第二部分第一讲名词和冠词

第二部分　语法专项突破第一讲　名词和冠词,[学生用P245])一、名词的数规则变化大多数名词后加­s构成复数books，horses，beds，pages以­s，­x，­sh，­ch结尾的名词，多数情况下在词尾加­esglasses，boxes，brushes，watches(例外：stomach的复数stomachs)以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词变为复数时，需把y变为i再加­es；以元音字母＋y结尾的名词变为复数时，直接加­scities，countries，factories；boys，toys，monkeys，holidays以辅音字母＋o结尾的名词加­es；以元音字母＋o结尾的名词一般加­s。以­o结尾的部分名词的复数形式有两种，既可加­s也可加­esheroes，tomatoes，potatoes；radios，photos，pianos，zoos；volcanos/volcanoes，zeros/zeroes以­f或­fe结尾的名词常把f或fe变成v，再加­eshalf—halves，knife—knives，leaf—leaves，wife—wives(例外：roofs，chiefs，gulfs，beliefs，proofs)以­th结尾的名词，一般加­smouths，paths不规则变化常见名词的不规则复数形式man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth，mouse—mice，goose—geese，child—children，ox—oxen以man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是­men和­women。Englishman—Englishmen，policeman—policemen，businessman—businessmen(例外：German—Germans)单复数同形的名词sheep，deer，Chinese，Japanese，means(方式)，works(工厂)只有复数形式的名词trousers，glasses(眼镜)，thanks，clothes，remains(遗留物)，ashes(灰烬)，arms(武器)一些名词的复数形式示特别的意义woods森林，sands沙滩，waters水域，goods货物复合名词的复数一般是将中心词变为复数形式，但没有中心词则是在最后一个单词后加­slooker­on—lookers­on，passer­by—passers­by，grown­up—grown­ups二、名词的所有格构成用法例词’s所有格主要用于人或其他有生命的名词后，还用于表示时间、国家、城市、组织结构、度量衡、价值、天体等名词之后。aboy’sbag；theworkers’struggle；somebodyelse’spossession；tenminutes’break；theearth’ssatellite；America’spolicyof所有格表示无生命的东西thewindowoftheroom表示同位关系thecityofBeijing表示部分与整体的关系thebottomofthesea；themajorityofpeople表示抽象概念thecostofliving后跟含后置定语的名词或表一类人或物的“the＋形容词”形式thenameoftheboycryingunderthetree；thehousingproblemofthepoor双重所有格(名词＋of＋名词’s或名词＋of＋名词性物主代词)表示部分概念，被双重所有格修饰的名词前往往有表示数量的词，如a，one，two，some，several，afew，many或指示代词this，that，these，those等somefriendsofmybrother’s；afewbooksofMoYan’s；thislittlecatofyoursister’s；thosewordsofMary’s三、名词的搭配形式常考短语介词＋名词outofone’sreach　　　　在某人够不到的地方beyondrecognition　无法辨认ingreatdemand　需求量很大inprogress　在进行中outofquestion　不成问；无疑ofgreatvalue非常有价值的(＝veryvaluable)动词＋名词have/gainaccessto　　　　可以获得gain/haveanadvantageover胜过，优于takeadvantageof利用，趁……之机payattentionto　注意makethebestof　充分利用，妥善处理findfaultwith　　挑……的错keeppacewith　与……同步putanendto　结束……takenoticeof　注意到take...intoaccount考虑……catchsightof　看见haveagoodreputation有个好名声makeadifference有影响；有关系causedamageto对……造成破坏①(2014·高考江苏卷)Tomalwaysgoesjogginginthemorningandheusuallydoespush­upstootostayinshape.汤姆总是在早晨慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持身体健康。②(2013·高考江苏卷)Withinspirationfromotherfoodcultures，Americanfoodculturecantakeaturnforthebetter.有了来自于别的食品文化的灵感，美国食品文化可以变得更好。③(2013·高考辽宁卷)Theaccidentcausedsomedamagetomycar，butit’snothingserious.这起事故对我的车造成一些损伤，但不严重。④(2013·高考天津卷)Ifyouareintrouble，Mikeisalwayswillingtolendahand.如果你有麻烦了，Mike总是愿意帮你一把。四、不定冠词的用法用法例句泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个①(2014·高考天津卷)Lifeislikeanocean：Onlythestrong­willedcanreachtheothershore.②(2013·高考福建卷)The“ChineseDream”isadreamtoimprovepeople’swell­beingandadreamofharmony，peaceanddevelopment.用于单数可数名词前，表示数量“一”；在某些物质名词或抽象名词前加a，an表示“一份，一阵，一场，一类”等—Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?—Iwouldlikeacoffeeandtwobeers.用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”Hemissedthegoldinthehighjump，butwillgetasecondchanceinthelongjump.用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于acertain(2015·安徽合肥质检)—Excuseme，wouldyoupleasegivetheiPad5toJohn?—Sorry，butIdon’tthinkthere’saJohninourclass.用与“a＋most＋形容词＋名词”结构，意为“非常，很”—WhatdoyouthinkaboutthesongSmallApple?—It’sreallyamostwonderfulsongin2014.有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of...