中华人民共和国合同法_英文版

中华人民共和国法ContractLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina发文日期：1999年03月15日有效范围：全国发文机关：全国人民代表大会;中华人民共和国主席文号：主席令[1999]第15号时效性：现行有效生效日期：1999年10月01日所属分类：合同〔民法->合同〕PromulgationDate: 03-15-1999EffectiveRegion: NATIONALPromulgator: NationalPeople'sCongressDocumentNo: OrderofthePresident[1999]No.15Effectiveness: EffectiveEffectiveDate: 10-01-1999Category: Contract〔CivilLaw->Contract〕全文：Fulltext: 中华人民共和国合同法　　　　ContractLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina主席令[1999]第15号OrderofthePresident[1999]No.151999年3月15日March15,1999　　?中华人民共和国合同法?已由中华人民共和国第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议于1999年3月15日通过，现予公布，自1999年10月1日起施行。　　中华人民共和国主席　江泽民ContractLaw　　中华人民共和国合同法(AdoptedattheSecondSessionoftheNinthNationalPeople'sCongressonMarch15,1999)　　〔1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过〕CONTENTS　　目　　　录　　总那么　　第一章　一般规定　　第二章　合同的订立　　第三章　合同的效力　　第四章　合同的履行　　第五章　合同的变更和转让　　第六章　合同的权利义务终止　　第七章　违约责任　　第八章　其他规定　　分那么　　第九章　买卖合同　　第十章　供用电、水、气、热力合同　　第十一章　赠与合同　　第十二章　借款合同　　第十三章　租赁合同　　第十四章　融资租赁合同　　第十五章　承揽合同　　第十六章　建设工程合同　　第十七章　运输合同　　第十八章　技术合同　　第十九章　保管合同　　第二十章　仓储合同　　第二十一章　委托合同　　第二十二章　行纪合同　　第二十三章　居间合同　　附那么GENERALPROVISIONSCHAPTER1GENERALPROVISIONSCHAPTER2CONCLUSIONOFCONTRACTSCHAPTER3EFFECTIVENESSOFCONTRACTSCHAPTER4PERFORMANCEOFCONTRACTSCHAPTER5MODIFICATIONANDASSIGNMENTOFCONTRACTSCHAPTER6TERMINATIONOFTHERIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFCONTRACTSCHAPTER7LIABILITYFORBREACHOFCONTRACTCHAPTER8MISCELLANEOUSPROVISIONSSPECIFICPROVISIONSCHAPTER9SALESCONTRACTSCHAPTER10CONTRACTSFORSUPPLYANDUSEOFELECTRICITY,WATER,GASORHEATINGCHAPTER11DONATIONCONTRACTSCHAPTER12LOANSCONTRACTSCHAPTER13LEASECONTRACTSCHAPTER14LEASE-FINANCeCONTRACTSCHAPTER15CONTRACTSFORWORKCHAPTER16CONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSCONTRACTSCHAPTER17CONTRACTSFORTRANSPORTATIONSECTION1GENERALRULESSECTION2CONTRACTSFORPASSENGERTRANSPORTATIONSECTION3CONTRACTSFORGOODSTRANSPORTATIONSECTION4CONTRACTSFORMULTI-MODALTRANSPORTATIONCHAPTER18TECHNOLOGYCONTRACTSSECTION1GENERALRULESSECTION2TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTCONTRACTSSECTION3TECHNOLOGYTRANSFERCONTRACTSSECTION4TECHNICALCONSULTANCYCONTRACTSANDTECHNICALSERVICECONTRACTSCHAPTER19DEPOSITCONTRACTSCHAPTER20WAREHOUSINGCONTRACTSCHAPTER21CONTRACTSFORCOMMISSIONCHAPTER22CONTRACTSFORBROKERAGECHAPTER23INTERMEDIATIONCONTRACTSSUPPLEMENTARYPROVISIONS　　总那么GENERALPROVISIONS　　第一章　一般规定CHAPTER1GENERALPROVISIONS　　第一条　为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。Article1ThisLawisformulatedwiththegoalofprotectingthelawfulrightsandinterestsofthepartiestocontracts,maintainingsocialandeconomicorderandpromotingtheprogressofthesocialistmodernization.　　第二条　本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的。　　婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用其他法律的规定。Article2AcontractinthisLawreferstoanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations.Agreementsinvolvingpersonalstatusrelationshipsuchasonmatrimony,adoption,guardianship,etc.shallapplytheprovisionsofotherLaws.　　第三条　合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。Article3Thepartiestoacontractshallhavelegallyequalstatus.Nopartymayimposeitswillontheotherparty.　　第四条　当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干预。Article4Thepartiesshallhavetherightstovoluntarilyconcludeacontractinaccordancewiththelaw.Nounitorindividualmayillegallyinterfere.　　第五条　当事人应当遵循公平原那么确定各方的权利和义务。Article5Thepartiesshallabidebytheprincipleoffairnessindeterminingtherightsandobligationsofeachparty.　　第六条　当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循老实信用原那么。Article6Allpartiesmustactinaccordancewiththeprincipleofgoodfaithinexercisingrightsandperformingobligations.　　第七条　当事人订立、履行合同，应当遵守法律、行政法规，尊重社会公德，不得扰乱社会经济秩序，损害社会公共利益。Article7Whenconcludingandperformingacontract,thepartiesshallabidebythelawsandadministrativeregulations,observepublicmorals.Neitherpartymaydisruptthesocio-economicorderordamagethepublicinterest.　　第八条　依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定履行自己的义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合同。　　依法成立的合同，受法律保护。Article8Assoonasacontractisestablishedinaccordancewiththelaw,itshallbelegallybindingontheparties.Thepartiesshallperformtheirrespectiveobligationsasagreed.Neitherpartymayunilaterallymodifyorterminatethecontract.Contractsestablishedaccordingtolawshallbeprotectedbylaw.　　第二章　合同的订立CHAPTER2CONCLUSIONOFCONTRACTS　　第九条　当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。　　当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合同。Article9Whenconcludingacontract,thepartiesshallhavetheappropriatecapacitiesforcivilrightsandcivilconducts.Apartymayentrustanagenttoconcludeacontractonhisbehalfinaccordancewiththelaw.　　第十条　当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。　　法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。Article10Thepartiesmayconcludeacontractinwriting,orallyorinotherforms.Wherethelawsoradministrativeregulationsrequireacontracttobeconcludedinwriting,thecontractshallbeinwriting.Ifthepartiesagreeittobeinwriting,itshallbeinwriting.　　第十一条　书面形式是指、信件和数据电文〔包括电报、电传、、电子数据交换和电子邮件〕等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。Article11Theterm'inwriting'meansaformwhichcanshowthedescribedcontentstangibly,suchasawrittencontractualagreement,letters,andelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocuments(includingtelegrams,telexs,fax,EDIande-mails).　　第十二条　合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括以下条款：　　〔一〕当事人的名称或者姓名和住所；　　〔二〕标的；　　〔三〕数量；　　〔四〕质量；　　〔五〕价款或者报酬；　　〔六〕履行期限、地点和方式；　　〔七〕违约责任；　　〔八〕解决争议的方法。　　当事人可以参照各类合同的示本订立合同。Article12Thecontentsofacontractshallbeagreeduponbytheparties,andshallcontainthefollowingclausesingeneral:(1)titlesornamesanddomicilesoftheparties;(2)contractobject;(3)quantities;(4)quality;(5)priceorremuneration;(6)timelimit,placeandmethodofperformance;(7)liabilityforbreachofcontract;and(8)methodstosettledisputes.Thepartiesmayconcludeacontractbyreferringtothemodeltextsforeachtypeofcontract.　　第十三条　当事人订立合同，采取要约、承诺方式。Article13Thepartiesshallconcludeacontractintheformofofferandacceptance.　　第十四条　要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合以下规定：　　〔一〕内容具体确定；　　〔二〕说明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。Article14Anofferisadeclarationofintenttoconcludeacontractwithotherparties.Thedeclarationshallcomplywiththefollowingstipulations:(1)Itscontentsshallbespecificanddefinite;(2)Itindicatesthattheofferorwillbeboundbyitupontheacceptanceoftheofferee.　　第十五条　要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。　　商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。Article15Aninvitationtoofferisadeclarationofintentofapartytohaveotherpartiestomakehimanoffer.mailedpricelists,publicannouncementsofauctionandtender,shareprospectusesandcommercialadvertisements,etc.areinvitationstooffer.Wherethecontentsofacommercialadvertisementcomplywiththetermsoftheoffer,itmayberegardedasanoffer.　　第十六条　要约到达受要约人时生效。　　采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达时间。Article16Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.Ifacontractisconcludedbymeansofelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocumentmethod,andtherecipienthasappointedaspecificsystemtoreceivetheelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocuments,thetimewhentheelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocumentsenterthesystemshallbethetimeofarrival;ifnospecificsystemisappointed,thetimewhentheelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocumentsfirstenteranyoftherecipient'ssystemsshallberegardedasthetimeofarrival.　　