高中化学公式大全

高中化学公式大全 一、非金属单质(F2 ，Cl2 、 O2 、 S、 N2 、 P 、 C 、 Si) 1.氧化性: F+ H=== 2HF 2 2 F + Xe(过量) === XeF 222F(过量) + Xe === XeF 24nF + 2M === 2MFn (表示大部分金属) 2 2F + 2HO === 4HF + O 2222F + 2NaOH === 2NaF + OF + HO 222 F + 2NaCl === 2NaF + Cl 22F + 2NaBr === 2NaF + Br 22F + 2NaI === 2NaF + I 22F + Cl(等体积) === 2ClF 22 3F2 (过量) + Cl === 2ClF 237F(过量) + I === 2IF 227Cl + H=== 2HCl 22 3Cl + 2P === 2PCl 23 Cl + PCl === PCl 235 Cl + 2Na === 2NaCl 2 3Cl + 2Fe === 2FeCl 23 Cl + 2FeCl === 2FeCl 223Cl + Cu === CuCl 22 2Cl + 2NaBr === 2NaCl + Br 22Cl + 2NaI === 2NaCl + I 225Cl + I + 6HO === 2HIO + 10HCl 2223Cl + NaS === 2NaCl + S 22 Cl + HS === 2HCl + S 22 Cl + SO + 2HO === HSO + 2HCl 22224Cl+ HO === 2HCl + O 2 2222O + 3Fe === FeO 234 O + K === KO 22 S + H === HS 22 2S + C === CS 2 S + Fe === FeS S + 2Cu === CuS 2 3S + 2Al === AlS 23 S + Zn === ZnS N + 3H === 2NH 223 N + 3Mg === MgN 232 N + 3Ca === CaN 232 N + 3Ba === BaN 232 N + 6Na === 2NaN 23 N + 6K === 2KN 23 N + 6Rb === 2RbN 23 P + 6H === 4PH 223 P + 3Na === NaP 3 2P + 3Zn === ZnP 32 2.还原性 S + O === SO 22 S + 6HNO(浓) === HSO + 6NO + 2HO 324223S + 4HNO(稀) === 3SO + 4NO + 2HO 322N + O === 2NO 22 4P + 5O === PO(常写成PO) 2410252P + 3X === 2PX (X表示F，Cl，Br) 23222PX + X === PX 325 P + 20HNO(浓) === 4HPO + 20NO + 4HO 433422 C + 2F === CF 24 C + 2Cl === CCl 24 2C + O(少量) === 2CO 2 C + O(足量) === CO 22 C + CO === 2CO 2 C + HO === CO + H(生成水煤气) 22 2C + SiO === Si + 2CO(制得粗硅) 2 Si(粗) + 2Cl === SiCl 24 (SiCl + 2H === Si(纯) + 4HCl) 42 Si(粉) + O === SiO 22 Si + C === SiC(金刚砂) Si + 2NaOH + HO === NaSiO + 2H 2232 3(碱中)歧化 Cl + HO === HCl + HClO 22 (加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光照促进歧化) Cl + 2NaOH === NaCl + NaClO + HO 222Cl + 2Ca(OH) === CaCl + Ca(ClO) + 2HO 222223Cl + 6KOH(热浓) === 5KCl + KClO + 3HO 2323S + 6NaOH === 2NaS + NaSO + 3HO 22324P + 3KOH(浓) + 3HO === PH + 3KHPO 232211P + 15CuSO + 24HO === 5CuP + 6HPO + 15HSO 4233424 3C + CaO === CaC + CO 2 3C + SiO === SiC + 2CO 2 二、金属单质(Na，Mg，Al，Fe)的还原性 2Na + H === 2NaH 2 4Na + O === 2NaO 22 2NaO + O === 2NaO 2222 2Na + O === NaO 222 2Na + S === NaS(爆炸) 2 2Na + 2HO === 2NaOH + H 22 2Na + 2NH === 2NaNH + H 322 4Na + TiCl(熔融) === 4NaCl + Ti 4 Mg + Cl === MgCl 22 Mg + Br === MgBr 22 2Mg + O === 2MgO 2 Mg + S === MgS Mg + 2HO === Mg(OH) + H 2222Mg + TiCl(熔融) === Ti + 2MgCl 42Mg + 2RbCl === MgCl + 2Rb 2 2Mg + CO === 2MgO + C 2 2Mg + SiO === 2MgO + Si 2 Mg + HS === MgS + H 22 Mg + HSO === MgSO+ H 244 22Al + 3Cl === 2AlCl 23 4Al + 3O === 2AlO(钝化) 223 4Al(Hg) + 3O + 2xHO === 2(AlO.xHO) + 4Hg 222324Al + 3MnO === 2AlO + 3Mn 223 2Al + CrO === AlO + 2Cr 2323 2Al + FeO=== AlO + 2Fe 23 23 2Al + 3FeO === AlO + 3Fe 23 2Al + 6HCl === 2AlCl + 3H 322Al + 3HSO === Al(SO) + 3H 2424322Al + 6HSO(浓) === Al(SO) + 3SO + 6HO 2424322 (Al、Fe在冷、浓的HSO、HNO中钝化) 243Al + 4HNO(稀) === Al(NO) + NO + 2HO 3322Al + 2NaOH + 2HO === 2NaAlO+ 3H 22 22Fe + 3Br === 2FeBr 23 Fe + I2 === FeI 2 Fe + S === FeS 3Fe + 4HO(g) === FeO + 4H 2342Fe + 2HCl === FeCl + H 22 Fe + CuCl === FeCl + Cu 22 Fe + SnCl === FeCl + SnCl 422 (铁在酸性环境下、不能把四氯化锡完全 还原为单质锡 Fe + SnCl==FeCl + Sn) 22 三、非金属氢化物(HF、HCl、HO、HS、NH) 223 1、还原性: 4HCl(浓) + MnO === MnCl + Cl + 2HO 22224HCl(g) + O=== 2Cl + 2HO 2 22 16HCl + 2KMnO === 2KCl + 2MnCl + 5Cl + 8HO 422214HCl + KCrO=== 2KCl + 2CrCl + 3Cl + 7HO 227 3222HO + 2F === 4HF + O 222 2HS + 3O(足量) === 2SO + 2HO 2222 2HS + O(少量) === 2S + 2HO 222 2HS + SO === 3S + 2HO 222 HS + HSO(浓) === S + SO + 2HO 224223HS + 2HNO(稀) === 3S + 2NO + 4HO 225HS + 2KMnO + 3HSO === 2MnSO + KSO + 5S + 8HO 24244242 3HS + K2CrO + 4HSO === Cr2(SO4)3 + KSO + 3S + 7HO 22724242 HS + 4NaO + 2HO === NaSO + 6NaOH 222224 2NH + 3CuO === 3Cu + N + 3HO 322 2NH + 3Cl === N + 6HCl 322 8NH + 3Cl === N + 6NHCl 3224 4NH + 3O(纯氧) === 2N + 6HO 3222 4NH + 5O === 4NO + 6HO 322 4NH + 6NO === 5N + 6HO(用氨清除NO) 322 NaH + HO === NaOH + H2 2 4NaH + TiCl === Ti + 4NaCl + 2H 42CaH + 2HO === Ca(OH) + 2H 2222 2、酸性: 4HF + SiO === SiF4 + 2HO 22 (此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO的含量) 22HF + CaCl === CaF + 2HCl 22 HS + Fe === FeS + H 22 HS + CuCl === CuS + 2HCl 22 HS + 2AgNO === AgS + 2HNO 2323HS + HgCl === HgS + 2HCl 22 HS + Pb(NO) === PbS + 2HNO 2323HS + FeCl === 22 2NH + 2Na==2NaNH + H 322(NaNH + HO === NaOH + NH) 223 3，碱性: NH + HCl === NHCl 34 NH + HNO === NHNO 33432NH + HSO === (NH)SO 324424NH + NaCl + HO + CO === NaHCO + NHCl 32234 (此反应用于工业制备小苏打，苏打) 4，不稳定性: 2HF === H + F 22 2HCl === H + Cl 22 2HO === 2H + O 222 2HO === 2HO + O 2222 HS === H + S 22 2NH === N + 3H 322 四、非金属氧化物 低价态的还原性: 2SO + O === 2SO 223 2SO + O + 2HO === 2HSO 22224(这是SO在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应) 2 SO + Cl + 2HO === HSO + 2HCl 22224SO + Br + 2HO === HSO + 2HBr 22224SO + I + 2HO === HSO + 2HI 22224 SO + NO === SO + NO 223 2NO + O === 2NO 22 NO + NO + 2NaOH === 2NaNO 22(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO) 2 2CO + O === 2CO 22 CO + CuO === Cu + CO 2 3CO + FeO === 2Fe + 3CO 232CO + HO === CO+ H 22 2 氧化性: SO + 2HS === 3S + 2HO 222SO + 2KI === KSO + I 3232NO + 2KI + HO === NO + I + 2KOH 222(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO) 2 4NO + HS === 4NO + SO + HO 22322NO + Cu === 4CuO + N 22CO + 2Mg === 2MgO + C 2 (CO不能用于扑灭由Mg、Ca、Ba、Na、K等燃烧的火灾) 2 SiO + 2H === Si + 2HO 222 SiO+ 2Mg === 2MgO + Si 2 3、与水的作用: SO + HO === HSO 2223 SO + HO === HSO 3224 3NO + HO === 2HNO + NO 223 NO + HO === 2HNO 2523 PO+ HO === 2HPO 25 23 PO + 3HO === 2HPO 25234(PO极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂 25 PO + 3HSO(浓) === 2HPO + 3SO) 2524343 CO + HO === HCO 2223 4、与碱性物质的作用: SO + 2NH + HO === (NH)SO 232423 SO + (NH)SO3 + H2O === 2NH4HSO3 242 (这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2、 再用H2SO4处理: 2NH4HSO3 + H2SO4 === (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2 