叔本华杂喻 仁爱的德行（Schopenhauer the virtues of miscellaneous benevolence）

叔本华杂喻 仁爱的德行（Schopenhauer the virtues of miscellaneous benevolence） 叔本华杂喻 仁爱的德行(Schopenhauer the virtues of miscellaneous benevolence) Schopenhauer:.Txt love yu miscellaneous virtues is a mountain fox, you told me what all, standing in the place nearest to you, look you smile to others, even if the heart is all the pain just to put your every act and every move a panoramic view. Dazzling white, let me understand what is pure hurt. Schopenhauer: Yu Yu Author: Schopenhauer article source: reprint hits: update time: 2007-12-19 In a familiar fields, I stand in a relentless pace on the place, looking ahead, the ripe crops dense dense set, upright, ear fullness. Suddenly, they see a clusters of flowers that a riot of colours, with a delicate flower riotous with colour leaves, carefree and content in long, looks very beautiful, they think again, what is the use? They are not only a result of weed strains, because no one survived eradication. Of course, in this vast fields, it is difficult to see some flowers. It is a symbol of poetry and art. In social life, it is elegant, useful, and not entirely without fruit. But its function is not as good as that of wild flowers in the field. Two. The world is really charming and beautiful scenery, the image contrast, is vulgar, or leave them alone! Flies should be a symbol of audacity and recklessness. All animal were shunned, people are not close to it when they fled, but the flies are falling on the nose. Two Europe Chinese, when they first walked into the theater doors, one on the stage device, and immediately said to understand its working principle; another despite the language barrier would like to understand the story. From the two of you, you will know what an astronomer is and what a philosopher is. The wisdom that remains in theory and cannot be paid is like a two - leaf rose, brightly colored and fragrant, but leaves its seeds when it withers. Well, roses have thorns, but thorns don't all roses. The apple tree, an ordinary graceful, full of honeysuckle. Behind the apple tree was a tall fir with a slightly dark tapering head. "Look at my brilliant flowers, tens of thousands of them," the apple said to the fir. "You can't compare with me. It won't be your dark green needles."" "Yes," replied the fir, "however, the winter approaching, you have what to show off, but I still." Once, when I collected under an oak tree, found in a piece of grass strewn at random, but a small saplings, a dark green, leafy green. When I touch it when it tone said firmly: "leave me, I am not suitable for you I like the grass only specimens, nature has given a year of life, I am an acorn." For those who have far-reaching influence, childhood, youth, or adulthood, and even the whole life is to live in the public, seems to be very small, very ordinary. But if he were to start his own business, he would never die with the masses. He who treasures time will forgive him. When one sits on a balloon and flies into the sky, he does not feel elevated, but feels the ground is sinking. Only the subtle truth will come to light. Your estimate of a person's stature is often influenced by the distance you have with him. However, if you consider his body or mental state, there are bound to be two diametrically opposed situations. When you look at a person in the distance, you will think he is very small. At the same distance, you will feel that another person is very tall. The natural beauty of God decorate every one of her works, was born like pears or plums on the skin layer of soft and very fragrant blooms. Painters and poets spare no effort in the pursuit of this kind of beauty, and show them from their works, and dedicate them to us so that we can enjoy them in our leisure time. Before we begin to understand life itself, we have been immersed in this beauty. Once the day after witnessing the beauty of nature, it has all gone, because artists have already exhausted this kind of beauty, we have enjoyed. In fact, the world is often presented in a very vulgar form, which is neither inviting nor even annoying. Let's go and find the beauty ourselves! Maybe the fact that we do not need a large and rush to enjoy this kind of beauty, should not be so subtle picture perfect, nor should such a perfect poem, everything should be their own eyes to observe nature, those darling don't see it that way, they are not in the art with the help of pre tasting beauty joy, not too early to capture the beauty of life. Around the Mainz Cathedral, is a house, they tightly around the cathedral, so that people can hardly find a place where it can be a panoramic view of the world, perhaps this is the symbol of all great or beautiful things. The church should be held a religious ceremony, but people in the later it will be used in above have nothing to do with the service to obtain alms and relief from the church to hold people from all sides from their attempt to hinder the role of the church, destroyed the influence of the church, which was not what to get excited over a little thing. Because of scarcity, lack of people, to seize all can satisfy personal desires, but without exception, even those for themselves and not for the needs of the people and the things that exist, and this is also true. Then, made a special explanation and demonstration of public institutions, that is, regardless of the size of the rich and the poor, no matter is built in what time, can maintain and promote the construction of human knowledge on that piece of land, can also be said that human beings become noble intellectual achievements also get help. No matter where these institutions, people soon hope to pursue the special purpose step closer to them, these people really tempted by desire, attempted to steal belongs to everyone's interests, in order to meet their vulgar and vile animal instinct, in fact, in various fields of knowledge will be the existence of such the swindler. They change their faces at different times according to different circumstances, but in reality they do not know anything about the knowledge, only want the fur of knowledge, and serve for his selfish and despicable purpose. The hero seems mighty Samson, heroes are always affected by numerous living beings of deception, until he finally lost patience, he will be with the numerous