第十七条　要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。Article17Anoffermaybewithdrawn,ifthewithdrawalnoticereachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimewhentheofferarrives.　　第十八条　要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。Article18Anoffermayberevoked,iftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforeithasdispatchedanacceptance.　　第十九条　有以下情形之一的，要约不得撤销：　　〔一〕要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示要约不可撤销；　　〔二〕受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为履行合同作了准备工作。Article19Anoffermaynotberevoked,if(1)theofferorindicatesafixedtimeforacceptanceorclearlystatesthattheofferisirrevocable;or(2)theoffereehasreasonstobelievetheofferisirrevocableandhasalreadymadepreparationstoperformthecontract.　　第二十条　有以下情形之一的，要约失效：　　〔一〕拒绝要约的通知到达要约人；　　〔二〕要约人依法撤销要约；　　〔三〕承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺；　　〔四〕受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。Article20Anoffershallbevoidunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Anoticeofrejectionreachestheofferor;(2)Theofferorrevokestheofferinaccordancewiththelaw;(3)Theoffereefailstomakeanacceptancewithinthetimetimelimitforacceptance;(4)Theoffereesubstantiallyaltersthecontentsoftheoffer.　　第二十一条　承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。Article21Anacceptanceisadeclarationofintentoftheoffereetoassenttoanoffer.　　第二十二条　承诺应当以通知的方式作出，但根据交易习惯或者要约说明可以通过行为作出承诺的除外。Article22Exceptthatitisbasedontransactionpracticesortheofferwhichindicatesanacceptancemaybemadebyperforminganact,theacceptanceshallbemadebymeansofnotification.　　第二十三条　承诺应当在要约确定的期限内到达要约人。　　要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照以下规定到达：　　〔一〕要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺，但当事人另有约定的除外；　　〔二〕要约以非对话方式作出的，承诺应当在合理期限内到达。Article23Anacceptanceshallreachtheofferorwithinthetimelimitfixedintheoffer.Wherenotimelimitisfixedintheoffer,theacceptanceshallreachtheofferorinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions:(1)Iftheofferismadeindialogues,theacceptanceshallbemadepromptlyexceptasotherwiseagreeduponbytheparties;(2)Iftheofferismadeinformsotherthanadialogue,theacceptanceshallreachtheofferorwithinareasonableperiodoftime.　　第二十四条　要约以信件或者电报作出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电报交发之日开始计算。信件未载明日期的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。要约以、等快速通讯方式作出的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始计算。Article24Wheretheofferismadeinaletteroratelegram,thetimelimitforacceptancebeginsfromthedateshownintheletterorfromthemomentthetelegramishandedinfordispatch.Ifnosuchdateisshownintheletter,itbeginsfromthedateshownonthepostmarkoftheenvelope.Whereanofferismadebymeansofinstantaneouscommunication,suchasbytelephoneorfacsimile,thetimelimitforacceptancebeginsfromthemomenttheofferreachestheofferee.　　第二十五条　承诺生效时合同成立。Article25Acontractisestablishedwhentheacceptancebecomeseffective.　　第二十六条　承诺通知到达要约人时生效。承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。　　采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间适用本法HYPERLINK"://lexiscn/law/content.php?content_type=T&origin_id=3888&provider_id=1&isEnglish=N"\l"i16"\t"_blank"第十六条第二款的规定。Article26Anacceptancebecomeseffectivewhenitsnoticereachestheofferor.Ifanacceptancedoesnotneednotification,itbecomeseffectivewhenanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewithtransactionpracticesorasrequiredintheoffer.Whereacontractisconcludedintheformofelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocument,thetimewhenanacceptancearrivesshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsofParagraph2,Article16ofthisLaw.　　