素PAGEREF_Toc2115313HYPERLINK\l"_Toc1877"十三、三原则PAGEREF_Toc187713HYPERLINK\l"_Toc12713"参考答案：PAGEREF_Toc1271350一、专升本阅读理解能力要求专升本英语考试阅读理解部分要求考生顺利阅读中等语言难度的一般性题材的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度，阅读速度达到每分钟70～80词。在阅读篇幅较长、难度略低、生词不超过总词数3%的时，能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节，阅读速度达到每分钟100词。二、专升本阅读理解测试要点1.基本要求：测试考生通过阅读文章获取信息的能力。文章选材的原则是：题材广泛，包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解。2.阅读四篇短文，总阅读量在1000～1200词之间。每篇短文后5个题，总计20题，每题2分，共40分，要求根据文章从四个选择项中选一个最佳答案。三、影响阅读理解解题的四大恶习在做阅读理解的过程中，几乎所有的考生或多或少都会受课文学习阅读习惯的影响，不知不觉地养成了不好的阅读习惯。只有戒除这些坏习惯才能顺利完成阅读理解试题，取得更好的成绩。这些坏习惯包括：“指读”（pointingreading）：即为了“集中注意力”，用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读。一遇到生词，便停顿下来。——无法在通篇理解的基础上进行快速流畅的阅读。“唇读”（lipreading）：即有的学生在阅读中喜欢读出声来，即使不出声，嘴唇也在动，或脑子里也在想着读音。——影响了大脑的思维速度。“回读”（repeatedreading）：即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读；还有相当多的学生对阅读已经产生心理定式，认为自己第一遍肯定读不懂，因此反复多遍阅读。——阅读做题效率低，浪费时间。“译读”（translationreading）：即在阅读过程中，不断地进行逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅读方法，习惯于在不加限定的时间内，对一小段文章精雕细琢，导致了养成逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。——无法整体把握文章，理解支离破碎。四、专升本的题材1.题材=信息（文章内容）阅读理解是考查考生以语言知识和能力为工具获取有用信息的过程。所谓信息就是指文章所涉及的内容，即题材。2.专升本文章题材专升本英语阅读理解文章题材较为广泛，几乎包括了我们日常学习的各个科目，如：社会生活、人物传记、社会文化、日常知识、经济、科普常识等。根据命题要求，所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解。五、阅读理解的体裁1.议：是对某个问题、现象或某件事进行分析、评论，明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文三要素包括：论点、论据和论证方法。论点是观点，论据是事实依据或公认的真理，论证是得出结论的方法，如归纳法、推理法、对照法、驳论法等。2.记叙文：以记叙为主要表达方式，综合其他表达方式；以写人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容；通过描述人物、时间、地点、事件或状物、写景来表达一定的中心。记叙文包括六个基本要素：时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果。3.说明文：是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明结构包括：①总分；②分总；③总分总。六、专升本阅读理解篇章结构类型1.问题型：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题。这类文章的基本模式是：通常以某种现象或话题开篇，该现象或者话题可能涉及社会生活、文化教育等各个领域。接着，针对此现象或话题展开讨论分析，找出其产生或存在的根源从而得到解决问题的办法。解答这一类型的试题，关键是抓住发现问题—分析问题—解决问题这条主线。2.议论型：提出论点—列举论据—得出结论。这一类型的文章与立论型议论文有很多共同之处，与问题型文章也较相似。基本模式是：在文章开始，作者提出自己的观点，接下来用所掌握的论据对此观点加以论证，最后得出结论。阅读这类文章，只要细心掌握哪些是论点，哪些是论据，结论又是什么即可。3．立论/驳论型：提出观点—表示赞同—论证观点；提出观点—发表异议—驳斥观点—建立观点—论证观点。这类结构是考试中出现频率较高的。文章的基本模式为：开始先提出一种比较流行的观点或者现象，接着阐述自己对此观点或者现象的看法（也可能会涉及大众的舆论）。在阐述自己看法的同时，作者会表明自己的态度，或赞成或反对。如果作者持赞成态度，就直接对它加以论证；如果持反对态度，则还要提出自己的观点，并给出充分论据证明。考生首要的任务就是通读全文，弄清楚哪个是作者的观点，哪个是作者要驳斥的观点，每个观点都有哪些论据作为支撑。由于文章表述中大多有明显的转折意思，考生可以去找一些提示语，比如：However/But/Nevertheless/Asamatteroffact。这些词语常常可以作为作者观点和其他观点的分水岭。4.因果型：结果/现象—原因/成因。这类文章接近于说明文。文章大多以一种现象或者一种结果开篇，然后进一步探讨导致这种现象或结果的原因或成因。文章大多围绕社会生活、文化教育等领域展开。七、做题三步走1.阅读文章做路标(针对文章)2.明确题干找考点（针对题干）3.重叠原文定答案（针对选项）八、五路标1.主题句（theme）小结：2.转折句①显性转折词but，however，although，though，despite，inspiteof，onthecontrary，otherwise，while②隐性转折词：strongly，infact，actually小结：3.