生成的硫酸铵作化肥、SO2循环作原料气) SO2 + Ca(OH)2 === CaSO3 + H2O (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别) SO3 + MgO === MgSO4 SO3 + Ca(OH)2 === CaSO4 + H2O CO2 + 2NaOH(过量) === Na2CO3 + H2O CO2(过量) + NaOH === NaHCO3 CO2 + Ca(OH)2(过量) === CaCO3 + H2O 2CO2(过量) + Ca(OH)2 === Ca(HCO3)2 CO2 + 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O === 2Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3 CO2 + C6H5ONa + H2O === C6H5OH + NaHCO3 SiO2 + CaO === CaSiO3 SiO2 + 2NaOH === Na2SiO3 + H2O (常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃) SiO2 + Na2CO3 === Na2SiO3 + CO2 SiO2 + CaCO3 === CaSiO3 + CO2 五、金属氧化物 1、低价态的还原性: 6FeO + O2 === 2Fe3O4 FeO + 4HNO3 === Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O 2、氧化性: Na2O2 + 2Na === 2Na2O (此反应用于制备Na2O) MgO，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg，Al. 一般通过电解制Mg和Al. Fe2O3 + 3H2 === 2Fe + 3H2O (制还原铁粉) Fe3O4 + 4H2 === 3Fe + 4H2O 3、与水的作用: Na2O + H2O === 2NaOH 2Na2O2 + 2H2O === 4NaOH + O2 (此反应分两步:Na2O2 + 2H2O === 2NaOH + H2O2 ; 2H2O2 === 2H2O + O2. H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应: BaO2 + H2SO4(稀) === BaSO4 + H2O2) MgO + H2O === Mg(OH)2 (缓慢反应) 4、与酸性物质的作用: Na2O + SO3 === Na2SO4 Na2O + CO2 === Na2CO3 Na2O + 2HCl === 2NaCl + H2O 2Na2O2 + 2CO2 === 2Na2CO3 + O2 Na2O2 + H2SO4(冷、稀) === Na2SO4 + H2O2 MgO + SO3 === MgSO4 MgO + H2SO4 === MgSO4 + H2O Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 === Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (Al2O3是两性氧化物: Al2O3 + 2NaOH === 2NaAlO2 + H2O) FeO + 2HCl === FeCl2 + 3H2O Fe2O3 + 6HCl === 2FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe2O3 + 3H2S(g) === Fe2S3 + 3H2O Fe3O4 + 8HCl === FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O 六、含氧酸 1、氧化性: 4HClO3 + 3H2S === 3H2SO4 + 4HCl HClO3 + HI === HIO3 + HCl 3HClO + HI === HIO3 + 3HCl HClO + H2SO3 === H2SO4 + HCl HClO + H2O2 === HCl + H2O + O2 (氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4、 但浓、热的HClO4氧化性很强) 2H2SO4(浓) + C === CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4(浓) + S === 3SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + Fe(Al) 室温下钝化 6H2SO4(浓) + 2Fe === Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O 2H2SO4(浓) + Cu === CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4(浓) + 2HBr === SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4(浓) + 2HI === SO2 + I2 + 2H2O H2SO4(稀) + Fe === FeSO4 + H2 2H2SO3 + 2H2S === 3S + 2H2O 4HNO3(浓) + C === CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O 6HNO3(浓) + S === H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O 5HNO3(浓) + P === H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O 6HNO3 + Fe === Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O 4HNO3 + Fe === Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 30HNO3 + 8Fe === 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O 36HNO3 + 10Fe === 10Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 18H2O 30HNO3 + 8Fe === 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O 2、还原性: H2SO3 + X2 + H2O === H2SO4 + 2HX (X表示Cl2、Br2、I2) 2H2SO3 + O2 === 2H2SO4 H2SO3 + H2O2 === H2SO4 + H2O 5H2SO3 + 2KMnO4 === 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 + 3H2O H2SO3 + 2FeCl3 + H2O === H2SO4 + 2FeCl2 + 2HCl 3、酸性: HSO(浓) + CaF === CaSO + 2HF 2424 HSO(浓) + NaCl === NaHSO + HCl 244 HSO(浓) + 2NaCl === NaSO + 2HCl 2424 HSO(浓) + NaNO === NaHSO + HNO 24343 3HSO(浓) + Ca(PO) === 3CaSO + 2HPO 24342434 2HSO(浓) + Ca(PO) === 2CaSO + Ca(HPO) 243424242 3HNO + AgPO === HPO+ 3AgNO 33434 3 2HNO + CaCO === Ca(NO) + HO + CO 333222 (用HNO和浓HSO不能制备H2S，HI，HBr，(SO)等还原性气体) 3242 4HPO + Ca(PO) === 3Ca(HPO)(重钙) 34342242 HPO(浓) + NaBr === NaHPO + HBr 3424 HPO(浓) + NaI === NaHPO + HI 3424 4，不稳定性: 2HClO === 2HCl + O 2 4HNO === 4NO + O + 2H2O 322 HSO === HO + SO 2322 HCO === HO + CO 2322 4SiO === H2SiO + HO 432 七、碱 低价态的还原性: 4Fe(OH) + O + 2HO === 4Fe(OH) 2223 与酸性物质的作用: 2NaOH + SO(少量) === NaSO + HO 2232 NaOH + SO(足量) === NaHSO 23 2NaOH + SiO === NaSiO + HO 232 2NaOH + AlO === 2NaAlO + HO 2322 2NaOH + Cl === NaCl + NaClO + HO 22 NaOH + HCl === NaCl + HO 2 NaOH + HS(足量) === NaHS + HO 222NaOH + HS(少量) === NaS + 2HO 2223NaOH + AlCl === Al(OH) + 3NaCl 33 NaOH + Al(OH) === NaAlO + 2HO 322NaOH + NHCl === NaCl + NH + HO 432Mg(OH) + 2NHCl === MgCl + 2NH.HO 24232Al(OH) + NHCl 不溶解 34 3、不稳定性: Mg(OH) === MgO + HO 22 2Al(OH) === AlO + 3HO 3232 2Fe(OH) === FeO + 3HO 3232 Cu(OH) === CuO + HO 22 八、盐 1、氧化性: 2FeCl + Fe === 3FeCl 32 2FeCl + Cu === 2FeCl + CuCl 322(用于雕刻铜线路版) 2FeCl + Zn === 2FeCl + ZnCl 322FeCl + Ag === FeCl + AgC 32 Fe(SO) + 2Ag === FeSO + AgSO(较难反应) 243424Fe(NO) + Ag 不反应 33 2FeCl + HS === 2FeCl + 2HCl + S 322 2FeCl + 2KI === 2FeCl + 2KCl + I 322FeCl2 + Mg === Fe + MgCl 2 2、还原性: 2FeCl + Cl === 2FeCl 223 3NaS + 8HNO(稀) === 6NaNO + 2NO + 3S + 4HO 2332 3NaSO + 2HNO(稀) === 3NaSO + 2NO + HO 233242 2NaSO + O === 2NaSO 23224 3、与碱性物质的作用: MgCl + 2NH.HO === Mg(OH) + NHCl 23224AlCl + 3NH.HO === Al(OH)+ 3NHCl 3323 4FeCl + 3NH.HO === Fe(OH) + 3NHCl 33234 4、与酸性物质的作用: NaPO + HCl === NaHPO + NaCl 3424 NaHPO + HCl === NaHPO + NaCl 2424 NaHPO + HCl === HPO + NaCl 2434 NaCO + HCl === NaHCO + NaCl 233 NaHCO + HCl === NaCl + HO + CO 3223NaCO + 2AlCl + 3HO === 2Al(OH) + 3CO + 6NaCl 2332323NaCO + 2FeCl + 3HO === 2Fe(OH) + 3CO + 6NaCl 2332323NaHCO + AlCl === Al(OH) + 3CO 33323NaHCO + FeCl === Fe(OH) + 3CO 33323NaS + Al(SO) + 6HO === 2Al(OH) + 3HS 22432323NaAlO + AlCl + 6HO === 4Al(OH) 2323 5、不稳定性: NaSO + HSO === NaSO + S + SO + HO 223242422NHCl === NH + HCl 43 NHHCO=== NH+ HO + CO 43 3 222KNO === 2KNO + O 322 2Cu(NO) === 2CuO + 4NO+ O 332 22KMnO === KMnO + MnO + O 424222KClO === 2KCl + 3O 32 2NaHCO === NaCO + HO + CO 32322Ca(HCO) === CaCO + HO + CO 32322CaCO === CaO + CO 32 MgCO === MgO + CO 32