硕士研究生English英语学位真题含听力试题 df

硕士研究生英语学位真题2011年12月PARTⅠLISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONSectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillbearnineshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversationaquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.TheconversationsandthequestionswillbereadONLYONCE,Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenbymarkingthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.1、A.He'llgetpromoted.B.He'llgetanotherjob.C.He'llbedisappointed.D.He'llgiveatalk.2、A.$3.78.B.$4.25.C.$3.87.D.$4.15.3、A.Itwasjustso-so.B.Itwasreallyspecial.C.Itwasquitegood.D.Itwasawful.4、A.Thewomanshoulddivorceherhusband.B.Thewomanisthinkingnegatively.C.Thewomanisignoringherhusband.D.Thewomanisnotimaginative.5、A.Itseemstoohardtomoststudents.B.Itisthemostboringclass.C.Whatistaughtcomesdirectlyfromthebook.D.Itisquitepopularamongstudents.6、A.Jenniferwasarealstand-out.B.Jenniferhadanimpracticalwish.C.Jenniferusedtolikeeatingpies.D.Jenniferrealizedherdreams.7、A.It'shardtoexplain.B.It'sanunforgettablehistory.C.Hecherishestheirfriendship.D.Heisprettybusy.8、A.Heisagardener.B.Heisanelectrician.C.Heisaplumber.D.Heisacleaner.9、A.Visithisdoctor.B.Getamassage.C.Leaveforatrip.D.Cancelanappointment.SectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouwillbeartwomini-talks,Attheendofeachtalk,therewillbesomequestions.Boththetalksandthequestionswillbereadtoyouonlyonce.Aftereachquestion,therewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenbymarkingthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.10、A.ColumbiaUniversity.B.PrincetonUniversity.C.TheUniversityofPennsylvania.D.CornellUniversity.11、A.Itissettled.B.Itisnotcontroversial.C.Itisuncertain,D.Ithasneverbeenstudied.12、A.2%.B.7%C.12%.D.17%.13、A.JohnFitzgeraldKennedy.B.JacquelineKennedy.C.DwightEisenhower.D.EdwardDurrellStone.14、A.TheOperaHouse.B.TheConcertHall.C.TheFamilyTheater.D.TheStatesGallery.15、A.Theperformingarts.B.Creationofnewworks.C.Methodsofcompetition.D.Thehistoryofwesternmusic.SectionCDirections:Inthissectionyouwillbearashortlecture.Listentotherecordingandcompletethenotesaboutthelecture.Youwillbeartherecordingtwice.AftertherecordingyouareaskedtowritedownyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.Younowhave25secondstoreadthenotesbelow.16、DynaTAC8000Xwasa______(2words)oftencalled"thebrick."17、Thesecondgenerationor2Gnetwork,allowedtalkingand______(3words).18、3GUserscouldkeep______(3words)ontheirphones,andsendthemtotheirfriends.19、Moderncellphonescanshowmoviesand______(3words).20、ManyelectronicsstoresintheUnitedStateseven______(2words)thenewestcellphonesifcustomersagreetopaytousethenetwork.PARTⅡVOCABULARYSectionADirections:Therearetenquestionsinthissection,Eachquestionisasentencewithonewordorphraseunderlined.BelowthesentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.21、Hewassohandicappedbyilliteracyandbyhistrustingdispositionthathewouldbeaneasypreytocheats.A.defendedB.disabledC.distressedD.destined22、Eachyear,someseniorofficialsareremovedfromtheirpositionsbecauseofvariousscandals.A.transferredB.eliminatedC.promotedD.dismissed23、Afterputtingupthetent,thesehikerssetaboutmakingafiretowarmthemselves.A.suspendedB.continuedC.startedD.imagined24、ThisbookcangiveyouaglimpseoftheenduringappealofthepoemsfromtheTangDynasty.A.tolerableB.lastingC.temporaryD.widespread25、Asthesuccessofthisprojectisuptous,wearetodoubleoureffortsfromnowon.A.dependentonB.relativetoC.closesttoD.awayfrom26、HealthhascometobeoneoftheutmostconcernsamongthegeneralpublicinChina.A.secondaryB.optimalC.greatestD.common27、ThehostinvitedtothedinnerpartyBerlinersofmanywalksoflife-businessmen,academicsandhomemakers.A.routesB.occupationsC.aimsD.views28、Thereistherealizationthatonecan'tseparatemoralvaluesfromthewholespectrumofvalues.A.perspectiveB.definitionC.rangeD.series29、Thishonorrecognizestheworkdonebytheseprivateenterprisesonbehalfofcharity.A.inthefaceofB.intheprocessofC.inthecourseofD.intheinterestsof30、Arecentsurveyhasfoundthatthreeoutoffourwomenwon'tmarryamanwithoutajob.A.outsideB.inC.fromD.beyondSectionBDirections:Therearetenquestionsinthissection.Eachquestionisasentencewithsomethingmissing.BeloweachsentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.31、DayronRobleswasonMondaysensationally______hisworld110mhurdlestitleforobstructionofLiuXiang.A.wardedoffB.strippedoffC.calledoffD.paidoff32、Sincechildhood,Crewshadbeen______byhealthproblems-fatigue,feverandtroublebreathing.A.facilitatedB.consoledC.plaguedD.infected33、Graceurgedstudentstostandbytheirbeliefsandprinciples,and______themselves.A.believeinB.persistinC.consistinD.specializein34、TheMexicansettlersbuiltcitiesandmansionsinwhat______becomeCalifornia.A.usedtoB.hadtoC.oughttoD.wasto35、ThePresidentcancelledaforeigntrip______growingconcernsofadomesticcrisis.A.forB.viaC.versusD.amid36、Healthycommunicationisessentialfor______throughdifficultiesforamarriedcouple.A.invadingB.navigatingC.composingD.contradicting37、Withbetterdrugsandmedicalfacilities,______ratesinhospitalshavedeclinedsharply.A.mortalityB.moralityC.modestyD.mobility38、Aworld-renownedscientistisscheduledtogivea______onthefutureofbiology.A.projectionB.prevalenceC.proficiencyD.presentation39、DuringtheGoldRush,manyweregrippedbyan______desireforwealthandmigratedtotheWest.A.allocatingB.evaporatingC.overwhelmingD.illuminating40、Russiais______thelargestcountryintheworld,coveringmorethananinthoftheEarth'slandarea.A.farfromB.byfarC.atfirstD.otherthanPARTⅢCLOZEDirections:Thereare10questionsinthispartofthetest.Readthepassagethrough.Then,gobackandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA,B,C,orDforeachblankinthepassage.Markthecorrespondingletterofthewordorphraseyouhavechosenwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Childrenlivingwithsingleparentsencountermanyproblems.Theyaremore41stressfulexperiencesthanarechildrenlivingwithcontinuouslymarriedparents.42scholarsdefinestressinsomewhatdifferentways,mostassumethatitoccurswhenexternaldemands43people'scopingresources.Thisresultsinfeelingsofemotionaldistress,a(n)44capacitytofunctioninschool,work,andfamilyroles,andanincreaseinphysiologicalindicatorsofarousal.Economichardship,incompetentparenting,andlossof45withaparentcanbestressfulforchildren.Conflictbetweennonresidentparentsappearstobeparticularlyharmfulwhenchildrenfeelthattheyarecaught46,aswhenoneparentspeaksilloftheotherparentinfrontofthechild,whenchildrenareaskedtotransmit47oremotionallynegativemessagesfromoneparenttotheother,andwhenoneparentattemptstorecruitthechildasanally48theother.Interparentalconflictisadirectstressorforchildren,anditcanalsointerferewiththeir49toparents,resultinginfeelingsofemotional50.41、A.isolatedfromB.exposedtoC.correlatedwithD.absorbedin42、A.IfB.BecauseC.SoD.Although43、A.exceedB.succeedC.proceedD.precede44、A.enhancedB.maintainedC.innovatedD.reduced45、A.propertyB.accessC.contactD.attitude46、A.ononesideB.inthemiddleC.atthebottomD.alongtheroad47、A.criticalB.severeC.enjoyableD.positive48、A.forB.withC.byD.against49、A.reluctanceB.separationC.attachmentsD.reliance50、A.infinityB.insecurityC.invalidityD.invisibilityPARTⅣREADINGCOMPREHENSIONDirections:Inthispartofthetest,therearefiveshortpassages.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.PassageOneIthappenstoeverycollegestudent.Everyprofessoroncampusassignsapaperthesameweek.Volunteerworkandsocialactivitiesfillthecalendar.Beforelong,anassignmentisdueinthemorning,sowhatelseistheretodo?Brewapotofcoffeeandbeginanotherofthatmoststoriedofcollegetraditions:theall-nighter.Manycollegestudentshavefoundthemselvesinthisposition.Althoughstudyinglateintotheearlyhoursisaprettywell-acceptedpartofcollegelife,thescientificconsensusisclear-insufficientsleepisbadforastudent'sperformance,happinessandhealth.Sleepisoneofthebody'smostvitalprocesses,affectingeverythingfrommusclestrengthtomemoryspan.Sleepincreasesbloodflowtomusclesandrepairsdamagedcells.Arecentstudyindicatesthatcollegebasketballplayersperformbetteronthecourtiftheysleepatleasttenhoursthenightbefore.Sleepconsolidatesmemoriesandpreparesthebraintoperform-studentswhogetmoresleepcanimproverecallabilityandactuallydobetterontests.Howmuchsleepapersonneedsvaries,butDr.WilliamDeMentfromStanfordUniversitysayscollegestudentsneedovereighthourspernight.Withassignmentspilingup,manystudentsendupconstantlysleepdeprived.Studentsaccumulatea"sleepdebt"thatcangetlargerovertimeandcanonlybe"paidoff"bygettingtheamountofsleepthebodyneeds.Naturally,aperson'sbodywouldforcethemtogetenoughsleepbymakingthemfeelsleepy.Butcaffeine,stimulants,pressingdeadlinesencouragestudents'toignorethebody'snaturalsignalsandgowithoutsleepfarlongerthantheyshould.It'seasytogetcaughtupintheexcitementandstressofcollegelifeandtogetinthehabitofgettingtobedlaterandlater.Butpushingbodiesandschedulestotheirlimitsdoesnotcomewithoutcost.Intheshort-term,sleepdeprivationaffectsmood,mentalabilityandphysicalperformance.Itdecreasesreactiontimeandmakesapersonmoreeasilydistracted.That'sbadfortesttaking,andevenworseforstudentswhoaredriving.Inthelong-term,notgettingenoughsleepcansacrificeyourhealthandshortenyourlifespanbycausingirritability,frustrationandpronenesstomistakes,associatedwithhighbloodpressure,obesityandheartfailure.Therearemorethanenoughreasonstohitthesackearlytonight!51、Theexpression"all-nighter"inthefirstparagraphreferstothosestudentswho______.A.sleepsoundlythewholenightB.stayupallnightstudyingC.spendthenightdrinkingcoffeeD.don'tcomebackforthenight52、Itcanbeconcludedfromthispassagethat______.A.sleepisofgreatimportancetocollegestudentsB.mostcollegestudentsrefusetogotobedearlyC.collegestudentsgotobedlateonlyoccasionallyD.mostcollegesforcestudentstoworkatnight53、Theharmthatinsufficientsleepdoestotest-takersisthat______.A.theyfeelsleepyduringthetestB.theyforgetwhatislearnedC.theybecomelazythinkersD.theyareleftinattentive54、Thispassageimpliesthatsleepdeprivationis______