时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。构成：havea(good)knowledgeof...精通……；havea(clear/good)understandingof...了解……(2015·兰州一中模拟)Socialpracticeisanopportunityforstudentstogainabetterunderstandingofhowsocietyoperates.固定搭配haveagoodtime；haveagiftfor；haveawordwith；inahurry；onceinawhile；ataloss；forawhile；allofasudden；atadistance；goonadiet；dosb.afavor；asaresult；asarule(通常)；asamatteroffact；payavisitto；putanendto；allofasudden温馨提醒　baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space(太空)，advice，word(消息)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth等，以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。五、定冠词的用法用法例句表示“特指”。上文已经提到的人或物，再次提到时在其前加the。也可指上文未提到，但谈话双方都知道的人或物①(2014·高考江西卷)TheychoseTomtobethecaptainoftheteambecausetheyknewhewasasmartleader.②(2015·安徽蚌埠质检)—Didyouenjoyyourselfyesterday?—Yes，asyouknow,thepartywentoninapleasantatmosphere.用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前LiuYangisthefirstwomanwhohasbeenintospaceinChina.用于复数姓氏之前，表示“全家”或“夫妇”或用于形容词或分词前，表示一类人或物①AsfarasIknow，theGreenshavenochildren.②Thewoundedweresenttothehospitalimmediately.用于年代、朝代、时代名词前或有普通名词构成的专有名词前Thetramwayfellintodisuseinthe1920s.用于表示江河、山脉、海洋、地球等独一无二的东西以及表示方位的名词前Asisknowntous，thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.用于表示度量单位的名词前，如bythehour/day/dozen/yard，但是size/weight这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词(2015·河南郑州高三模拟)Hewassurprisedtofindthatbooksaresoldbyweightinthisbookstore，thatis，bythekilogram.固定搭配makethemost/bestof(充分利用)；inthehabitof；notintheleast(＝notatall)；inthedistance；intheway；onthewhole(总之)；on(the)onehand...；ontheotherhand；atthemoment；gotothecinema/theatre；theotherday(几天之前)；forthetimebeing(暂时)；onthespot；totellthetruth；bytheway温馨提醒　英语中，有些短语中有无冠词意义不同。如：byday在白天；bytheday按天计算；inchargeof负责，掌管；inthechargeof由……负责；outofquestion毫无疑问；outofthequestion不可能；gotochurch去做礼拜；gotothechurch去教堂六、零冠词的用法用法例句表示泛指的不可数名词(物质名词、抽象名词)、专有名词(不含普通名词)或可数名词复数前不加冠词。单数可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，前面也不加冠词①It’sagoodfeelingforpeopletoadmiretheInternationalHorticulturalExposition②2014Qingdaothatgivesthempleasure.　季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。但是如果名词前面有修饰语或特指某一季节、月份等，要用冠词Thesummerof2014wasaheartachesummerbecausemanypeoplediedbecauseoftheearthquakeinLudian，YunnanProvince.表示独一无二的头衔、职务名词作表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，一般不加冠词(2015·陕西西安质检)David，monitorofourclass，isalwaysreadytohelpothers.as，though引导的让步状语从句中的表语(单数可数名词)置于句首时不加冠词Childas/thoughheis，heplaystheviolinperfectly.系动词turn后的作表语的单数可数名词前不加冠词LuXunwasadoctorbeforeheturnedwriter/becameawriter.固定搭配atnoon/dawn/night/midnight；atpresent；cometolight；cometopower；incaseof；outofwork/order/control/date/patience/mind/reach/breath/danger；inuse/danger/public；aheadoftime；indebt；underrepair；sidebyside；shouldertoshoulder；handinhand；facetoface；bymistake；inplaceof；onboard；onpurpose；onsecondthoughts；atwar；everyfewdays；catchfire；forcertain　,[学生用书P248])Ⅰ.用适当的冠词填空1．(2014·高考陕西卷)____________villagewhereIwasbornhasgrowninto____________town.：The；a2．(2014·高考浙江卷)Thepaperisduenextmonth，andIamworkingsevendays____________week，oftenlonginto____________night.答案：a；the3．(2014·高考重庆卷)Ican’ttellyou____________waytotheWilsons’becausewedon’thave____________Wilsonhereinthevillage.答案：the；a4．Itissaidthataclassof200studentsattendedthelectureon____________natureofhumanbeings.答案：the5．Racingis____________mostinterestingsportI’veeverknown.答案：the6．TheSpringFestivalis____________specialholidayformostChinesewhen__________wholefamilywillgettogether.答案：a；the7．