4..17世纪玄学派和弥尔顿及班扬

The17thCentury—RevolutionandRestoration1Abriefintroductionofthe17thcentury1.1Historicalbackground●The17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuousperiodsinthehistory.Thiscenturywitnessedatleasttworevolutions:puritanrevolution(1640-1660)andgloriousrevolution(1688).PuritanrevolutionbeganwiththecallingoftheLongParliamentbyKingCharlesIandproceededthroughtwocivilwars(1642-1648),thetrialandexecutionoftheking(1649),therepublicanexperimentsofOliverCromwell(1649-1653),and,ultimately,therestorationofKingCharlesII(1660).Becauseofthesetworevolutions,thepoliticalsysteminEnglandunderwentsomewhatgreatchanges.●Becauseofthesetworevolutions,thepoliticalsysteminEnglandunderwentsomewhatgreatchanges.First,afterthePuritanrevolutionthereestablishedakindofmilitarydictatorshipunderwhichthepeoplesufferedgreatly.Second,afterthegloriousrevolution,therebroughttoEnglandaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制),withinwhichtheking’spowerwasgreatlyrestrictedandtherevolutionmeantthreethings:thesupremacyofParliament,thebeginningofmodernEngland,andthefinaltriumphoftheprincipleofpoliticallibertyforwhichthePuritanhadfoughtandsufferedhardshipforahundredyears.●Thegeneralfeaturesoftheagearethetransitionandthespiritofdoubtandscientificanalysis.Transitionheremeansthetransitionfromtheabsolutemonarchytoconstitutionalmonarchy,thetransitionfromagriculturaltomanufacturingetc.术语解释：Puritanism:PuritanismwasthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringtheEnglishRevolution.Itpreachedthrift,sobriety,hardworkandunceasinglaborinwhatevercallingonehappenedtobe,butwithnoextravagant([ik'strævəɡənt]奢侈的；放纵的)enjoymentofthefruitsoflabor.Thewealthyweretoaccumulatecapital,thepoortolaborattheirtasks,asa“divineduty”.Worldlypleasureswerecondemnedasharmful.Thiswaspreciselytheoutlookneededbythebourgeoisiefortheaccumulationofcapital.ThePuritansopposedtheoldchurchthatsquanderedalotofmoneyuponrobes,candlesandmagnificentprocessions.TheycloseddowntheLondontheatresin1642,notonlyfortheirextravaganceanddeteriorationbutalsoforthepuritanicabhorrenceof“worldly”pleasuresingeneral.1.2LiterarycharacteristicsTheRevolutionPeriodwasoneofconfusioninliterature.Englishliteratureoftheperiodwitnessedadeclineanddegeneration.WecanseethatitisdifferentfromtheliteratureofElizabethPeriodinthreeaspects.1) ElizabethliteraturehadamarkedunityandthefeelingofpatriotismanddevotiontotheQueen,butintheRevolutionPeriod,allthiswaschanged,thekingbecametheopenenemiesofthepeople,andthecountrywasdividedbythestruggleforpoliticalandreligiousliberty.Soliteraturewasdividedinspiritaswerethestrugglingparties.2) Elizabethliteraturewasgenerallyinspiring.Itthrobbedwithyouthandhopeandvitality.LiteratureinthePuritanAgeexpressedsadness.Evenitsbrightesthourswerefollowedbygloomandpessimism.3) Elizabethliteraturewasintenselyromantic.Theromancesprangfromtheheartofyouth.Peoplebelievedallthings,eventheimpossible.Butinliteratureofthepuritanperiod,wecannotfindromanticardor.TheRevolutionperiodproducedoneofthemostimportantpoetsinEnglishliterature,JohnMilton,whoseworkwouldglorifyanyageandpeople,andinhisworktheindomitablerevolutionaryspiritfounditsnoblestexpression.Forthisreason,thisperiodisalsocalledtheAgeofMilton.Themainliteraryforminliteratureoftheperiodwaspoetry.Amongthepoets,Miltonwasthegreatest.Besideshim,thereweretwogroupsofpoets;theMetaphysicalpoetsandtheCavalierpoets.2.MetaphysicalPoetsandMetaphysicalPoetry2.1MetaphysicalPoetsconceitThegroupofpoets,sharingsomeofJohnDonne’spoeticfeatures,hasbeencalled“MetaphysicalPoets.”MetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.●JohnDonne(1573–1631)◆DonneisthefounderoftheMetaphysicalschool.◆Donneilluminesoremphasizeshisthoughtbyfantasticmetaphorsandextravaganthyperboles.“Conceit”isthekeyofhispoetry. 术语解释:conceit(07):Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit,usedbycertainseventeenth-centurypoets,suchasJohnDonne.●OtherMetaphysicalPoetsGorgeHerbert(1593–1633),AndrewMarvell(1621–1678),RichardCrashaw(1612–1649),HenryVaughan(1622–1695),AbrahamCowley(1618–1667),JohnCleveland(1613–1658)2.2Metaphysicalpoetry●Theterm“metaphysicalpoetry”iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th–centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.●Metaphysicalpoetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andmetaphysicalconceitsandadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.●Ingeneral,metaphysicalpoetryhasthefollowingfeatures:1)Thedictionissimpleandechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech;2)Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife;3)Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.●Metaphysicalpoetryhasgainednewrecognitionbecauseoftheirseriousnessofart,theirspiritofrevolt,andtheirrealism,andithasgreatlyinfluencedthemodernistpoetryofthe20thcentury.诗歌作品导读：见《新编英国文学教程》P60-67JohnDonne:TheFlea;Death,BeNotProudGeorgeHerbert:Virtue,EasterWingsAndrewMarvell:ToHisCoyMisstress(08年选段)英国文学学习指南练习21（P21）3.TheCavalierPoets(保皇派)●CavalierpoetswereoftencourtierswhostoodonthesideofthekingagainsttheParliamentandPuritans,andwereinfluencedgreatlybyBenJonsonandcalledthemselves“sons”ofBenJonson.●CavalierpoetryTheCavalierpoetswrotelightpoetry,polishedandelegant,amorousandgay,butoftensuperficial.Theymostlydealtinshortsongsontheflittingjoysoftheday,butunderneaththeirlight-heartednessliessomeforebodingofimpendingdoom.Thisspiritofpessimismandcynicismistypicalofthearistocraticclassindecline.●RobertHerrick(1591—1674),ThomasCarew(1598—1639),SirJohnSuckling(1609—1642),RichardLovelace(1618—1658),EdmundWaller(1606—1687),WilliamDavenant(1606–1668)belongedtothisschool.作品导读：见《新编英国文学教程》P69RobertHerrick:TotheVirgins,toMakemuchofTime(thethemeofCarpeDiem,及时行乐主题)4.JohnMiltonandhisParadiseLost4.1JohnMilton(1608-1674)●MiltonisconsideredasthethirdgreatestEnglishpoetafterChaucerandShakespeare,andthegreatesttocomeoutofthe17thcentury.Miltonisthemasterofblankverse,thefirsttouseblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.HisLife:●HewasbornintoapiouswealthyPuritanfamily,havingasupportivefatherandaculturedmotherandenjoyingthesweetestandthemostshelteredperiodofadolescenceofall.