amongcollegestudents.A.rareB.commonplaceC.negligibleD.justified55、Theunderlinedwordsinthelastparagraphprobablymean______.A.getdowntoworkB.seeadoctorC.takesomemedicineD.gotobed56、Whatisthispassagemainlyconcernedwith?A.Collegestudentsneedtoimprovetheirworkefficiency.B.Test-takersaretohavesufficientsleepbeforeatest.C.Sleepdeprivationhasmuchadverseeffectonstudents.D.Collegestudentsshouldneverstayuplateworking.PassageTwoAtthebeginningofacountry'sriseoutofbackwardnessandpoverty,morewealthdoesmakeadifference.However,citingsurveysfromChinaandSouthKorea,economistRichardEasterlinpointsout:"Inthesecountries,percapitaincomehasdoubledin20yearsbutoverallhappinessdoesnotseemtohavefollowedthesamepath."Economistsaresurprised,becauseGNPhaslongbeenthoughtthebestindicatorofhumanwelfare.MoreGNPgenerallymeansmoremoneyformostpeople,andmoremoneyimprovesthequalityoflife,andthatmeanshappiness.But,perhaps,thesurveysuggeststhatmoremoneycanmakeyouhappyonlyifthosearoundyoudonotshareinyourgoodfortune.Generalprosperitymayfailtoenhanceindividualcontentment.Perhapsitisamatterofbeingawareofyouradvantage,notthatyouneedtogetthehighestsalariesorbetheobjectofenvy.Maybe,individualgoalsvarytoomuchtobegeneralized.Maybeonehasnothingatalltodowiththeother.Freudwaswellawarethateconomicsuccessdidnotmakepeoplehappy.Mostpsychoanalystsandtherapiststodaywouldagree.Hethoughtonlytherealizationofadeepchildhooddesirecouldprovidesuchsatisfaction.Anotherproblemisthatpeoplearepoorreportersoftheirownstatesofmind.Theywillusuallytellyouwhattheythemselveswanttobelieve.Toknowifsomeoneisreallyhappyornot,youhavetocatchhimorherintheactofhappiness.Beinghappyoractinghappyaremorereliableindicatorsthanthinkingtoomuchaboutit.Professionaltherapistsalsoknowthatwhatmakespeoplehappydefiesexplanation,butwhatpreventsthemfrombeinghappydoesn't.Poorself-esteemunderminesallfeelingsofsuccess.Hungerandcoldmakeithardertorelaxandenjoyone'sexperience.Insecurityandfailuretoengageinone'sworkleaveonedissatisfied.Anxietypenetratesallourperceptionsandfeelings,andbringsusdown.Economistscanprobablyhopetomeasurehowwellourbasicneedsforsecurityandhealtharemetinsociety,andifthosearereasonablyOK,peopletendtofindthehappinesstheyseek.Mostofuswanttoenjoylife,spendtimewithourchildren,playatsports,sing,danceandtravel.Ifwecandothosethingswithoutdread,theamountofmoneywehaveisirrelevant.57、ItseemstoRichardEasterlinthathigherGNP______.A.willcertainlymakepeoplehappierB.dependsontheoveralllevelofhappinessC.doesnotnecessarilyaddtopeople'shappinessD.isagoodindicatorofhumanhappiness58、Accordingtothesecondparagraph,individualhappinessarisesfrom______.A.settingahighgoalB.therespectfromyourneighborsC.commonprosperityD.yoursuperiorityoverothers59、Freud'sdoctrineismentionedtoshowthat______.A.goalsvaryfrompersontopersonB.ahappychildhoodmeanslife-longhappinessC.psychoanalystsandtherapiststhinkalikeD.wealthdoesnotalwaysmakeonehappy60、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A.ourfeelingsofhappinesstendtobethesameB.therearefewpeoplewhoarereallyhappyC.peoplesometimesdon'tknowexactlyhowtheyfeelD.thinkingabouthappinesscanmakeyoufeelhappy61、Professionaltherapistsbelievethat______.A.itiseasytoexplainwhatmakespeoplehappyB.itiseasytotellwhatleavespeopleunhappyC.itisdifficulttotellwhoishappyD.itishardtodistinguishhappinessfromunhappiness62、Theauthor'sconclusionisthat______.A.happinessissometimesindependentofwealthB.moneycanaddtoindividualhappinessC.itispossibletodetermineifmoneymeanshappinessD.happinesshasnothingtodowithwealthofanysortPassageThreeItmaysoundlikesomethingoutofasciencefictionplot,butOxfordresearcherssaythatmodernconventionalmedicineisgraduallydevelopingwaystochangethemoralstatesofhumansthroughpharmaceuticaldrugs,andthuscontrolthewaypeoplethinkandactinvariouslifesituations.Thesenewdrugswillliterallyhavetheabilitytodisruptanindividual'spersonalmorality,andinsteadreprogramthatpersontobelieveanddowhateverthedrugdesignerhascreatedthatdrugtodo."Sciencehasignoredthequestionofmoralimprovementsofar,butitisnowbecomingabigdebate,"saidDr.GuyKahanefromtheOxfordCentreforNeuroethicsintheUK."Thereisalreadyagrowingbodyofresearchyoucandescribeintheseterms.Studiesshowthatcertaindrugsaffectthewayspeoplerespondtomoraldilemmasbyincreasingtheirabilitytoshareinanother'sfeelings,groupaffiliationandbyreducingaggression."Whilethismaysoundgoodintheory,mindcontrolisalreadyaverydangeroussideeffectofexistingdrugs.TaketheantidepressantdrugProzac,forinstance,whichhasbeenknowntocausethosetakingittolashoutinviolentrages.Oneyoungboymurderedhisfatherbybeatinghimandstabbinghiminthehead,andhithismotherwithacrowbarandstabbedherintheface,shortlyafterstartingtotakeProzac.ButthekindsofdrugsKahaneandhiscolleaguesarereferringtoimplydesignerdrugsspecificallydesignedtonotonlyalterone'smentalstate,butalsotochangethewaythatpersonthinksaboutsituationsfromamoralperspective.Theend'resultisliterallyatypeofdrug-inducedmindcontrolwherehumansubjectswillbecontrolledbysomeoneelse,andunabletomakeconsciousdecisionsforthemselves.Researchonthesubject,ofcourse,triestopainttheideaofmind-controldrugsinapositivelight,suggestingthattheycouldbeusedtohelpmaketheworldabetterplace.Justimaginelessviolence,moretrust,andmorelove,theysay.Thiswayofusingwordspersuasively,though,isreallyjustatactictofurthernumbthealreadymind-numbedmassesintoacceptingtheideaasagoodthing.63、Theunderlinedpartofthefirstsentenceofthepassageimpliesthat______.A.developingdrugstochangehumanmoralitysoundsunbelievableB.modernconventionalmedicinecanbringmiraclestohealthC.itisimpossibletocontrolhumanbehaviorthroughdrugsD.Oxfordresearchersarewritingsci-fictionaboutnewdrugs64、GuyKahanebelievesthatcertaindrugscan______.A.inducecrimeamongdrug-takersB.causedeathiftakenatahighdoseC.bringaboutmoralimprovementD.makesomepatientsfeellonely65、ThedrugProzacismentionedasevidencethat______.A.itisaneffectivedrugfordepressionB.somedrugscancauseviolentbehaviorC.mostdrugscanmakedepressionworseD.antidepressantdrugsproducethedesiredeffect66、Thebiggestsideeffectofdesignerdrugsisthattheusers______.A.canbecomeincreasinglyimmoralB.canfeeltooupsettoliveanormallifeC.cannolongermakeanydecisionsD.cannolongercontroltheirownmind67、Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsuchdrugsis______.A.supportiveB.indifferentC.negativeD.uncertain68、Thispassagecanbebestentitled______.A.ScientistsWarnFutureDrugsWillBeDesignedtoControlHumanMindB.DrugIndustryIsEnteringaNewPeriodofDynamicDevelopmentC.HumansCanBecomeMoreHumanbyTakingCertainDrugsD.TheWorldWillBeDominatedby,DrugDevelopersUnlessWeTakeActionPassageFourAmericahasbeenalandofnamingfreedomandself-expression.Whileothergovernmentsimposerestrictions-Germanparentshavetochooseanamethatclearlyindicatesthegenderofthechildandisnotasurname,andtheFrench,amongothers,forbidnamesthatmightexposeachildtomockery-intheUnitedStates,anythinggoes.WhenLumandChinNguyenhadtheirfirstchild,26yearsago,theywantedtogivehimanAmericanname.NewlysettledinNorthCarolina,theychoseDuke,inhonorofnearbyDukeUniversity.Bestofall,thenamecouldworkinboththeiroldandnewculturesbyspinningitsspellingtoDucorDuck,astheboy'steachersinsistedonpronouncingit,tothegreatamusementofhisclassmates.Withhisprideinjured,DucNguyendecidedtoreinventhimselfandhisname.Hisnewchoicewastried-and-trueAmericanandimpossibletoscrewup:Wes."Yournameisawayofmarketingyourself,"saysWesNguyen,whoturnedhispersonaladventuresinnamingintoacareerasacorporateproductnamer."Whenwecreateanewnameforclients,wecreateimagerybehindit,andIdidthatwhenIchosemyownnewname.WesremindsmeoftheWestCoast,ofsomeoneyoungandsophisticatedandinnovative.Ithinkofasurfer,ofsomeonewhohaswork-lifebalance."Thesearchforanamethatscreams"I'munique!"leadssomeparentstoinventnamesorplaywithtraditionalspelling.However,adownsideofa"creative"nameisthatitmaycomewithbaggage,notallofitpositive."IalwaysfeltIwasprejudgedbymyname,"saysGestinSkaggs,43,whoseparentsnamedherforawordtheyheardinaGermanlovesong."I'veeitherhadtoovercomesomestereotypeofashort,fatGermanmanorliveuptoanexpectationthatI'mareallywildandcreativethinker.PeopleascribeallkindsofpersonalitytraitstomethatIdon'thave."Butthat'sasmallpricetopay,saytheteenswithoffbeatnameswespokewith."I'vemetalotofpeoplebecauseofmyname.Theyhearitandthinkit'scool,"saysCalypsoGibaldi,15,namedbyherocean-lovingfatherforJacquesCousteau'sboat."IfmynamewasJane,I'dbeaveragelikeeveryoneelse."69、By"anythinggoes"(Para.1),theauthormeansthatintheU.S.A.babynamingtendstogowiththetrendB.parentscannametheirbabieswhatevertheylikeC.namingababyshouldfollowcertainrulesD.ababy'snamecarriesaspecialmeaning70、AccordingtoParagraph2,thenameDuc______.A.wasagoodnameconnectingthetwoculturesB.wasjustacommonEnglishnameC.causedmisunderstandingamongstudentsD.broughthurtfeelingsandbadmemories71、WesNguyenchosethisname______.A.becausehelivesintheWestCoastB.asawayofrememberinghispastC.topromotehiscompanyproductD.fortheimagethatitreflects72、ItcanbeseenfromGestinSkaggs'experiencethat______.A.peopletendtoassociatenameswithpersonalcharactersB.namesshouldbemeaningfulandeasytorememberC.acreativenametendstogiveababyagoodstartD.peopleingenerallikeuniquenames73、WhatdoesCalypsoGibaldithinkofhername?A.Itplaysapositiveroleinherlife.B.Ithascausedunexpectedproblems.C.She'snotsureoftherolehernameplays.D.She'dratherhaveamorecommonname.74、Thepassagefocuseson______.A.thevariouswaysofchoosingbabynamesB.thereasonsbehindfindinguniquebabynamesC.theproblemsandbenefitsbroughtbynamesD.thelinkbetweennamesandpersonalitiesPassageFiveInnovation.It'swhatgotusthroughtheDarkAges.Butovertheyears,insteadofmovingforward,somescientistsandinventorshavetakenafewstepsback.Thisarticleisdedicatedtoallthemenandwomenwhoknewthey'dneverfindacureforthecommoncold,sotheyaimedmuch,muchlower.Herearesomeofthewinners.PEACEPRIZE-researchersfromtheUniversityofBern,Switzerland,fordeterminingwhichhurtsmore-beingsmashedovertheheadwithafullbottleofbeerorwithanemptybottle.Aninherentprobleminanexperimentofthisna