第二十七条　承诺可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应当在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。Article27Anacceptancemaybewithdrawn,butthenoticeofwithdrawalshallreachtheofferorbeforethenoticeofacceptancereachestheofferororatthesametimewhentheacceptancereachestheofferor.　　第二十八条　受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，除要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效的以外，为新要约。Article28Whereanoffereemakesanacceptancebeyondthetimelimitforacceptance,theacceptanceshallbeconsideredanewofferunlesstheofferorinformstheoffereethatthesaidacceptanceiseffectiveintime.　　第二十九条　受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外，该承诺有效。Article29Ifanoffereedispatchesanacceptancewithinthetimelimitforacceptancewhichshallreachtheofferorinduetimeundernormalcircumstances,buttheacceptancereachestheofferorbeyondthetimelimitbecauseofotherfactors,theacceptanceshallbeeffective,excepttheofferorinformstheoffereeinatimelymannerthathedoesnotaccepttheacceptancebecauseitexceedsthetimelimitforacceptance.　　第三十条　承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更。Article30Thecontentsofanacceptanceshallbeconsistentwiththoseoftheoffer.Iftheoffereesubstantiallymodifiesthecontentsoftheoffer,itconstitutesanewoffer.Themodificationrelatingtothecontractobject,quality,quantities,priceorremuneration,timelimit,placeormethodofperformance,liabilitiesforbreachofcontractandthesettlementofdisputes,etc.,shallconstitutethesubstantialmodificationofanoffer.　　第三十一条　承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约说明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更的以外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。Article31Iftheacceptancedoesnotsubstantiallymodifythecontentsoftheoffer,itshallbeeffective,andthecontentsofthecontractshallbesubjecttothoseoftheacceptance,exceptasrejectedbytheofferorintimeorindicatedintheofferthatanacceptancemaynotmakeanymodificationatall.　　第三十二条　当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同成立。Article32Wherethepartiesconcludeacontractinawrittenform,thecontractisestablishedwhenbothpartiessignoraffixsealsonit.　　第三十三条　当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同的，可以在合同成立之前要求签订确认书。签订确认书时合同成立。Article33Wherethepartiesconcludethecontractintheformofaletterorelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocument,etc.,theymayrequiretosignaletterofconfirmationbeforetheconclusionofthecontract.Thecontractshallbeestablishedatthetimewhentheletterofconfirmationissigned.　　第三十四条　承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。　　采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主营业地的，其经常居住地为合同成立的地点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。Article34Theplaceofeffectivenessofanacceptanceshallbetheplaceofestablishmentofthecontract.Ifthecontractisconcludedintheformofelectricallyorelectronicallytransmitteddocument,theprinciplebusinessplaceofthereceipientshallbetheplaceofestablishment.Ifthereisnotaprinciplebusinessplace,hishabitualresidenceshallbetheplaceofestablishment.Wherethepartiesagreeotherwise,theplaceofestablishmentshallbesubjecttothatagreement.　　第三十五条　当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，双方当事人签字或者盖章的地点为合同成立的地点。Article35Wherethepartiesconcludeacontractinawrittenform,theplacewherebothpartiessignoraffixsealsshallbetheplacewherethecontractisestablished.　　第三十六条　法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同，当事人未采用书面形式但一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。Article36Acontract,whichshallbeconcludedinawrittenformasprovidedforbythelawsandadministrativeregulationsorasagreeduponbytheparties,shallbeestablished,asthepartiesdonotusethewrittenform,butonepartyhasperformedtheprincipalobligationandtheotherpartyhasacceptedthrperformance.　　