Chinalaunched____________country’sfirstlunarroveraboard，Chang’e3，bringingChinesedreamofreachingthemoonclose.答案：the8．CouplesinShanghaiarefor____________firsttimebeingencouragedtohave__________secondchildasauthoritiestrytoreducetheburdenofanageingpopulation.答案：the；a9．—Iamsosorrytohavecomelateforthemeeting.—Itisnotyourfault.With____________rush­hourtrafficand____________heavyrain，itisnowonderyouwerelate.答案：the；the10．____________rescueworkersonthescenetold____________Greensthattheyweregoingtopulltheirchildoutfirst.答案：The；the11．Thepeace­makingspiritofNelsonMandela，whowaselected____________presidentattheageof76，haswonhim____________worldwiderespect.答案：/；/12．—Kathleen，____________Mr.Helleriswaitingforyououtside.—Justasecond.I’mon____________phone.答案：a；the13．Itisacknowledgedthat____________shortestdistancebetweenpersonsis____________sinceresmile.答案：the；a14．____________recentreportstatedthatthenumberofSpanishspeakersintheU．S.wouldbehigherthanthenumberofEnglishspeakerby____________year2090.答案：A；the15．Beingabletoafford____________drinkwouldbe____________comfortinthosetoughtimes.答案：a；a16．In____________thirdquarterof2014，Xiaomi’ssalesmarketsharebeatLenovoforthefirsttimetorank____________secondlargestinChina，secondonlytoSamsung.答案：the；the17．After____________dogs，thehorsehashad__________closestrelationshipwithman.答案：/；the18．Aprofessorstoodbefore____________classof20seniororganicbiologystudents，abouttohandout____________finalexam.答案：a；the19．Manycitiesissuedawarningof____________airpollutionforPM2.5readings，whichhasbecome__________concernthesedays.答案：/；a20．Inthepast，Tomstaredat____________worldmaponthewall，wonderingifhewouldeverhave____________journeytothosedistantlands.答案：the；aⅡ.用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空1.(2014·高考浙江卷)Wemostprefertosayyestothe____________(request)ofsomeoneweknowandlike.答案：requests2．(2014·高考湖北卷)Her____________(motive)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.答案：motivation3．(2014·高考安徽卷)—Whynotbuyasecond­handcarfirstifyoudon’thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That’sagood____________(suggest)．答案：suggestion4．—We’vebeendestroyinglotsofforestseveryyear.—Whatashame!We’llbethe____________(victim)ofourownfoolishbehavior.答案：victims5．—HowcanItakethemedicine，sir？　—Justfollowthe____________(direct)onthebottle.答案：directions6．Ateacher’s____________(devote)toeducationdeservesgreatrespectofthewholepublicbecauseitbringsbenefitstothedevelopmentofsociety.答案：devotion7．—Whydon’tyougotomedicalcollegeandbeadoctor?—Oh.Itcallsforagreatdealof____________(patient)withlongtraining，whichIamafraidIdon’thave.答案：patience8．Incoldwinter，peopleprefertostayathome，andfewofusrealizethe____________(valuable)ofsunlighttoourhealth.答案：value9．AfterlivinginQuanzhouforfiveyears，shehasdevelopedquitean____________(affect)forthecity.答案：affection10．Ifayoungmanwantsthe_____________(flexible)tomovetoadifferentcityinfutureyears，heshouldkeeprentinginsteadofbuyingahouse.答案：flexibility11．Thepolicearetryingtofindoutthe______________(identify)ofthewomanmurderedinthebathroom.答案：identity12．Accordingtothissurvey，someTVprogrammesshouldtake____________(responsible)forteenagers’negativebehavior.答案：responsibility13．It’sreportedthatthestudentswhoareaddictedtoplayingcomputergamesarealldrivenby________________________________________________________________________(curious)atfirst.答案：curiosity14．WhileIadmitthatEnglishwordskeepescapingfromourmemory，constant____________(expose)tothemnotonlyincreasesourunderstandingofthem，butlikelyplantsthemintoourmind.答案：exposure15．