●HewastutoredprivatelyandtheneducatedatSt.Paul’sSchoolandChrist’sCollege,CambridgeUniversity.●AftergraduatingfromCambridgeUniversity,hesubjectedhimselftoarigorousreadingplan.●WhenCromwellcametothethrone,hewasappointedLatinsecretary●Heturnedtotallyblindin1652●Hewasthrowninprisonwhentherestorationbegan,buthislifewassparedbytheking.●DiedonNovember8,1674●Hisworks:ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,andSamsonAgonistes4.2ParadiseLost作品导读节选:见《新编英国文学教程》P80 ABriefIntroduction◆ParadiseLostisJohnMilton’smasterpiece,andthegreatestEnglishepic.Beforeitsactualwriting,hehadthesubjectinhismindforaquarterofacentury,andmadedraftsaboutthecharactersandplot.◆Itisalongepicin12books,writteninblankverse.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheOldTestament:Thecreation;therebellioninHeavenofSatanandhisfellow-angels;theirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeaven;thecreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve;thefallenangelsinhellplottingagainstGod;Satan’stemptationofEve;andthedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden.●TheThemeandCharacterizationofParadiseLost◆ThestoryistakenfromtheBible,about“thefallofman”,thatis,howAdamandEvearetemptedbySatantodisobeyGodbyeatingtheforbiddenfruitfromtheTreeofKnowledge,andhowtheyarepunishedbyGodanddrivenoutofParadise.InMilton’swords,thepurposeofwritingtheepicisto“justifythewaysofGodtomen”,butapparentlywithSatanathismouthpiece,MiltonisutteringhisintensehatredoftyrannyinthecapacityoftheRevolutionary.BydepictingSatanandhisfollowersaswellastheirfieryutteranceandbraveactions,MiltonisshowingaPuritan’srevoltagainstthedictatorandagainsttheestablisheddoctrinesoftheCatholicsandtheAnglicanChurch.◆InthepoemGodisnobetterthanacruelandselfishdespot,seatedonathronewithachorusofangelsabouthimsingingsongstopraisehim.Hislongspeechesarenotpleasingatall.HeiscruelandunjustinpunishingSatan.HisArchangelRaphaelisonlyabore.Hisangelsarestupid.ButSatanisthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem,whorisesagainstGodand,thoughdefeated,stillseeksforrevenge.◆AdamandEveembodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman.Goddeniedthemcravingforknowledge.Itisthislongingforknowledgethatopensbeforemankindawideroadtointelligentandactivelife.IthasbeennotedbymanycriticsthatMilton’srevolutionaryfeelingsmadehimforgetreligiousorthodoxy.TheangelswhosurroundtheGodneverthinkofexpressinganyopinionsoftheirown,andtheyneverseemtohaveanyopinionsoftheirown.ThisimageofGodsurroundedbysuchangelsresemblesthecourtofanabsolutemonarch.ButSatanandhisfollowers,whofreelydiscussallissuesincouncil,remindusarepublicanParliament.●TheImageofSatan:◆Satanistherealheroofthepoem.Likeaconqueredandbanishedgiant,heremainsobeyedandadmiredbythosewhofollowhimdowntohell.