第三十七条　采用合同书形式订立合同，在签字或者盖章之前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。Article37Acontract,whichisconcludedinwrittenform,shallbeeslablished,ifonepartyhasperformedhisprincipalobligationsandtheotherpartyhasreceivedtheperformancebeforesigningorsealingthecontract.　　第三十八条　国家根据需要下达指令性任务或者国家订货任务的，有关法人、其他组织之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。Article38IncasetheStateissuesamandatoryplanoraStateprocurementtaskbasedonnecessity,therelevantlegalpersonsorotherorganizationsshallconcludecontractsbetweentheminaccordancewiththerightsandobligationsasstipulatedbytherelevantlawsandadministrativeregulations.　　第三十九条　采用条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原那么确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提请对方注意免除或者限制其责任的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款予以说明。　　格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。Article39Wherestandardtermsareadoptedinconcludingacontract,thepartywhichsuppliesthestandardtermsshalldeterminetherightsandobligationsofthepartiesabidingbytheprincipleoffairness,drawtheattentionoftheotherpartyinreasonablemannerstonotetheexclusionorrestrictionofhisliabilities,andexplainthestandardtermstotheotherpartyifrequired.Standardtermsareclauseswhicharepreparedinadvanceforrepeatedusebyonepartyandwhicharenotnegotiatiedwiththeotherpartyinconcludingacontract.　　第四十条　格式条款具有本法HYPERLINK"://lexiscn/law/content.php?content_type=T&origin_id=3888&provider_id=1&isEnglish=N"\l"i52"\t"_blank"第五十二条和HYPERLINK"://lexiscn/law/content.php?content_type=T&origin_id=3888&provider_id=1&isEnglish=N"\l"i53"\t"_blank"第五十三条规定情形的，或者提供格式条款一方免除其责任、加重对方责任、排除对方主要权利的，该条款无效。Article40WhenastandardtermisunderanyofthecircumstancesstipulatedinArticle52andArticle53ofthisLaw,orthepartywhichsuppliesthestandardtermsexemptshimselffromhisliabilities,increasestheliabilitiesoftheotherparty,orexcludestherightsoftheotherparty,thetermsshallbevoid.　　第四十一条　对格式条款的理解发生争议的，应当按通常理解予以解释。对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非格条　式款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。Article41Ifadisputeovertheunderstandingofthestandardtermsoccurs,itshallbeinterpretedaccordingtogeneralunderstanding.Wheretherearetwoormorekindsofinterpretation,aninterpretationunfavourabletothepartysupplyingthestandardtermsshallbepreferred.Wherethestandardtermsareinconsistentwithnon-standardterms,thelattershallbeadopted.　　第四十二条　当事人在订立合同过程中有以下情形之一，给对方造成损失的，应当承当损害赔偿责任：　　〔一〕假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商；　　〔二〕成心隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况；　　〔三〕有其他违背老实信用原那么的行为。Article42Thepartyshallbeliablefordamagesifitisunderanyofthefollowingcircumstancesinconcludingacontractandthuscausinglossestotheotherparty:(1)negotiatedinbadfaithunderthepretextofconcludingacontract,and;(2)concealeddeliberatelyimportantfactsrelatingtotheconclusionofthecontractorprovideddeliberatelyfalseinformation;(3)performedotheractswhichviolatetheprincipleofgoodfaith.　　第四十三条　当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正当地使用。泄露或者不正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失的，应当承当损害赔偿责任。Article43Businesssecretsapartylearnedduringthecourseofconcludingacontractshallnotbedisclosedorunfairlyused,nomatterthecontractisestablishedornot.Thepartywhocausestheotherpartytosufferfromlossesduetodisclosingorunfairlyusingthebusinesssecretsshallbeliablefordamages.　　第三章　合同的效力CHAPTER3EFFECTIVENESSOFCONTRACTS　　第四十四条　依法成立的合同，自成立时生效。　　法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。Article44Thecontractestablishedaccordingtolawbecomeseffectivewhenitisestablished.Withregardtocontractswhicharesubjecttoapprovalorregistrationasprovidedforbythelawsoradministrativeregulations,theprovisionsthereofshallbefollowed.　　