living beings die, or like Lilliput's greaver, by countless villains in tipping. A mother asked her children to read Aesop's fables, hoping to educate and enlighten them. But soon, they bring back the book, in which older children (he is more mature than other children) said: in my opinion, this is not what we see the book, it is too naive too stupid, for our children at this age, who do not believe that the fox and the wolf will say, this book is really not suitable for us to read. From these young hopes, we can see the progress of the rational figure of the future. In a cold winter, a porcupine to keep warm and huddled together, when they are thorns but their sting, they immediately spread, but the cold weather and that they have once again pushed together, again separately. After so repeatedly, they finally know or not to leave too far, but also can not squeeze a piece. Similarly, social needs also bring human beings together like a porcupine, but human beings are inherently prickly and difficult to live with, which repels people from each other. Finally, it was found that the distance they could tolerate was only moderate, That's a polite gentleman's agreement. Only when such an agreement is violated will there be a rude warning, which is called "estranged from each other" by an Englishman's warning". Only in this way, the warmth of the need, although only a small satisfaction, but it will not hurt the other side. A warm person is always a loner; it does neither sting nor sting. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Schopenhauer: the virtue of benevolence Author: Schopenhauer article source: reprint hits: update time: 2007-12-19 Therefore, justice is the first essential motonori. Ancient philosophers also recognized it as a virtue, but tied it with three other sorts of ill chosen virtues. Charity has not yet been listed as a virtue. Platon himself was among the highest in moral science, but he only touched voluntary, disinterested justice. Love does in practice and in fact has always been there; but it is left to Christianity in this respect can see its greatest contribution in theory is summarized, and deliberately advocates benevolence, not only regard it as a kind of virtue, but as the crown of all virtue; and even to the enemy to love. Of course, we're just thinking of europe. Because in Asia, one thousand years ago, not only provides a person to teach and the neighbor's infinite love, and people have been in practice: "Veda" (Veda) are well described; and in the "law" (Dharma - Sastra), "history biography" (Itihasa) and "Purana" (Purana) also continue to appear this kind of training, not to mention Shakya Muni Buddha's preaching. More precisely, we should admit that, among the Greeks and Romans, can see signs of love taught to persuade people; for example, in the definition of Cicero "theory of good and evil" (DeFinibus) fifth, Volume 23, according to Yang Bradley (Iamblichos) can be the "Pythagorean Adams biography" (DeUitaPythagorae) of Pythagoras in the thirty-third chapter, there are. My task now is to explain how I derive the virtue of benevolence philosophically, based on the principles I have put forward. In the fifth part of this chapter has proved that the pain of others itself can directly into my own motives, the only reason is that I only see them with emotion, although its roots is still shrouded in mystery layers; and we are already seeing this one with the initial stage of the process is negative. The second stage is distinct from the first stage because the actions produced from this phase have positive characteristics, because at this time compassion does not merely prevent me from harming my neighbor, but motivates me to help him. According to one aspect of my direct and sharp and profound sense of participation, on the other hand, the serious and urgent danger, I feel this motivation, (please note that it is completely pure and moral) forced me to make a small sacrifice, to each other's needs or evil to cope with what I see; this may include a sacrifice my physical strength or energy consumption, my property, freedom or even loss of life. So in this directly with the others taste the pain, this is not based on any argument, also do not need what arguments, it is found that the kindness and love of God and love of the simple roots, in other words, the moral behavior rule is this: "do you force to help all the people"; all those produced according to the rules of action, known as the ethics moral obligation, or called love obligation, imperfect obligation. This definition of behavior arises entirely from direct participation, can be said to be the instinct we see the pain caused by sympathy; in other words, the minimum, while the behavior we can say that it has the moral value, that is to say, to declare it no selfish motives, and when is therefore, to meet the inner conscience it makes us feel good, can be called satisfaction,, The spectator (don't make him feel ashamed guilty) a kind of deep known and undeniable Jia Xu, respect and reverence, it must be caused by sympathy. According to Plato teachings, justice itself including wisdom, perseverance and other 3 kinds of moral restraint. For Aristotle, justice is also the head of all morality; and the latter is that virtue manifests itself in 4 main forms of juxtaposition: wisdom, justice, consolidation and restraint. But if there is any other motive for a charitable act, if it is not malicious, it must be selfish or selfish. Because as the basic source of all human behavior (see the fifth chapter) 3, namely egoism, evil and sympathy; so can affect people of every kind of motivation is divided into 3 categories: (1) their own happiness; (2) the misfortune of others; (3) other people's happiness. Then, if a good motive does not belong to the above third categories, it naturally falls into the first or second category. Sometimes it can be classified into second categories; for example, if I do something for someone, is another person in order to make me angry or hostile; make the latter more pain; or, may be used to humiliate a third refused to give help; or, finally, is to make people suffer from me. But the motive for such good deeds is usually derived from the first kind. The fact is that, whenever I do something good, I consider my own happiness, no matter how far away it may be or how