◆Heisfirmerthantherestoftheangels.Thoughdefeated,heprevails,sincehehaswonfromGodthethirdpartofhisangels,andalmostallthesonsofAdam.Thoughwounded,hetriumphsforthethunderwhichhituponhisheadandlefthisheartinvincible.Thoughfeeblerinforce,heremainssuperiorinnobility,sinceheprefersindependencetohappyservility,andwelcomeshisdefeatandhistormentsasaglory,aliberty,andajoy.◆TheproudandsomberSatanrepresentsthespiritofrebellionquestioningtheunjustauthorityofGod.●TheFeaturesofthePoem:◆Therearethetwomostessentialthings:PuritanismandRepublicanism.◆Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.◆Hispoignantthoughtandfieryideasareusuallyexpressedwithpowerfullanguageandvividimages.◆Nevertheless,hisPuritanismfrequentlyconstituteshischieflimitation,givinghispoemsandproseworksareligiousandsometimesevenasuperstitioncharacter.◆Longsentencesareusuallyininvertedwordorder.◆Itisfullofclassicalandbiblicalallusion◆Miltonisthemasterofblankverse,thefirsttouseblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.4.3SamsonAgonistes●TheTheme:SamsonAgonistesisapoeticaldramamodeledontheGreektragedies.ThestorywastakenfromtheOldTestament.SamsonwasanathleteoftheIsraelites.Hestoodastheirchampionfightingforthefreedomoftheircountry.Buthewasbetrayedbyhiswifeandblindedbyhisenemies,thePhilistines.Onedayhewassummonedtoprovideamusementforhisenemiesbyfeatsofstrengthintemple.Therehewreakedhisvengeanceuponhisenemiesbypullingdownthetempleuponthemanduponhimselfinacommonruin.●Samson=Milton?Inthispoeticdrama,Miltonistellingushisownstory.LikeSamson,hewasbeenbetrayedbyhiswife.Hehassufferedfromblindnessandbeenscornedbyhisenemies,andyethehasstruggledheroicallyagainsthisenemies.Samson’smiserableblindservitudeamonghisenemies,hisagonizinglongingforsightandfreedom,andthelastterribletriumphareallallusiontothepoet’sownstory.SothewholepoemstronglysuggestsMilton’spassionatelongingthathecouldbringdestructiondownupontheenemyatthecostofhisownlife.ThisiswhywesaySamsonisMilton.●CommentsonJohnMilton1)Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.HewasmilitantpamphleteeroftheEnglishRevolution,andthegreatestEnglishrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury.2)MiltonwrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HisinfluenceisomnipresentinalmostalllaterEnglishpoetry.3)Miltonisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.In“ParadiseLost”,heacquiresanabsolutemasteryoftheblankverse.4)Miltonisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyle,whichistheresultofhislife—longclassicalandbiblicalstudy.Sometimeshisstyleisneverexactlynatural.5)Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.作品导读：见《新编英国文学教程》P77-79JohnMilton:OnHisBlindness/WhenIConsiderHowMyLightIsSpent;MethoughtISawMyLateEspousedSaint5.JohnBunyan(1628-1688)5.1Bunyan’sworks:1)ThePilgrim’sProgress2)TheLifeandDeathofMr.Badman3)TheHolyWar●ThePilgrim’sProgress1)ThePilgrim’sProgressisareligiousallegory(astoryinverseorprosewithdoublemeanings:asurfacemeaningandanundersurfacemeaning).Ittellsofthespiritualpilgrim-ageofChristian,whofliesfromtheCityofDestruction,meetswiththeperilsandtemptationsoftheSloughofDespond,VanityFair,andDoubtingCastle,facesandovercomesthedemonAppollyon,andfinallycomestotheDelectableMountainsandtheCelestialCity.2)Thoughanallegory,itscharactersimpressthereaderlikerealpersons.TheplacesthatBunyanpaintsinwordsareEnglishscenesandconversationwhichenlivenhisnarrativesvividlyrepeatthelanguageofhistime.Inreality,theCelestialCityisthevisionofanidealhappysocietydreamedbyapoortinkerinthe17thcentury,throughaveilofreligiousmist.3)FromthestorywecanseethatBunyangivesusnotonlyasymbolicpictureofLondonatthetimeoftheRestorationbutalsoacomprehensivesatiricalpictureoftheEnglishsocietyandthelegalprocedureinEnglandinBunyan’sday.4)JohnBunyancherishedadeephatredofboththekingandhisgovernment.Hesawanddetestedtheinjusticeoflaw,trialsandmagistrates.BetweenhimandtheKing’ssaintstherewasaperpetualwar.ThatiswhyhisThePilgrim’sProgresshadwonimmediatesuccessamongthecommonpeople.5)Hisproseisadmirable.Itispopularspeechennobledbythesolemndignity,simplicityofthelanguageoftheEnglishBible.作品导读：ThePilgrim’sProgress:VanityFair（08）见《新编英国文学教程》P318-319VanityFairepisodeisthebestknownsectioninThePilgrim’sProgressQuestions:1.Thispassageisapartofthebestknownepisode“VanityFair”inabookentitled.2.Whoistheauthorofthisbook?3.Howdoyouunderstandthepassage?ChristianandhiscompanionFaithfulpassthroughthetownofVanityattheseasonofthelocalfair.“Vanity”means“emptiness”or“worthlessness”,andhencethefairisanallegoryofworldlinessandthecorruptionofthereligiouslifethroughtheattractionsoftheworld.FromearliesttimesnumerousfairswereheldforstatedperiodsthroughoutBritain;tothemthemostimportantmerchantsfromalloverEuropebroughttheirwares.Theseriousbusinessofbuyingandsellingwasaccompaniedbyallsortsofdiversions—eating,drinking,andotherfleshlypleasures,aswellasspectaclesofstrangeanimals,acrobats,andotherwonders.Thisselectiongivesthebitterestsatire,whichisinvariablydirectedattherulingclass.InthedescriptionsoftheVanityFair,BunyannotonlygivesusasymbolicpictureofLondonatthetimeoftheRestorationbutallbourgeoissociety.6.JohnDrydenTheRestorationperiod(1660-1788)wasaperiodofreactionanddegeneration.ThemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureofitwasJohnDryden.HeisthemostrepresentativeofEnglishclassicismintheRestorationPeriod.HeisthegreatestpoetbetweenMiltonandPope.Hisworks,whichconsistofhispoems,hisplaysandhiscriticalessays,reflectbothgoodandeviltendenciesofhisage. HisinfluencetoEnglishLiterature:Followingthestandardsofclassicism,DrydenestablishedtheheroiccoupleasoneoftheprincipleEnglishverseforms,clarifiedEnglishproseandmadeitconciseandflexible,andraisedEnglishliterarycriticismtoanewlevel.DrydenwastheforerunneroftheEnglishclassicalschoolofliteraturecanbeseeninthreeaspects.HisinfluenceonEnglishliteraturecanbeseeninthreeaspects:1) Heestablishedtheheroiccoupletasthefashionforsatiric,didactic,anddescriptivepoetry.2) Hedevelopedadirectandconciseprosestyle.3) Hedevelopedtheartofliterarycriticisminhisessaysandinthenumerousprefacestohispoems.重点知识总结:1. 术语解释：Puritanism,conceit2. 