强烈表达句①含有绝对意义的词：all，no，never,must，everything，nothing，anything，anybody，nobody，everybody…②表示唯一等特定的词汇：Only，merely，unique，just…③重要的：important，essential，vital，crucial，significant，unavoidable，fundamental…④最高级（强烈表达引人注意）:top，first，No.1，extreme，favorite,limitless…⑤seldom，not，few，little，hardly，rarely等否定副词位于句首时引导的倒装句4.因果条件句（题型：给果求因，给主句求条件句）因果句标志性词汇：①as，since，because，for②reason，cause③resultin，resultfrom，so，thus，therefore条件句文章标志性词汇：If,unless小结：5.例证句九、英语长难句的分析专项练习根据句子结构，长难句分为四种类型：环环相扣式；并列式；插入语式；改变语序式。1.环环相扣式这类句子往往有多重句子修饰成分，这些修饰成分往往由非谓语动词或从句充当。在阅读过程中，对于这类句式应当先找到句子的主干，然后再看修饰成分。例1：Amerehundredspecies(物种)arethebasisofourfoodsupply，ofwhichbuttwentycarrytheload.Wilsonsuggestschangingthissituationbylookingintotenthousandspeciesthatcouldbemadeuseof，whichwillbeawaytoreducetheclearingofthenaturalhomesofplantsandanimalstoenlargefarmingareas.解析：第二句是多层结构。第一层：Wilsonsuggestschanging…bylooking…；thatcouldbemadeuseof做定语修饰species。第二层：which引导的非限定性从句修饰changing…useof。第三层：不定式toreduce…做定语修饰away。第四层：不定式toenlarge…做目的状语，修饰clearing。例2：Thisprocessisalsofoundamongscholarsandauthors：astatementofopinionbyonewritermayberestatedbyanother，whomayinturnbequotedbyyetanother；andthisprocessmaycontinue，unlessitoccurstosomeonetoquestionthefactsonwhichtheoriginalwriterbasedhisopinionortochallengetheinterpretationheplaceduponthosefacts.解析：冒号前是句子主干，冒号后进一步解释。解释中，分号分开两个句子。第一句中含有一个who引导的非限定性定语从句。第二句中含有一个unless引导的条件状语从句；状语从句用it做形式主语，toquestion…ortochallenge…是真正主语；两个不定式宾语thefacts和theinterpretation各有定语从句onwhich…和heplaced…修饰。2.并列式这种类型的句子包含多个并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语等，这些并列结构常由连词连接。在解读这类句式时，要注意利用连词和标点符号来判断并列部分。例1：ThethingIlikebestaboutthemisthatyourmoneyisgoingtobeagoodcauseandnotintothepocketsofprofitdrivencompanies，andyouarenotdamagingtheplanet，butfindinganewhomeforunwantedgoods.解析：该句表语从句部分用了两个并列的句子：第一个是thatyourmoneyisgoing…，第二个句子是youarenot…butfinding…,并且两个句子用and连接。例2：TherealattractionsoftheHollowellfarmtomewereitsposition,beingabouttwomilesfromthevillage,halfamilefromthenearestneighbor,bounded(相邻)ononesidebytheriver,andseparatedfromthehighwaybyawidefield.解析：该句主干是“主语+系表结构”，从being到句末都是position的同位语。3.插入语式有些句子其中一部分会用逗号或破折号与其他部分分开，而处于逗号或破折号之间的内容通常被称为插入语。阅读时，要先将插入语部分跳过，先读主句，然后再读插入语部分。例1：Thelackofrightmalerolemodelsinmanyoftheirlives—athomeandparticularlyintheschoolenvironment—meansthattheirpeersaretheonlypeopletheyhavetojudgethemselvesagainst.解析：该句中破折号中间部分可以先略过不看，首先要找到句子的主干，即：Thelack…meansthat…。that从句中又包含一个省略了关系代词whom或that的定语从句，即theyhavetojudgethemselvesagainst，修饰先行词theonlypeople。而破折号之间的部分为插入语，通常情况下略去插入语不影响对句子大意的理解。例2：Herwork—thoughttobethefirstofitskindtotestthepressuretheory—resultedfromtheobservationthatjuvenileblacktipsharksoffFloridamovedintodeeperwateraheadofaviolentstormin2001.解析：破折号之间部分可以先略过不看，首先要找到句子的主干，即：Herwork…resultedfromtheobservation…。然后再理解细节部分：插入语thought…theory是补充说明的成分，做非限定性定语，修饰主语herwork。that从句用来说明observation的具体内容，是同位语从句。4.改变语序式有时候，有些句子会使用改变语序的手段，主要以强调结构和倒装来使句子复杂化。正确掌握强调句型和倒装语法是理解这类句型的关键。