indirect; that is, whenever I have to repay the influence of ideology in this world or in the afterlife, or to win the highly respected, hope to influence the character of reputation or, when I consider; now I help people may also help me one day, or you might give me some benefits and services; or finally, when I'm this thought, that I should obey the rules of noble and charitable practice, because I may also have the chance to benefit from. In a nutshell, unless my motivation is simply not to know my neighbors have an ulterior motive to get assistance from danger or get rid of his pain, such a pure subjective desire, it is selfish, selfish. If such a purpose -- in fact it completely lost subjectivity, really is my purpose, then, if and only if at that time, I have given love, love, love to prove that God exists, Christianity has been preached to persuade people to love, this is a great achievement of its special. It should be noted that in this regard, one of the four Gospels in it about love commands, plus some instructions, for example, "do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing", and so on, in fact, is established on the basis of the conclusion I have consciousness. That is, if what I do is a moral value, then, my motivation must be entirely by the suffering of others, without any more I thought naturally aroused. And in the same place ("Matthew sixth: 2) we see that it shows absolute authenticity, boast of their charity," has fully received their reward: God completely lost their reward." In this respect, however, the Vedas also show us a more noble lesson. They have repeatedly declared that those who want any kind of reward for their own work are still wandering in the dark road, groping, not yet mature to the point of liberation. If anyone asks me what he can do with charity, my sincere answer is: "you give all the relief to the poor only a little, and absolutely nothing.". If you are not satisfied, feel that not enough is your purpose, then you want the original is not charity, but make a deal; and you have made them away. But if you care about is that he will feel the pressure of poverty is relatively small, so you have reached your destination; you have eased his pain, and you can fully understand that you give to get big returns." But it was not my own trouble or trouble, and I could not be influenced by it. How could it become as if it were my own difficulty, and what motivated me to act like that? As I have explained, this is because, although the difficulty from visual or auditory external intermediary opinion, is just something other than my own; but I know it is the victim of the difficulties; I feel the difficulties like myself, I am not actually in here, but in him there difficult. Therefore, Calderon (Calderon) had such a long time ago: "Because I never knew." Between the pain and the pain, What's the distance?." The worst is not always true, NOsiempreelpeorescierB, to, Jorn, II, P229) However, as a prerequisite for the above, and to some extent, I have become the same as others, and thus the barriers between self and non self are temporarily broken. If and only if at that time, I put his interests, his needs, his misfortune, his pain into my own interests, needs, and suffering; at that time, my impression of the experience he disappeared, I can not see it, and I'm completely different indifferent strangers; but I share him disaster, although he has literally no skin enclosure on my nerves. Only in this way can his grief become my motive for his disaster; otherwise, I shall be influenced only by my own motives. I repeat, the process is mysterious. Because the process is rational, it cannot be explained directly, and its cause is beyond experience. But that's what happens every day. Everyone felt this action or process of his heart; even the hardest heart selfish people, he is not aware of this point. Life every day, we see it in a small range of single action; no matter what time, there is always someone, not how many false thinking unable to restrain the emotions, will help people, sometimes in order to give assistance, he had never been seen in the past, even willing to take great risks, he did so, and did not consider what else things just because he saw great grief and distress of another person. This process has also been demonstrated in a wide range, noble British nationals in the long-term and many fierce debate, black slaves to its colonial with twenty million pounds ransom, make people's praise and joy in the world. Cause if anyone refuses to acknowledge this grand noble action is compassion, rather it is attributed to the Christian words; please remember him, all in the "New Testament", even not a word about against slavery, but in the actual period of slavery is widespread; further, as late as 1860. In America, when discussing this problem, there is a person with the help of Abraham Jacob slavery as an example, an attempt to plead his case! The mysterious inner process or actual effect in each individual case, can be left to the ethics chapter sections to analyze, with the title "moral obligation" and "love obligations" and "incomplete obligations" or other no matter what the name can be. All of these roots, this is a foundation, has pointed out here, because the first commandment to "do you force to help all the people" is caused by the root and foundation; it is easy to derive all the other things required from there; as from "without prejudice to any" -- my principles first half - can be deduced all the obligations of justice. Ethics is, in fact, the easiest science of all. But this is only our hope, because to construct their own ethics is the bounden duty of every person, and his own basic rules to use hidden in my heart for each case to formulate rules of action; because almost no one has enough leisure time and patience to learn ready-made ethics system. All the other virtues and virtue are from justice and benevolence sprout; therefore these two virtues called traditionalethics is appropriate, and reveal its origin also laid the cornerstone of moral philosophy. The whole ethical content of the Old Testament is justice, and benevolence is the whole ethical content of the new testament. Love is a new order (John, thirteenth, 34), which includes all the virtues of Christianity, according to Paul (Book thirteenth, 8, 10, and Rome).