简答： JohnDonne:TheFlea;Death,BeNotProudsong GeorgeHerbert:Virtue,EasterWings AndrewMarvell:ToHisCoyMisstress(08年选段)对应学习指南上的练习 JohnMilton：1) ParadiseLostTheContent,thetheme,theimageofSatan2) SamsonAgonistesThecontent,therelationshipbetweenSamsonandMilton3) Hispoems:OnHisBlindness/WhenIConsiderHowMyLightIsSpend;MethoughtISawMyLateEspousedSaint4) writingfeaturesofMilton’spoetry JohnBunyan：ThePilgrim’sProgress:VanityFair（08）见《新编英国文学教程》P318-319Thecontent;EasterWings1Lord,whocreatedstmaninwealthandstore,2Thoughfoolishlyhelostthesame,DecayingmoreandmoreTillhebecameMostpoor:WiththeeOletmeriseAslarks,harmoniously,Andsingthisdaythyvictories:Thenshallthefallfurthertheflightinme.Mytenderageinsorrowdidbegin:AndstillwithsicknessesandshameThoudidstsopunishsin,ThatIbecameMostthin.WiththeeLetmecombine,Andfeelthisdaythyvictory;For,ifIimp3mywingonthine,Afflictionshalladvancetheflightinme.1633复活节的翅膀上帝，你创造与人类安康富足，人类却愚蠢地将它丢弃，渐行朽腐直至其窘限：让我飞伴你宛如云雀今日颂歌你的胜利：之后，让堕落敦促我翱翔天际。青涩年少时代的我已开始担忧：疾病和羞愧常伴于左右，罪罚鞭策以至我嶙峋。让我联合你今日共享你的荣光；如若能将羽翼植被你身那么艰难困苦已将把我高升。TheAltarAbrokenALTAR,Lord,thyservantrears,Madeofaheart,andcementedwithtears:Whosepartsareasthyhanddidframe;Noworkman’stoolhathtouchedthesame.1AHEARTalone5Issuchastone,AsnothingbutThypowerdothcut.WhereforeeachpartOfmyhardheart10Meetsinthisframe,TopraisethyName:That,ifIchancetoholdmypeace,Thesestonestopraisetheemaynotcease.2OhletthyblessedSACRIFICEbemine,15AndsanctifythisALTARtobethine.1633祭坛上帝，您的侍者供奉的祭坛已破碎，这祭坛是您心灵的筑就泪水的凝合。它的每一个部分都是由您亲手镶砌；没有工匠的刀斧能造就同样的触感。一颗虔诚的心坚贞一如磐石，没有东西筑雕唯有您的神力。无论何处都有我赤诚的心灵在这祭坛交汇，赞扬您的圣名。如果有幸，我能获得安宁，朝圣您的颂歌将永不中断。啊，将这福礼的“牺牲”赐予我。然后，将这神圣的“祭坛”贡献您。RichardLovelaceToAlthea,fromPrisonWhenLovewithunconfinedwingsHoverswithinmygates,AndmydivineAltheabringsTowhisperatthegrates;WhenIlietangledinherhair5Andfetteredtohereye,Thegods1thatwantonintheairKnownosuchliberty.Whenflowingcupsrunswiftlyround,WithnoallayingThames,210Ourcarelessheadswithrosesbound,Ourheartswithloyalflames;Whenthirstygriefinwinewesteep,Whenhealthsanddraughtsgofree,Fishes,thattippleinthedeep,15Knownosuchliberty.When,likecommittedlinnets,3IWithshrillerthroatshallsingThesweetness,mercy,majesty,AndgloriesofmyKing;20WhenIshallvoicealoudhowgoodHeis,howgreatshouldbe,Enlargedwinds,thatcurltheflood,Knownosuchliberty.Stonewallsdonotaprisonmake,25Norironbarsacage;MindsinnocentandquiettakeThatforanhermitage.IfIhavefreedominmylove,Andinmysoulamfree,30Angelsalone,thatsoarabove,Enjoysuchliberty.狱中致阿尔泰亚当爱乘着自由的翅膀在我的门口盘旋，带来圣洁的阿尔泰亚与我低语在这炉边；当我埋躺在她的长发深陷她的明眸，空中嬉闹的天神知道没有这种自由。当流转的酒杯快速环绕带着甘醇的琼浆，无忧的思绪衔着玫瑰跳跃忠诚的火焰在我的心儿燃烧；当我们用酒精浇灌干渴的忧伤，当健康和通风获得自由，深海酒醉的鱼儿知道没有这种自由。就像尽职的朱顶雀，当我用更嘹亮的歌喉唱颂国王的贤德，怜悯，威严以及他的荣耀；当我要大声赞扬他是多么的善良，多么的伟大，席卷大地的狂风知道没有这样的自由。石墙围不成监狱，铁棒筑不成牢笼；无邪恬静的心带你遁居。如果在爱中我获得自由，那我的灵魂就已解脱，唯有爱的天使翱翔上空，尽享这独特的自由。ToLucasta,GoingtotheWarsTellmenot,Sweet,Iamunkind,ThatfromthenunneryOfthychastebreastandquietmindTowarandarmsIfly.True,anewmistressnowIchase,5Thefirstfoeinthefield;AndwishastrongerfaithembraceAsword,ahorse,ashield.YetthisinconstancyissuchAsyoutooshalladore;10Icouldnotlovethee,dear,somuch,LovedInothonourmore.出征前致露卡斯塔亲爱的，请不要说我刻薄无情，远离你洁雅胸膛和恬淡心怀筑就的院堂奔赴战场，戎马生涯。是的，现在我正追求一位新的爱人，那是我战场上首遇的敌人；更强的信仰让我梦想拥有一剑、一马、一盾。但我想这样的不忠你会更加敬慕；亲爱的，我深爱这荣光，只因我爱你爱得至深。