第四十五条　当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的合同，自条件成就时失效。　　当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。Article45Thepartiesmayagreeonsomecollateralconditionsrelatingtotheeffectivenessofacontract.Thecontractattacheswithconditionsprecedentshallbeeffectivewhensuchconditionsareaccomplished.Thecontractwithconditionssubsequentshallbevoidwhensuchconditionsareaccomplished.Tounfairlypreventtheconditionsfrombeingaccomplishedbyonepartyforitsowninterestsshallberegardedasaccomplished.Tounfairlypromotetheaccomplishmentoftheconditionsbyonepartyshallberegardedasnotaccomplished.　　第四十六条　当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的合同，自期限届满时失效。Article46Thepartiesmayagreeonaconditionaltimeperiodastotheeffectivenessofthecontract.Acontractsubjecttoantimelimitforitsentryintoeffectshallcomeintoeffectwhentheperiodexpires.Acontractwithterminationtimeperiodshallbecomeinvalidwhentheperiodexpires.　　第四十七条　限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人追认。　　相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。Article47Acontractconcludedbyapersonwithlimitedcivilcapacityofconductshallbeeffectiveafterbeingratifiedafterwardsbytheperson'sstatutoryagent,butapureprofit-makingcontractoracontractconcludedwhichisappropriatetotheperson'sage,intelligenceormentalhealthconditionsneednotberatifiedbyhisstatutoryagent.Theoppositepartymayurgethestatutoryagenttoratifythecontractwithinonemonth.Itshallberegardedasarefusalofratificationifthestatutoryagentdoesnotfailtoindicateadecision.Thebonafideoppositepartyhastherighttorescindthecontractbeforethecontractisratified.Therescissionshallbemadebymeansofnotification.　　第四十八条　行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承当责任。　　相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。Article48Acontractconcludedbyanpersonwhohasnopowerofagency,whooverstepsthepowerofagency,orwhosepowerofagencyhasexpiredandyetconcludesitonbehalfoftheprincipal,shallhavenolegallybindingforceontheprincipalwithoutratificationbytheprincipal,andthepersonshallbeheldliable.Theoppositepartymayurgetheprincipaltoratifythecontractwithinonemonth.Itshallberegardedasarefusalofratificationiftheprincipalfailstonotifyadecision.Abonafideoppositepartyhastherighttorescindthecontractbeforeitisratified.Therescissionshallbemadebymeansofnotification.　　第四十九条　行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，该代理行为有效。Article49Ifapersonhasnopowerofagency,overstepsthepowerofagency,orthepowerofagencyhasexpiredandyetconcludesacontractintheprincipal'sname,andtheoppositepartyhasreasonstotrustthatthepersonhasthepowerofagency,theactofagencyshallbeeffective.　　第五十条　法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外，该代表行为有效。Article50Whereastatutoryrepresentativeoraresponsiblepersonofalegalpersonorotherorganizationoverstepshis/herpowerandconcludesacontract,therepresentativeactshallbeeffectiveexceptthattheoppositepartyknowsoroughttohaveknownthathe/sheisoversteppinghis/herpowers.　　第五十一条　无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得处分权的，该合同有效。Article51Whereapersonhavingnorightofdisposalofpropertydisposesofpropertiesofanotherperson,andtheprincipalratifiestheactafterwardsorthepersonwithoutpowerofdisposalhasobtainedthepowerafterconcludingacontract,thecontractshallbevalid.　　第五十二条　有以下情形之一的，合同无效：　　〔一〕一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益；　　〔二〕恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益；　　〔三〕以合法形式掩盖非法目的；　　〔四〕损害社会公共利益；　　〔五〕违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。Article52Acontractshallbevoidunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Acontractisconcludedthroughtheus