例：ItwasthenthatIrealizedthatIhadnotreallycometohelp,buttolearnaboutandexperienceanotherculturethathelpedimprovemyownunderstandingoflifeandtheworld.解析：该句主干用了强调句型ItwasthenthatIrealized…,强调时间then。原句顺序应该是Irealized…then。在该句第二层结构中，即that引导的宾语从句中，又用了一个not…but…连接的句式。该句的第三层结构是culture后面that引导的定语从句，修饰culture。十、四考点专升本英语阅读部分要求考生理解所读文章的大意，掌握主要事实和有关具体细节，通过上下文猜测某些词语的意思，辨别作者的基本态度和观点，根据有关信息进行一定的推理、判断或引申。这些要求表现在阅读理解的题型上分为四种类型：主旨大意题，词语理解题，事实细节题和推理判断题。1.主旨大意题(1)基本概念：考查文章的灵魂与中心。测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力，旨在考查考生归纳总结能力以及对文章整体上的理解把握能力，特别是加工与浓缩信息的能力。常就文章主要内容、主题或标题设问。这类题目的正确选择项绝不会是原文主题句的简单重复，而是其意思的重新表述。(2)题型细分为三类：主题型主旨大意题，标题型主旨大意题和目的型主旨大意题。(3)主题型主旨大意题的设问方式Themainidea/centralidea/majorpointofthepassageis.Thepassageismainlyabout/mainlydiscusses.Thepassageisconcernedprimarilyabout.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressedthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Whatisthemaintopic/mainsubjectofthispassage？Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?(4)标题型主旨大意题的设问方式Thebesttitleforthepassagemight/wouldbe.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizethemainideaofthepassage?Thetitlebestexpressestheideaofthepassageis.Thepassagecanbeentitled.(5)目的型主旨大意题的设问方式Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageisto.Thepassageismeantto.Theauthor’spurposeistoshow.Thepurposeofthearticleisto.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthepassage?例1：Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven’teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Stillotherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfastfoods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaoftheparagraph?A.Somepeoplelikesteakandothersredmeat.B.Vegetablesareveryhealthyforyou.C.Howfoodispreparedhasalottodowithhowwellapersonmaylikeit.D.Differentpeoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.解析：主题句在段首，根据文段大意可知正确答案为D。例2：AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect.Thispassagemainlytellsus.A.howAmericansshowrespecttoothersB.howJapaneseshowrespecttotheirAmericanacquaintancesC.AmericansandJapanesehavedifferentwaysofshowingrespectD.JapanesearenotsatisfiedwithAmericancasualbehavior解析：主题句在最后，根据文段大意可知正确答案为C。2.细节题（60%）(1)基本概念：考查对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。要选择出正确答案一定要在短文中找到相关的词、词组、句子，甚至是段落。(2)题型特点：阅读理解题中细节题所占比重很大（接近60%），难度低，容易得分。一般是根据短文提供的细节信息和事实提问。所提问题可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案。正确选项一般不会与阅读材料的原句一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。选择的依据必须是短文本身提供的信息，考生绝不可根据自己的主观假设或推测或是自己的观点来决定取舍。(3)提问方式Thestudyshowsthat.Therealcauseofisthat.Accordingtothepassage,who/what/where/which/when/why/how?Whichofthefollowingisincorrect/notmentioned/notincluded?Theauthormentionsalloftheitemslistedbelowexcept.Thewriterwantstoprovewithexampleofthat.Theexampleofisusedto.Whatdosetheexampleofshow/illustrate?Whichofthefollowingistrue/falseexcept?Whichofthefollowingismentionedexcept?Whichofthefollowing(statements)isNotmentionedinthepassage?Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexcept.(4)答案选项类型①直接辨认类：不要求对客观事实解释判断，只要求从材料中直接获取信息。要求记住必要细节，并准确迅速地回忆出来。这种类型的答案几乎可以直接从短文中获得，正确答案和原文中含相关信息的句子和用词也几乎相似。直接辨认类细节题举例：StudentsinJuniorOnehadagreattimeontheschooltriponChildren’sDay.TheywenttoBlueWaterAquariumbybus.Theteacherswereveryhappybecausethestudentscleanedthebusesafterthetrip.JuniorOnestudentsonChildren’sDay.A.visitedBeijingB.watchedamatchC.tookatripD.gaveatalentshow解析：由文段首句“…hadagreattimeontheschooltrip”可以直接判断答案为C。②间接辨认类：要求对客观事实解释判断，答案是从阅读材料中获取的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。有时在原文中找不到同正确选项相近的词，正确答案可能是原文某一事实的结果、原因、前提等。间接辨认类细节题举例：SomeEastAfricansspitfourtimesasakindofblessing.Theydoittoshowthattheywantasickpersontogetwell,ortoblessanewbornbaby.Inmostotherplaces,spittingmeanssomethingcompletelydifferent.Itusuallyshowsanunhealthyhabit.Inmanycountries,itmaymeanthatyouhatesomeone.Inmanyplaces,spittingmaymean.A.yougiveanewbornbabytheblessingB.youwantasickpersontogetwellC.youquitedislikesomeoneD.youshowyourlovetoyourrelativesorfriends解析：根据文段最后一句“Inmanycountries,itmaymeanthatyouhatesomeone.”可知答案应选C，其中quitedislike与原文中hate同义。细节题的错误类型特点：a)无中生有b)正话反说c)混淆（张冠李戴,类而不同）d)超越范围（比如限定词的范围，文章里说all，选项换成了most）3.推理题(1)基本概念：主要测试考生在理解字面意义的基础上，根据材料进行判断和推论，进而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。这类题综合性强，难度较大，需要综合运用各种阅读技巧，合理地根据内容、逻辑关系、关键词语以及相关背景知识进行推断。在准确把握全篇主旨或段落主题的基础上，分析句与句之间的关系，捕捉语言线索，揣测作者的意图,不可死抠字面意思。(2)(3)推理题特征词汇：infer，besuggested(implied)butnotstated，indicate，possible，probably，…4.词语理解题(特殊变体是指代题)这类题主要考查对文中某个单词、短语或者句子的理解，通常根据特定语境选择正确答案。对于不认识的生词，考生可结合上下文进行大胆猜测。(1)提问方式Theword“…”inthepassagemeans.Theword“…”(line…)couldbestbereplacedby.Accordingtothepassage,theword“…”isknownas.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword“…”means.Asusedinthepassage,thephrase“…”suggests.Theexpression“…”isclosestto.Thepassageusedtheword“…”toreferto.By“…”theauthormeans.Thephrase“…”inthepassagemostproperlymeans.Thesentence“…”inPara.×canbebestreplacedby.Theword“…”inPara.×isclosestinmeaningto.(2)词语理解考查的三种命题思路：例：Canwepaytoomuchattentiontodetails?Absolutely.Perfectionistsstruggleoverlittlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargerthantheyworktoward.Theword“perfectionists”referstothosewho.A.paytoomuchattentiontodetailsonlytolosetheirmajorobjectiveB.knowhowtoadjusttheirgoalsaccordingtothecircumstancesC.arecapableofachievingperfectresultsinwhatevertheydoD.demandotherstogeteverythingabsolutelyright解析：文段第三句即perfectionists所在句对其进行了解释，即“struggleoverlittlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargerthantheyworktoward”，其意思是：以牺牲要做的大事为代价而注意一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事。可见，perfectionists是一种事无巨细一概追求尽善尽美，但往往又失去主要目标的人。故选A。(3)指代题提问方式如：Whatdoes“this”refersto?