Thelittlegirlhasastrong____________(prefer)forsweetfood.Wheneverandwherevershebuysfood，shealwaystakessweetintoconsiderationfirstofall.答案：preference16．Anannualstudyfoundthat2%ofSouthKoreansaged10—19neededtreatmentforexcessiveonlinegamingorwereatriskof____________(addict)．答案：addiction17．Whatsurprisedusmostwasthatthepriceofthe____________(admit)totheChildren’sParadisewhichwasbuiltlastyearroseto$50thedaybeforeyesterday.答案：admission18．Severalredandwhitebarriersmarkedtheroadat____________(interval)ofaboutamile.答案：intervals19．Parentsshouldbegoodrolemodelsfortheyhaveagreatinfluenceonchildren’scharacter____________(form)．答案：formation20．ComparedtotheadvantagesoftheInternet，thoseofthetelevisionalonewillnotbeenoughtoensureits____________(survive)，andinmanypeople’sopinion，thelatterwillbereplaced.答案：survivalⅢ.语篇填空在空格中填入适当的冠词，或用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。Robotsusedforhouseworkweretestedoutinsome1.____________(family)．Tony，oneoftherobots，lookedlike2.____________tallandhandsomemanwithsmoothblackhair，speakinginadeepvoice.Larrywasgoingtobeawayfromhome.Also，3.____________(curious)drovehimtohaveatryonsuchanewthing.SohehiredarobottoaccompanyhiswifeClaire.Clairedidn’tliketheideaatthebeginning，butsheagreedtoitatlast.AtthefirstsightofTony，Clairefeltembarrassed.Gradually，Tonybegantowinthe4.____________(hostess)trust.HehelpedClairerealizeherdreamsbymakingherhomeelegant，givingheranewhaircut，changingthemakeupsheworeandgivingher5.____________(advise)onher6.____________(person)dresses.Thereforeatthepartyallherguestswhowereinvitedwerefilledwith7.____________(admire)whentheysawherhousewascompletelychanged.Afterthetest，thecompanywassatisfiedwith8.____________(Tony)reportandbelieveditwas9.____________successbecausehehadsuccessfullymadeawomanregainher10.____________(confident)andfallinlovewithhim.答案：1.families　2.a　3.curiosity　4.hostess’　5.advice6．personal　7.admiration　8.Tony’s　9.a　10.confidencⅣ.语法填空阅读下面，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Wearewhatweeatbecausewhatweeateverydayhas1.____________greatimpactonourhealth.Therefore，weshouldmakeeveryefforttochangeourbadeatinghabits.2.____________weallknow，bakedorfiredfoodsmaybe3.____________(taste)，buteatingtoomuchofthemwill4.____________(probable)resultinsomeillnesses.Moreover，somefoodthatcostsusagreatdealofmoneyandisnothealthyisjunkfood.5．____________(compare)withpeopleinthewest，Chinesepeopleusedtoeatmoregrainandvegetables，but6.____________(little)meat，whichisagoodeatinghabit.However，thingsarequitedifferentnow.Withtherapideconomic7.____________(grow)ofourcountry，wenowareeatingalotoffoodthatishighinsugarandfat.We8.____________(run)theriskofeatingoutwithoutconsideringthebalanceofourdiet.Thefoodwechooseaffectsourhealth，sowemustkeep9.____________mindthatthefoodwechooseshouldgive10.____________(we)thenutrientsweneed.1．解析：句意：……我们每天吃的东西对我们的健康有很大影响。根据句意可知，设空处后的impact(可数名词)在本句中表示泛指，故用不定冠词。答案：a2．解析：句意：我们都知道，熏烤、油炸食品可能很好吃……。本句考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为后面一句话，关系词在定语从句中作宾语且定语从句置于句首，故选as引导。答案：As3．解析：设空处需用形容词作表语，taste的形容词形式为tasty，意为“好吃的”。答案：tasty4．解析：句意：……但吃得太多可能会导致一些疾病。设空处需用副词形式，probable的副词形式为probably。答案：probably5．解析：句意：与西方人相比，在过去中国人常常吃更多的谷物及蔬菜，但较少吃肉，这是一个好的饮食习惯。本句考查非谓语动词作状语。comparedwith意为“与……相比”。答案：Compared6．解析：根据本句中的moregrain可知本空需用比较级，故答案为less。答案：less7．解析：句意：随着我国经济的迅速发展……设空处前为形容词，后为介词，故可判断设空处需用grow的名词形式，故答案为growth。答案：growth8．解析：根据上句，可判断本句要表达的意思是：目前我们在不考虑均衡饮食的情况下冒险去外面吃饭。由此可见设空处需用现在进行时。答案：arerunning9．解析：考查动词短语。keepinmindthat意为“记住”。答案：in10．解析：givesb.sth.“给某人某物”。本空需作give的宾语，故用宾格。答案：us