NASA战略技术投资计划（2017年）

 NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlanNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationHeadquartersWashington,DCNASA'sOfficeoftheChiefTechnologistisresponsibleforbeingtheAgency'strustedauthorityfortechnologystrategyandadvocacy,leadingNASA'stechnologyanalysisandinnovationtoenablefuturemissions,advancetheeconomiccompetitivenessoftheUnitedStates,andbenefittheNation.The2017NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlanisacomprehensivedocumentthathelpsprioritizetechnologiesessentialtothepursuitofNASA'smissionsandachievementofnationalgoals.NASArecognizesthatambitiousscienceandexplorationrequireinnovativetechnology—technologydrivesexploration.ThisplanwascreatedfollowingthedevelopmentofNASA’s2015TechnologyRoadmaps.TheplanprovidesguidanceforNASA'stechnologyinvestmentsduringthecomingyears.Theplanusesananalyticalapproach,reflectinginputfromeachNASAMissionDirectorateandongoingchallengesinsecuresystems,tocategorizetechnologyinvestmentsandprovideguidanceforbalancedinvestmentsacrossNASA'stechnologyportfolio.Welookforwardtoworkingwithourcommercialpartnersandacademiatogrowouraerospacetechnologicalbasewhilealsoenablingourscientificunderstandingoftheuniverseandadvancinghumanandroboticexploration.IencourageyoutoreadNASA'sStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlan,andjoinusonourjourneyofdiscoveryandexploration.DouglasTerrierNASAChiefTechnologisthttp://www.nasa.gov/oct             FOREWORD________________________________________________________________1BACKGROUND______________________________________________________________1DEVELOPINGTHE2017STIP__________________________________________________4STRATEGICGOALSTODRIVETECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT_____________________5GUIDINGPRINCIPLESFORIMPLEMENTATION___________________________________6CHARACTERIZINGNASA’SINVESTMENTS______________________________________7CRITICALTECHNOLOGYINVESTMENTS________________________________________8PROPULSIONANDLAUNCHSYSTEMS___________________________________________9HUMANHEALTH,LIFESUPPORT,ANDHABITATIONSYSTEMS_________________________11DESTINATIONSYSTEMS____________________________________________________13ROBOTICSANDAUTONOMOUSSYSTEMS________________________________________15SCIENTIFICINSTRUMENTS,SENSORS,ANDOPTICALCOMMUNICATIONS_________________17LIGHTWEIGHTSPACESTRUCTURESANDMATERIALS_______________________________19ENTRY,DESCENT,ANDLANDING_____________________________________________21SPACEPOWERSYSTEMS___________________________________________________23ADVANCEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMS___________________________________________25AERONAUTICS___________________________________________________________27ENHANCINGTECHNOLOGYINVESTMENTS____________________________________29TRANSFORMATIONALTECHNOLOGYINVESTMENTS____________________________31CONCLUSION______________________________________________________________33APPENDIXA:TECHNOLOGYCATEGORIES_____________________________________34CONTRIBUTORS___________________________________________________________40NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlanThispageintentionallyleftblankForewordFormorethanacentury,theNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)anditspredecessortheNationalAdvisoryCouncilforAeronautics(NACA)haveadvancedourNation’smostambitiousandchallengingtechnologicalendeavors.Throughinnovativetechnologydevelopmentprograms,NASAhasenabledscienceandspaceexplorationmissionsthathaveextended,inprofoundways,ourknowledgeoftheEarth,oursolarsystem,andtheuniversebeyond.NASAtechnologydevelopmentprogramshaveshapedourunderstandingofaeronauticsandstrengthenedtheaviationsystemsthatsustainglobaltransportationandcommerce.Tocontinueandguidethislegacyofinnovation,andtohelpensurefuturemissionsandnationalgoalsareachieved,theAgencyhasdevelopedthe2017NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlan(STIP).ThisSTIPisanimportantelementintheAgency-widetechnologyportfoliomanagementprocess.Itprovidesguidingprinciplesforinvestmentinthetechnologiesdetailedinthe2015NASATechnologyRoadmaps.TheSTIPprocessbeginswiththeAgencyStrategicGoalsthatultimatelydrivetherequirementsfortechnologydevelopmentthatNASAmustsupportoverthenext20years.TheSTIPusesananalyticalapproach,reflectingdirectinputfromeachNASAMissionDirectorate,tocategorizetechnologyinvestmentsandprovideguidanceforbalancedinvestmentsacrosstheportfolio.Guidingprinciples,detailedbelow,alignwiththeAgency’scommitmenttooptimizetechnologyinvestmentswhileprovidingtransparencyandthemaximumbenefittotheNation.Together,thegoals,investmentcategories,andguidingprinciplesoutlineanactionableplantohelpNASAanditsstakeholdersdrivetechnologydevelopmentandinnovationoverthenexttwodecades.NASA’sDefinitionofTechnology:Asolutionthatarisesfromapplyingthedisciplineofengineeringsciencetosynthesizeadevice,process,orsubsystem,toenableaspecificcapability.BackgroundThe2017STIPisamajorupdatetothe2012StrategicSpaceTechnologyInvestmentPlan.TheupdatedSTIPreflectsadvancesintechnologyandevolvingAgencyneedsandreliesupontheupdated2015NASATechnologyRoadmaps.Theupdatedroadmapsareorganizedaround15keyTechnologyAreasshowninFigure1,whichnowincludeaeronautics.TheroadmapssummarizethetechnologiesthattheAgencycoulddevelop.However,theroadmapscatalogmanymoretechnologiesthancanbefundedinthetechnologyportfolio.Consequently,theAgencymustunderstandhoweachtechnologybenefitsitsmissionsandtheneedsoftheNationandcarefullyallocateitstechnologyinvestments.TheSTIPprovideshigh-levelstrategicguidanceforinvestmentintechnologyresearchanddevelopmentacrossNASA,definingguidelinestocalibratetheAgency’stechnologyportfolio.NASA’sOfficeoftheChiefTechnologistconductsanannualanalyticalassessmentoftheportfolioandcomparestheyear’sinvestmentsagainsttheguidelinesintheSTIP.TheresultsofthisassessmentarereviewedbytheMissionDirectoratesandOfficesviaNASA’sTechnology1ExecutiveCouncil(NTEC).1Asappropriate,NTECmayrecommendrealignmentoftheportfoliotomeettheAgency'sgoals.NASA’sMissionDirectoratesandOfficesdefineandimplementthespecificcontentoftheAgency’stechnologyportfoliothroughtheirprograms.Theseprograms(showninTable1)drivetechnologydevelopmentacrosstheAgency,innovatingatallNASACenters,inpartnershipwithotherGovernmentagencies,industry,andacademia.WhilesomeoftheactivitiesarewithinNASA’sfocusedtechnologydevelopmentprograms,researchandtechnologydevelopmentactivitiesalsotakeplaceaspartofNASA’smanyprogramsfocusedonspecificmissions.NASA’stechnologyresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesstrivetoberesponsiveandadapttothechangingneedsofmissionsandtheAgency.EachyeartheAgency’stechnologyportfolioisassessedagainsttheguidingprinciplesfortheinvestmentcategoriesidentifiedintheSTIP.NASA’stechnologyportfolioincludesallofthetechnologydevelopmentandrelatedresearchactivitiesunderwayacrosstheAgency,foundinNASA’stechnologydevelopmentprograms,ascomponentsoflargermissionprograms,andasfoundationalengineeringactivites.Forreference,Table1belowshowsasnapshotoftheprogramsincludedinNASA’s2016technologyportfolioassessment.NASA’sfuturesuccesswillbedeterminedlargelybytheinvestmentsandinnovationsmadeinscientificresearchandtechnologydevelopment.NASA’sfocushasalwaysbeentodiscover,invent,anddemonstratenewtechnologiesthatenablespaceexplorationandscientificresearch,advanceaeronautics,andimprovelifeonEarth.ThispassionandpurposeiswhatdrivesNASA’svisionandmission.NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlanFigure1:TheTechnologyAreasfromthe2015NASATechnologyRoadmaps.1NTECisNASA’sseniortechnologyadvisorybodyandhelpstoinformdecisionsonNASA’stechnologycapabilities,gaps,andinvestments.NTEC’sactivitiesinclude,“Adjustingprioritiesbaseduponmissionneedsandtechnologydevelopmentprogress”;coordinatingfocusareasamongMissionDirectorates;and“balancingnear-term,mid-termandfar-terminvestments”(NASATechnologyExecutiveCouncilCharterNC1000.38).2Table1:SnapshotofprogramsincludedinNASA’s2016technologyportfolioassessment.MissionDirectorate/OfficeProgramHumanExplorationandOperationsMissionDirectorateAdvancedExplorationSystemsHumanResearchProgramInternationalSpaceStationOrionSpacecraftSpaceBiologicalandPhysicalResearchProgramSpaceCommunicationsandNavigationProgramSpaceLaunchSystemProgramScienceMissionDirectorateAdvancedComponentTechnologyAdvancedInformationSystemsTechnologyAstrophysicsResearchandAnalysisProgram(APRA)Heliophysics-TechnologyandInstrumentDevelopmentforScience(H-TIDeS)Homesteader(EuropaTechnology)In-SpaceValidationofEarthScienceTechnologiesInstrumentIncubatorMarsTechnologyMaturationofInstrumentsforSolarSystemExplorationNancyGraceRomanTechnologyFellowshipsPlanetaryInstrumentConceptsfortheAdvancementofSolarSystemObservationsPlanetaryScienceandTechnologyThroughAnalogResearchRadioisotopePowerSystemsTechnologiesStrategicAstrophysicsTechnologyStudies/AdvancedTechnologyInitiativesSpaceTechnologyMissionDirectorateCentennialChallengesProgramCenterInnovationFundProgramFlightOpportunitiesProgramGameChangingDevelopmentProgramNASAInnovativeAdvancedConceptsProgramSmallBusinessInnovationResearch/SmallBusinessTechnologyTransferSmallSpacecraftTechnologyProgramSpaceTechnologyResearchGrantsProgramTechnologyDemonstrationMissionsProgramAeronauticsResearchMissionDirectorateAdvancedAirVehiclesProgramAirspaceOperationsandSafetyProgramIntegratedAviationSystemsProgramTransformativeAeronauticsConceptsProgramOfficeofSafetyandMissionAssuranceNondestructiveEvaluationProgramOfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficerITInnovationChallengeSeries3NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlanDevelopingthe2017STIPThe2017STIPreflectstheanalysisperformedonthe2015NASATechnologyRoadmapsandispartoftheAgency’stechnologyportfoliomanagementprocessdepictedinFigure2.ThisportfolioprocesscomplementstheinternalbudgetandprojectselectionprocessoftheMissionDirectoratesbyprovidingguidancefromanintegrated,Agency-wideperspective.ToaccomplishtheSTIPanalysis,NASAgatheredinformationfromsourcesbeyondtheroadmaps,includingarecentroadmapanalysisbytheNationalAcademiesofSciencesNationalResearchCouncil(NRC).2TheNRCreviewedandprioritizedthetechnologiesintheupdatedNASAroadmapsandidentifiedtechnologiesthataretoppriority,highpriority,orlow/mediumpriority.Top-andhigh-prioritytechnologiesweredeterminedbytheNRCtoclearlysupportobjectivesforNASA’sspacescience,Earthscience,orexplorationmissions.Low/medium-prioritytechnologieswereidentifiedwheretheNRCdetermineditisunclearhowtechnicalhurdlescanbeovercome,relatedtechnologyhasalreadybeendemonstrated,orNASAcouldmoreeasilyincorporateoutsidetechnicaldevelopments.TheNRCisoneoftheseveralinputsNASAusestodeterminetheinitialcategorizationfortheSTIP.TheNRC’sindependentprioritizationaredifferentfromNASA’scategorizationbecausetheAgency’scategorizationreflectsdifferentanalysiscriteriaanddirectinputfromtheMissionDirectorates.Inaddition,informationfromkeydocuments,includingtheU.S.SpacePolicyandNASA’sStrategicPlan,areakeyinputtotheSTIPanalysis.Thiscombinedsetofinputswasusedtodevelopaninitialcategorizationofthetechnologies,providingthebasisfromwhichtheSTIPleadershipteam—withrepresentationfromtheNASAMissionDirectorates,CenterTechnologyCouncil,andOfficesoftheChiefScientist,Engineer,TechnologistandInformationOfficer—cametoconsensusonthefinaltechnologycategorization.Technologieswerereviewedforbalanceacrosstechnologymaturity,capabilityobjectives,andthepursuitofAgencytechnologyinvestmentgoals.Figure2:NASAtechnologyportfoliomanagementprocess.2NationalAcademiesofSciences,Engineering,andMedicine.2016.NASASpaceTechnologyRoadmapsandPrioritiesRevisited.Washington,DC:TheNationalAcademiesPress.doi:10.17226/23582.4StrategicGoalsToDriveTechnologyDevelopmentNASA’s2014StrategicPlandetailsthreebroadgoals:Expandthefrontiersofknowledge,capability,andopportunityinspace;advanceunderstandingofEarthanddeveloptechnologiestoimprovethequalityoflifeonourhomeplanet;andservetheAmericanpublicandaccomplishourMissionbyeffectivelymanagingourpeople,technicalcapabilities,andinfrastructure.InspiredbythesebroadAgencygoals,theSTIPincludesfourgoalstoguideNASA’stechnologyportfolio,showninFigure3.Goal1:ExtendandSustainHumanPresenceandActivitiesinSpaceInnovationisnecessarytoovercomethemanychallengesassociatedwithlong-duration,deepspacehumanexploration.Thecapabilitytosafelyandreliablycarryandsustaincrewbeyondlow-Earthorbitisfundamentaltothefutureofhumanspaceexplorationandwillrelyoninnovationacrossmanysystems,frompropulsiontoenvironmentalcontrol.Goal2:ExploreandExpandtheUnderstandingoftheEarth,theSolarSystem,andtheUniverseExpandingourscientificknowledgeoftheEarth,solarsystem,anduniversewillbethebasisformanyfuturehumanexplorationmissions.Importantly,sciencemissionswillprovidetheknowledgeneededforunderstandingtheEarthandthechallengeslinkedwithourclimateandenvironment.Technologicalinnovationsthatstrengthenhumanexplorationalsosupportourmostambitioussciencemissions.Goal3:EnableaRevolutionaryTransformationforSafeandSustainableU.S.andGlobalAviationbyAdvancingAeronauticsResearchLong-termaeronauticsresearchhasprovidedthebasisfornewconceptsleadingtoindustryinnovationandsocietalbenefits.Thefutureholdsnewchallengesfortheaviationsystem,includingcontinuinggrowthtomeetemergingglobaldemand,integrationofunmannedaircraftsystems,anddevelopmentofotherinnovativevehicleconceptstoserveamyriadofneeds.3Goal4:EnergizeDomesticSpaceEnterpriseandExtendtheBenefitsofSpacefortheNationNASAiscontinuouslyworkingtostrengthenthecommercialspacesectorthroughproductivepartnershipswithindustryandotherGovernmentagencies.NASA’seffortshelpexpandknowledgeandfosterinnovationacrossthespaceenterprise,andtheAgencybenefitsfromtheexpertiseandcapabilitiessustainedinathrivingcommercialsector.Figure3:ThefourStrategicGoalsToDriveTechnologyDevelopmentencompassthecapabilitiesneededforNASA’saeronautics,science,andexplorationmissions.3ThisStrategicTechnologyDevelopmentGoalisalignedwiththeAeronauticsResearchMissionDirectorates’StrategicImplementationPlan:https://www.nasa.gov/aeroresearch/strategy.5NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlanGuidingPrinciplesforImplementationThefollowingprincipleshelpguideNASA’stechnologyinvestmentstrategyandportfolioexecution.TheseprinciplesareespeciallyusefulastheAgencyperformsongoinganalysesofthetechnologyportfoliotomaintainalignmentwithstrategicobjectives.NASAWillBalanceInvestmentsAcrossAll15TechnologyAreasintheRoadmapsThe15TechnologyAreasfocusonanticipatedmission-capabilityneedsandprovidedetailsoneachoftheassociatedtechnologydevelopmentneeds.InvestingappropriatelyinallTechnologyAreasensuresawell-roundedandrobusttechnologyportfolio.Guidelinesforthelevelandfocusofinvestmentinthese15TechnologyAreasareoutlinedintheSTIPandwillberefined,asneeded,bytheMissionDirectoratesandNTEC.NASAWillBalanceInvestmentsAcrossAllLevelsofTechnologyReadinessTechnologyReadinessLevel(TRL)rangesfromTRL1toTRL9.AtTRL1,informationlearnedfrombasicresearchismovingfromanideatowardaparticulartechnologyapplication.AtTRL9,thetechnologyisfullyoperational,incorporatedintothecompletesystem,andproventoworkasdesignedwithsuitablereliability.SustaininginvestmentsacrossallTRLsensuresarobustpipelineofnewcapabilitieswhilealsofulfillingimmediatetechnologyneeds.Tohelpmaintainthisbalanceandensurelonger-terminnovationsremainapriority,NASAwillfocusatleasttenpercentofthetotaltechnologyinvestment(acrossCritical,Enhancing,Transformationalcategories)onTRL1and2technologies,asrecommendedbytheNRC.NASAWillBalanceInvestmentsAcrossAll3InvestmentCategoriesTheSTIPanalysisdefinesthreeinvestmentcategoriestoguidefuturetechnologyexpenditures.TheseinvestmentcategoriesareCritical,Enhancing,andTransformational.TheAgencywillbalanceinvestmentacrossthesethreecategoriesasdiscussedindetailinthenextsection.Supportingeachofthesetechnologycategoriesarefoundationalengineeringtools,methods,andphysicalassetsthatNASAmustdeveloptopursueplannedandprojectedmissions.Foundationalengineeringcreatesdeeperexpertiseandknowledgeandimprovestheprediction,analysis,anddesignofengineeredsystems.FoundationalengineeringisnotidentifiedintheSTIPasaseparatecategory—itisconsideredcross-cutting,anditispartofthebalancedinvestmentacrossCritical,Enhancing,andTransformationaltechnologies.Figure4:Technologyreadinesslevels(source:NPR7123.1B).6NASAWillProvideTransparencytothePublicTheTechnologyPortfolioSystem,TechPort,isNASA’scomprehensiveresourceforlocatinginformationaboutNASA-fundedtechnologydevelopmentactivities.ByprovidinginsightintoNASA’songoingactivities,TechPortprovidesacademia,industry,andthepublictheopportunitytoevaluatetheportfoliooftechnologyprojects,researchtheirownspecificareasofinterest,comparetheportfolioagainstNASA’sTechnologyRoadmapsandpriorities,identifyfutureopportunitiesofinterest,andidentifypotentialpartnershipopportunitiesintechnologydevelopment.TechPortmakestechnologydevelopmentinformationeasytofind,accessible,andusable,helpingNASAfuelentrepreneurship,innovation,andscientificdiscovery.Figure5:TechPorthomepage.CharacterizingNASA’sInvestmentsTheCritical,Enhancing,andTransformationalcategoriesareusedtogroupthetechnologiesinthe2015RoadmapsbasedontheSTIPanalyticalcriteriaandtheSTIPleadershipteam’sinputs.ThecategoriesaredevisedtohelpallocateNASA’stechnologyinvestments.TheSTIPadvocatesa70/20/10balanceandtargetsinvestmentlevelsof70percentforCritical,20percentforEnhancing,and10percentforTransformational.ItisimportanttorecognizethattheseallocationsforeachcategoryarenotionalandrepresentastartingpointfromwhichtheAgencycanassessbalanceacrosstheportfolio.ThecompletetablecategorizingeachtechnologyisincludedinAppendixA,andspecifictargetvaluesfortechnologyperformanceparameterscanbefoundinthe2015NASATechnologyRoadmaps.CriticalTechnologiesThesetechnologiesareAgency-criticalandnecessaryforplannedandprojectedmissions.4Criticaltechnologiesoftenenablemultiplemissionsandprovidesignificantrisk-reduction.Thesetechnologiesareneededtofulfillnear-termrequirementsorfordevelopingcapabilitieswithlongdevelopmentleadtimes.Inmanycases,CriticaltechnologydevelopmentsrepresentNASAuniquetechnologies.EnhancingTechnologiesEnhancingtechnologiesarethosethatsignificantlyimprovemissionperformance.Thesetechnologiesgenerallyrepresentperformanceimprovementstoexistingtechnologiesorcapabilities.Enhancingtechnologiescanstrengthenreturnoninvestment,safety,orreliability.PerformanceimprovementsgainedbyEnhancingtechnologiescanalleviateconstraintsonothertechnologysystems,thereby,providinglargebenefitstotheoverallmissiondesign.TransformationalTechnologiesTransformationaltechnologiesarerevolutionary,over-the-horizontechnologiesthatcanprovidenewcapabilitiesthatareimportantforfuturemissions.Transformationaltechnologydevelopmentsaddresscomplexorpreviouslyunsolvedproblems.Areliablesolutionmaytake4NASA’splannedandprojectedmissionsaredetailedintheAgencyMissionPlanningModel(AMPM),andotherprojectedmissionneedsareconsideredbytheindividualMissionDirectorates.7NASAStrategicTechnologyInvestmentPlanmanyiterationsandrequirelongerdevelopmenttime.Solutionsaddressingtheseneedsaregenerallyhighriskbutequallyhighreturn.Theyareoftenlessmatureandrepresentuniquealternativesovercurrentsolutions.Thesetechnologiesalsogenerallyhavepotentialforaveryhighimpactoncost,safety,orreliability.TheSTIPalsoidentifiesancillarytechnologiesthatprovideincrementalperformanceimprovementstoexistingtechnologiesandarerequiredtosupportCriticalandEnhancingdevelopments.Althoughindividualancillarytechnologiesareinvestedinasneededthroughouttheportfolio,theydonotrequireassessmentfromastrategicperspective.TheinvestmentcategorizationintheSTIPensuresNASAisprioritizingthetechnologiesneededforplanned,near-termscientificdiscovery,humanexploration,andaeronauticsmissions,whiledevelopingtechnologiesthatwillbefundamentaltoitsfuturemissions.CriticalTechnologyInvestmentsNASAhasidentifiedtenbroadinvestmentareascontainingCriticaltechnologies.TheseareasgrouptheCriticaltechnologiesfromoneormoreofthe2015NASATechnologyRoadmapareas.Criticaltechnologiesidentifiedinthe2015NASATechnologyRoadmapsaregenerallycross-cutting,meetmorethanonemission-s