出题方式一般为问It，this，that，he/she，they，we这些代词指代部分的内容。做这类题时切忌全文通读或查读距离代词过远的部分。要注意句内指代和句间指代。句内指代常指所有格附近的名词，如Ilovethisappleanditscolor中，its指代的是前边的apple。句间指代指的通常是前边的整个句子。十一、十二法宝（针对选项，是最后实在没办法的情况下怎么“蒙”的）十二、一要素查找细节，把握主旨。读文章时宏观把握很重要，不要陷入句子里，应该用全局的眼光来看整个文章，要“把握主旨”，再适当看点儿细节。十三、三原则阅读理解专项练习Passage1Themanagementoflogistical(物流的)operationisaboutmovementandstorageofmaterialandfinishedproducts.Logisticaloperationsstartwiththeinitialshipmentofamaterialorcomponentpartfromasupplierandarefinishedwhenamanufacturedorprocessedproductisdeliveredtoacustomer.Fromtheinitialpurchaseofamaterialorcomponent,thelogisticalprocessaddsvaluebymovinginventory(移动库存)whenandwhereneeded.Ifallgoeswell,amaterialgainsvalueateachstepofitstransformationintofinishedinventory.Inotherwords,anindividualparthasgreatervalueafteritisputintoamachine.Likewise,themachinehasgreatervalueonceitisdeliveredtoabuyer.Tosupportmanufacturing,workinprocessinventorymustbemovedtosupportfinalassembly.Thecostofeachcomponentanditsmovementbecomespartofthevalueaddedprocess.Thefinalormeaningfulvaluethatisaddedoccursonlywithfinalownershiptransferofproductstocustomerswhenandwherespecified.Foralargemanufacturer,logisticaloperationmayconsistofthousandsofmovements,whichfinallydevelopintothedeliveryofproductstoanindustrialuser,retailer,wholesaler,dealer,orothercustomer.Foralargeretailer,logisticaloperationsmaystartwithgainingproductsforresaleandmayfinishwithconsumerpickupordelivery.Forahospital,logisticsstartswithpurchasingandendswithfullsupportofpatientsurgeryandrecovery.Thesignificantpointisthatregardlessofthesizeandtypeofenterprise,logisticsisessentialandrequirescontinuousmanagementattention.Forbetterunderstandingitisusefultodividelogisticaloperationsintothreeareas:physicaldistribution,manufacturingsupport,andprocurement(筹措，采购）.1.Logisticaloperationsareconcernedwith.A.transferofmaterialsandfinishedproductsB.manufacturingofmaterialsandfinishedproductsC.inventoryofmaterialsandfinishedproductsD.bothAandC2.Thelogisticalprocessincreasesvalueby.A.manufacturingB.inventoryflowC.finishedproductsD.operationalmanagement3.Inthelastparagraph,thewritergivestheexamplesoflogisticaloperationsinordertoshowthat.A.alargeretailerpurchasesproductsforresaleB.aconsumerhastopickupordeliverproductshimselfC.LogisticsisimportanttoanenterpriseandneedscontinuousmanagementD.alargemanufacturerhastodeliverproductstoitscustomer4.Theparagraphfollowingthelastoneinthepassagewillprobablydiscuss.A.inventoryB.manufacturingsupportC.physicaldistributionD.procurement.5.Themainideaofthepassageisabout.A.movinginventoryB.logisticaloperationsC.transformationofmaterialsandfinishedproductsD.storageofmaterialsandfinishedproductsPassage2Oncesomebodythoughtthatairpollutionaffectedonlytheareaimmediatelyaroundlargecitieswithfactoriesandheavyautomobiletraffic.Today,weknowthatalthoughthesearetheareaswiththeworstairpollution,theproblemisliterallyworldwide.Onseveraloccasionsoverthepastdecade,aheavycloudofairpollutionhascoveredtheentireeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesandledtohealthwarningseveninruralareasawayfromanymajorconcentrationofmanufacturingandautomobiletraffic.Infact,theveryclimateoftheentireearthmaybeaffectedbyairpollution.Somescientistsfeelthattheincreasingconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheairresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels(coalandoil)iscreatingagreenhouseeffect—holdinginheatreflectedfromtheearthandraisingtheworld’saveragetemperature.Ifthisviewiscorrectandtheworld’stemperatureisraisedonlyafewdegrees,muchofthepolaricecapwillmeltandcitiessuchasNewYork,Boston,Miami,andNewOrleanswillbeunderwater.Anotherview,lesswidelyheld,isthatincreasingparticularmatterintheatmosphereisblockingsunlightandloweringtheearth’stemperature—aresultthatwouldbeequallydisastrous.Adropofjustafewdegreescouldcreatesomethingclosetoanewiceage,andwouldmakeagriculturedifficultorimpossibleinmanyofourtopfarmingareas.Atpresentwedonotknowforsurethateitheroftheseconditionswillhappenthoughonerecentgovernmentreportpreparedbyexpertsinthefieldconcludedthatthegreenhouseeffectisverylikely.Perhaps,ifweareverylucky,thetwotendencieswilloffseteachotherandtheworld’stemperaturewillstayaboutthesameasitisnow.1.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith.A.thegreenhouseeffectB.thepotentialeffectofairpollutionC.theburningoffossilfuelsD.theprobabilityofanewiceage2.Asdescribedatthebeginningofthepassage,peopleusedtothinkthatairpollution.A.haddamagingeffectsonhealthB.existedmerelyinurbanandindustrialareasC.affectedtheentireeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesD.causedwidespreaddamageinthecountryside3.Asfarasthegreenhouseeffectisconcerned,theauthor.A.thinksthatitwilldestroytheworldsoonB.rejectsitasitisungroundedC.isuncertainofitsoccurrenceD.sharesthesameviewwiththescientists4.Theword“offset”inthe2ndparagraphcouldproperlyreplacedby.A.setupB.makeupforC.slipupD.catchupwith5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A.raisingtheworld’stemperatureonlyafewdegreeswouldnotdomuchharmtolifeontheearthB.almostnotemperaturevariationshaveoccurredoverthepastdecadeC.loweringtheworld’stemperaturemerelyafewdegreeswouldleadmanymajorfarmingareastodisasterD.theworldtemperaturewillremainconstantintheyearstocomePassage3Aresomepeopleborncleverandothersbornstupid?Orisintelligencedevelopedbyourenvironmentandourexperience?Strangelyenough,theanswertothesequestionsisyes.Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth,andnoamountofspecialeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence.Ontheotherhand,achildwholivesinaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings.Thusthelimitsofaperson’sintelligencearefixedatbirth,whetherornothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview,nowheldbymostexperts,canbesupportedinanumberofways.Itiseasytoshowthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingwearebornwith.Thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeopleis,theclosertheyarelikelytobeinintelligence.Thusifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandomfromthepopulation,itislikelythattheirdegreeofintelligencewillbecompletelydifferent.If,ontheotherhand,wetaketwoidenticaltwins,theywillverylikelybeasintelligentaseachother.Relationslikebrothersandsisters,parentsandchildren,usuallyhavesimilarintelligence,andthisclearlysuggeststhatintelligencedependonbirth.Imaginenowthatwetaketwoidenticaltwinsandputthemindifferentenvironments.Wemightsendone,forexample,toauniversityandtheothertoafactorywheretheworkisboring.Wewouldsoonfinddifferencesintheirintelligencedeveloping,andthisindicatesthatenvironmentaswellasbirthplaysapart.Thisconclusionisalsosuggestedbythefactthatpeoplewholiveinclosecontactwitheachother,butwhoarenotrelatedatallarelikelytohavesimilardegreeofintelligence.1.Ifachildisbornwithlowintelligence,hecan.A.notreachhisintelligenceinhislifeB.gobeyondhisintelligencelimitsinrichsurroundingsC.stillbecomeageniusifheshouldbegivenspecialeducationD.becomeagenius2.“ifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandomfromthepopulation”(Para.2)means.A.choosetwopersonswithdifferentintelligenceB.choosetwopersonswhoarerelativeC.takeouttwopersonsofcloserelationshipD.pickanytwopersons3.Theexampleofthetwinsgoingtoauniversityandtoafactoryseparatelyshows.A.thepartthatbirthplaysB.theimportanceoftheirpositionsC.theroleofenvironmentonintelligenceD.theimportanceoftheirintelligence4.Thewriterisinfavoroftheviewthatman’sintelligenceisgiventohim.A.neitheratbirthnorthrougheducationB.bothatbirthandthrougheducationC.througheducationD.atbirth5.Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe.A.EffectofEducationB.DependenceonEnvironmentC.IntelligenceD.SurroundingsPassage4Withatremendousroarfromitsrocketengine,thesatelliteissentupintothesky.Minuteslater，atanaltitudeof300miles,thistinyelectronicmoonbeginstoorbitabouttheearth.Itsradiobeginstotransmitastaggeringamountofinformationaboutthesatellite’sorbitalpath,theamountofradiationitdetects,andthepresenceofmeteorites.Informationofallkindsracesbacktotheearth.Nohumanbeingcouldpossiblycopydownallthesefacts,muchlessrememberandorganizethem,butanelectroniccomputercan.Themarvelofthemachineage,theelectroniccomputerhasbeeninuseonlysince1946.Itcandosimplecomputations—add,subtract,multiply,anddivide—withlightningspeedandperfectaccuracy.Itcanmultiplytwo10digitnumberinl/1000second,aproblemthatwouldtakeanaveragepersonfiveminutestodowithpencilandpaper.Somecomputerscanwork500,000timesfasterthananypersoncan.Onceitisgivenaprogram,whichisacarefullyworkedoutsetofins