研究生4篇summary

精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除【精品文档】第PAGE页中国地质大学研究生课程论文封面课程名称研究生英语教师姓名何霜研究生姓名刘改宁研究生学号1201510871研究生专业数学所在院系数理学院类别:A.博士B.硕士C.进修生日期:2016年4月15日Summary1.Thesummaryof“FromCompetencetoCommitment”.Inthisarticle,“FromCompetencetoCommitment”,ErnestBoyerarguesthatitisnotenoughtomerelyteachundergraduatesthespecializedskillsneededtodoaparticularjob.Rather,studentsneed“alargevision.”Hearguesthattheyneedtobecomefamiliarwithissuesfarbeyondthesimpleconcernsofanarrowacademicfield,andgainanappreciationofthevaluesandphilosophyoftheirowncultureaswellastheissuesshapingnationsfarfromtheuniversitycampus.Inadditiontolearningspecializedfactsandskills,studentsshouldexaminelargerissuesofrightandwrong,sothateachstudentmaydeveloptheintellectualsophisticationrequiredtomakewisedecisionforthemselvesandtheirsociety.ThereforeErnestBoyerstatesthattheundergraduateeducationshouldmovethestudentfromcompetencetocommitment.Atfirst,theauthorrevealsacommonphenomenonthatmanycollegestudentsareconfusedaboutwheretoputtheirbelief.Inordertoworkoutthisproblem,undergraduateeducationshouldreflectinloyaltiesthatriseaboveself.Next,collegegraduatesshouldfulfillcivicobligations.TheimperativemeasuresshouldbetakentonarrowthegapbetweenpublicpolicyandpublicunderstandinginAmericanteachingtoday.Thecomplicatedpublicliferequiresmoreparticipationofcitizens,notonlyspecialists.Democraticprocessalsoneedssomecitizenswhoarewell-educated,careforthesociety.Undergraduatecollegehasagreaterresponsibilitythananyotherinstitutiontoprovidethewiseleadershipwhichisneededbynation.Accordingtothis,collegegraduatesalsofulfillobligationfromtheglobalperspective.Theplanethasbecomemorecrowed,moreinterconnected,moreunstableinthepasthalfcentury,anewgenerationofcollegestudentsneedtoadaptthischange.Theyshouldknowaboutcultureotherthantheirown,understandtheinterdependentnatureoftheworld,andeventuallyrealizewhatobligationstheyshouldtake.Inthecapacity-buildingaspects,creditsandcompletedcoursethatcanprovestudenttodealsuccessfullywithdiscreteproblemsishighlyprized.Onthecontrary,someimportantcapacitiesareignoredbypeople.Thequalityofcollegeeducationshouldbemeasuredbytheintegratedperformanceinclassroomandtheperformanceofthegraduateintheworkplaceandfurthereducation.Intheend,collegeshouldencouragestudentstoenlargethescopeofvisionanddiscoverpatternsthroughtheknowledgetheyhaveacquired,andeventuallytaketheirresponsibilityeffectively.2.Thesummaryof“whatwillbe”.Thisarticlemainlytalksaboutsomediscoveriesabouttheinformationmarketplace,aplacewherepeopleandtheircomputerswillbuy,sell,andfreelyexchangeinformation.Thenanalysiswhatwillbethefutureofit.TheauthordiscussestheinteractionbetweensomefundamentalancienthumanforcesandtheInformationMarketplacesuggeststhatweshouldconsiderthegreatesttransformationofit.ThefirstdiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplaceisbuiltonaninformationinfrastructure,whereweshouldconcernmore.Itisawideandrichterrainthatfullofchallengeswherealmosteverysupplierandconsumercanbeawinner.TheseconddiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewillaffectpeopleandorganizationsonabroadscale.Allkindsoforganizationsofhumanbeings,fromasmallcompanytothegovernmentofanationcanbenefitalotbecauseoftheirinformationwork.Twomajornewforcesininformationmarket:electronicbulldozersandelectronicproximitybothhavebroadinfluenceforsociety.Theformeronewillincrease.Humanproductivityisimportantinbothourpersonallivesandtheworkplacewhilethelattercanbridgethedistancebetweenpeoplesincetheycancommunicatethroughinformationinamoreconvenientway.Inotherwords,InformationMarketplacecanhelpusunderstandothersbetterandstaypeaceful.Besides,theauthoralsotakesomeharmfulfactorsintoaccountsuchasthehugeamountofinfo-junkandthegapbetweenrichandpoornationsthatwillbecomemoreseriousifwedon’ttakesomemeasure.AnotherdiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplaceiscapableofcustomizinginformationtoindividualhumanandorganizationalneeds.Sincethere’salmostnoeventoractionthatisnotrelatedtoinformation,peoplewillmakeuseoftheInformationMarketplacetoaccomplishtheirwishesandpreference,nomatterwhotheyare.TheauthorisconfidentaboutthefutureoftheInformationMarketplace,whichisregardedastheThirdRevolutioninmodernhumanhistory.Hecallsustoembraceandwelcomethecomingofthisbig,exciting,andawesomerevolutionandbelieveitwillliberatethetotalhumanpotentialwithineachofusandleadusmovetowardsanewage.3.TheSummaryof“TheVirtuesofAmbition”.Althoughforalongtimeambitionhascomeunderheavyattackandhasbeengivenabadname,itisbynomeansillegalandwillexistforever.AsoneofthoseRorschachwords,whenyoudefinetheambition,youinstantlyrevealagreatdealaboutyourself.Websterdefinesambitionas“anardentdesireforrank,fame,orpower.”Butardentimmediatelyassumesaheatincommensuratewithgoodsenseandstability.Surelyambitionisbehinddreamsofglory,ofwealth,oflove,ofdistinction,ofaccomplishment,ofpleasure,ofgoodness.Whatlifedoeswithourdreamsandexpectationscannotbepredicted.Asdrunkshavedonetoalcohol,thesingle-mindedhavedonetoambition-givenitabadname.Whatistheworstthatcanbesaidaboutambition?Hereisasurelypartiallist:ambitionoftenmeansantisocial,andindeedisnowoutofdate.Whatisworse,ambitionmeansJesuitical.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared,andespeciallymustbeesteemedbypeoplewhoareeducated.Peoplearestillinterestedinsuccessanditsaccoutrementsnow.Andthenwearetreatedtofinepharisaicalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply.Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangle.Asaresult,ambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly,orperverse.Manypeoplearenaturallydistrustfulofambition,feelingthatitrepresentssomethingintractableinhumannature.Ambitionshouldbeunderscoredinanewviewthatitismorallyatwo-sidedstreet.Todiscourageambitionistodiscouragedreamsofgrandeurandgreatness.Ambitionisthelinchpinofsociety.Ifpeopleremoveambition,theessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldshornofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld,withoutdemands,withoutabrasions,andwithoutdisappointments.Howunbelievableboringthelifewouldbe!4.Thesummaryof“TheHarmThatGoodMenDo”.Inageneralway,thefirstparagraphmainlytellsusideallygoodmen’sgoodlifebehaviors,theirwaysofthinking,andbrieflyshowsuswhattheywillorwon'tdoinallaspects.Thecomingparagraphsareconclusionofthepassage.Inordertoavoidbeingsuspected,goodmenareoftenusedbypoliticiansbecauseoftheirgoodnessofneversuspectingshadyactionsoftheirfriendsandbeingsuspectedbythepublic.Intheaspectofpolitics,goodmenarealsousuallyusedtoprotectsomeimportantmen’spoliticalcareer.Sometimes,goodmenaregrateful.Theymaybekillthemselvestoachievesomegoals,whichgoodforpeopleclosetothemoreventothosetheydon’tknowatall.However,thegenerallysocalledgoodnessdoesn’tgoodtotheworldactuallyandmakeitabetterplacebecauseofallkindsofreasons.Twomostimportantofwhicharetraditionandtheunjustpowerofdominantclasses.Currently,ourethicisacuriousmixtureofsuperstitionandrationalism.Insocialpractice,whatdeterminesagoodmanisnotinsistingindoingrightbutinnotdoingwrong.Andwhat’sworse,theworldisfullofinjustice,andthosewhoprofitbyinjusticeareinapositiontoadministerrewardsandpunishments.Goodmenareusuallyhurtorpunishedbytheauthoritybecauseinjustice.Someoneevenmurdered,likeJeanJaures,thebestcitizenofFrance.Weallknowtraditionalmoralityisfarfrombeingperfect.Holdingtheideaforthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber,goodmenwilltrytochangeandimprovetraditionalmorality.Intheprocess,theytrytoleadtheoppressedandharmtheprofitsofthepower.Ofcourse,theyfinallyachievenothingbutfailure.Superstitionwon'tbringushappiness.Wehavetoinstillarationalattitudetowardsethicalquestionsandthat'souronlywaytoachievejustice.Bysettingexamplesabove,theauthorraisestheconclusioninthelastparagraphthatreasonmaybeasmallforce,butitisconstantandtheonlytruefriendsofhumanity.