阅读完形第二十五讲Cloze(2)—记叙文和说明文解题技巧

第二十五讲Cloze(2)—记叙文和说明文解技巧 叙事类 纵观近几年高考试题，记叙文仍然是完形填空的主要体裁。记叙文主要分为叙事和记人两种形式，包括故事、幽默、名人传记和事件叙述等，多数按事情发展的顺序进行叙述。如2006年高考福建卷、湖南卷的完形填空都是记叙文。也有的记叙文以叙述为主，在叙述的过程中插入议论，表达作者对人物或事件的看法或感受，通常称之为夹叙夹议类文章。 解答好此类题目一定要掌握正确的解题方法与技巧: 1. 通读全文，掌握大意。 通读全文时首先对事件发生的时间、地点、人物及事情的起因有一个清楚的认识，避免做题的盲目性。 2. 重视首句，开篇明义。 完形填空首句一般不设空。这为我们理解文章的内在联系提供了一个“窗口”。记叙文中的首句往往会告诉我们事件或故事发生的时间、地点和人物之间的关系等，因此要充分利用好首句，推断全文的大致内容，然后分析围绕该内容所展开的故事情节，进行合理的逻辑分析或推理判断。 3. 理清线索，把握方向。 记叙文一般按事件发展顺序叙述，有时用倒叙。答题时，利用文中的时间和空间发展线索，理解人物之间的关系，找准作者的记叙方向，正确理解文章。 4. 利用语境，揣摩心境。 记叙文中除了记叙之外，作者有时在记述过程中或记叙结束后也发表自己的看法和感受。因此考生只有借助上下文乃至全文的语境启示或限定才能揣摩作者的心境，以及他对各个角色、各个事件的态度。在答题过程中，除了对关联词语的把握外，还要把握语气、动作等的描写，以期与作者达到共鸣。 例一 John Clern was small for his age. By the time he was nice, the Civil War broke out in Ohio. The United States was __1__ into two camps------ North and South. All across the country, people hotly argued the question of salary. Should anyone keep slaves? Would Americans __2__ fight Americans? Wherever he went, John saw soldiers __3__ in the square. The states were gathering their forces for war. One day, John told his __4__ father that he, too, was going to war----- as a drummer boy. The father thought it was only boyish dreaming. Yet John went to demand strongly to join the army. The officer looked at the small boy with __5__ . He liked John, but he said no, as the idea of taking a boy of mine to fight was __6__. John did not __7__ no for an answer. On May 3rd, 1861, he got on a train full of soldiers. He __8__ until the train reached Covington Camp. There John made __9__ useful in every possible way. The soldiers were all fond of him. John became one of them. When the war ended, John had fought many battles bravery, __10__ truly, is an amazing war record for a boy of thirteen. John Clern died in 1937, a major general. 1. A. shared B. divided C. directed D. changed 2. A. constantly B. unexpectedly C. equally D. really 3. A. drilling B. fighting C. marching D. inspecting 4. A. excited B. touched C. pleased D. astonished 5. A. interest B. love C. satisfaction D. care 6. A. unusual B. unthinkable C. inspiring D. impossible 7. A. have B. get C. take D. make 8. A. lay B. waited C. sat D. hid 9. A. it B. those C. himself D. themselves 10. A. it B. that C. when D. which 例二 A small boy walked by his mother’s side, with one hand in hers and a balloon in the other. A sudden wind comes __1__ the balloon away from the boy’s hand and bearing it skywards. As it flies higher, the __2__ people in the street all __3__, “Surely”, the balloon says to itself, feeling __4__ of its uprising, “they all __5__ me of my ascent.” Then in its __6__ flight it passes by a balcony on which a group of boys and girls standing, __7__ a cry of excitement when they see an escaped balloon hurry in its way of __8__. “They are cheering me, I’m sure.” Thinks the balloon. Up and up it flies, above the roof through the thin cloud, into the blue sky. Then a dove hovers near, but after a glance at it flies away __9__ indifference. “Of course, the bird nears to salute me,” the proud balloon flatters itself in great happiness, “but as I ignore her __10__ my dignity, she takes itself away in respect.” The higher it flies, the prouder it becomes, till reaches the zenith where it means to stay for a million years, but, alas, it bursts! 1. A. to snatch B. snatching C. snatches D. snatched 2. A. excite B. excitement C. excited D. exciting 3. A. at B. to C. on D. up 4. A. insolent B. amazed C. proud D. delighted 5. A. envy B. ask C. greet D. salute 6. A. upwards B. upward C. upstart D. upright 7. A. sending B. taking C. shedding D. gibing 8. A. freedom B. flight C. escape D. triumph 9. A. with B. for C. on D. at 10. A. keeping B. to keep C. kept D. keep 例三 As the plane circled over the airport, everyone guessed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air and the passengers were thrown __1__. At that moment, the airhostess appeared. She looked very pale, but was quite __2__. Speaking quickly but almost in a __3__, she told everyone that the pilot was badly ill and asked if any of the passengers knew __4__ about machines or at least how to drive a car. After a moment’s hesitation, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot’s room. __5__ the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the orders that were being sent by radio from the airport below. The plane was not dangerously __6__ to the ground, but it soon began to __7__ . The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become familiar with the controls. But the danger had not yet passed. The terrible moment came when he had to land. Following orders, the man __8__ after a long __9__, it stopped safely. Outside a lot of people, who had been watching anxiously, ran forward to __10__ the “pilot” on an excellent landing. 1. A. off B. up C. forward D. down 2. A. national B. calm C. worried D. excited 3. A. smile B. whisper C. laughter D. cry 4. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. all that 5. A. Carrying B. Sending C. Moving D. Putting 6. A. up B. over C. close D. high 7. A. fly B. drop C. stop D. climb 8. A. threw B. controlled C. pushed D. ran 9. A. fly B. dive C. run D. drive 10. A. congratulate B. praise C. thank D. scold 例四 I do a lot of management training each year for the Circle K Company. Among the topics, we discuss in our classes is the __1__ of quality employees. “What has caused you to stay long enough to become a manager?” I asked. After a while a new manager named Cynthia took the question and said slowly, “it was a baseball glove.” Cynthia said she used to take a Circle K clerk job as an interim (临时的) one while she looked for something __2__. On her second day behind the counter, she received a(n) __3__ from her nine-year-old son, Jessie. He needed a baseball glove for the little League. She __4__ that as a single mother, money was not easy to __5__, and her first check would have to go for paying bills. When Cynthia arrived for work the next morning, Partricia, the store manager asked her to come to her small office and handed her a box. “I overheard you talking to your son yesterday,” she said,” and I know that it is hard to explain this to kids. This is a baseball glove for Jessie. I know you have to pay bills __6__ you can buy gloves. You know we can’t __7___ good people like you as much as we would like to; but we do __8__ and O want to know how __9__ you are to us.” The thoughtfulness, empathy and love of the store manager shows vividly that people remember more how much a(n) __10__ cares than how much he pays. 1. A. employing B. praising C. keeping D. improving 2. A. lighter B. easier C. better D. higher 3. A. letter B. call C. answer D. email 4. A. complained B. explained C. understood D. admitted 5. A. have B. waste C. spend D. gain 6. A. after B. until C. when D. before 7. A. value B. remain C. pay D. fire 8. A. regret B. agree C. worry D. care 9. A. excellent B. important C. thankful D. thoughtful 10. A. mother B. clerk C. official D. manager 说明类 与记叙文类相比，高考完形填空中说明文出现的相对较少，但在近几年高考中有逐渐增多的趋势。 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。 针对说明文独有的文体特点，解答时一定要注意以下几点： 1. 了解说明文的种类。 弄清楚说明文的种类及其写作特点，有助于采取不同的阅读方式，提高阅读速度。例如，2006年高考安徽卷完形填空中对网上购物的说明就采用了和传统购物方式相对比的写作特点。了解了这种写作特点后，解题的针对性就更强了。 2. 弄清楚说明的顺序。 把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。例如，2004年高考辽宁卷完形填空就按照认知顺序介绍了水资源的现状、水资源的控制与开发。 3. 精读短文，分析文意。 应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服“思维定势”，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。具体方法如下： （1） 从上下文的角度考虑，注意其内在联系。 【考例】 Some  industry managers think so. 　51    many people find shopping at a real store a great enjoyment. (2006安徽) 51. A. Then B. Yet   C. However    D. Therefore 解析： 上句说有些人认为电视购物能取代商店购物，空格处所在句说明有些人还是喜欢商店购物，此处为转折关系，故B为正确。而C项中的However虽然是转折关系，但该词前后都需要加标点符号。 （2） 从词汇意义及用法，惯用方式和搭配的角度去考虑，准确判断。 【考例】 　42　 is  known  to  us  all, there  is not enough water in all places for everyone to use as much as he likes. (2004辽宁) 42. A. That B. It       C. What     D. As 解析： as is known to us all为惯用搭配，意为“众所周知”。因此答案为D。 （3） 从逻辑推理、常识等角度考虑，挖掘文章的隐含意义。 【考例】 In hot, sunny climates, wide-edged hats provide 　56　from the sun. （2004上海春招） 56. A. shade    B. shadow  C. security D. cover 解析： 由常识可知，在炎热的夏天，人们戴帽子的目的是遮住强烈的阳光，所以帽子可以给人们提供阴凉，因此选择A项。而B项shadow指“阴影、影子”，用在此处不合适。 例五 Everybody has different ways of achieving happiness and the reasons for feeling happy may change from year to year, or even from day to day. __1__, happiness may come from getting a good grade on a school assignment or from a very __2__ thing like having a full stomach. This kind of happiness is inside of you ----- it is __3__ happiness. Happiness is also something you can __4__ to other people. The good grade you receive on your paper will probably make your parents happy and proud. __5__ way of communicating happiness is to help other people over difficult experiences in their own lives. In this situation, you give of your own happiness to make others happy: The most important things to remember in your pursuit of __6__ are : 1. Happiness should not be your only__7__ ------ a real goal, like better grades, a better job, or closer friends, is sure to give more happiness than chasing after a feeling. 2. Happiness comes in all sizes and shapes. __8__ you keep your sense of humour and see things in a balanced way, happiness will come to you faster than to the person who is always __9__ what tomorrow will bring. 3. Happiness is meant to be __10__. “Laugh and the world laughs with you, cry and you cry alone.” 1. A. In general B. In addition C. For instance D. In the meantime 2. A. generous B. simple C. healthy D. lucky 3. A. personal B. secret C. superb D. physical 4. A. attach B. connect C. translate D. communicate 5. A. Each B. Another C. Either D. One 6. A. fame B. power C. fortune D. happiness 7. A. trend B. basis C. goal D. vision 8. A. Because B. If C. Until D. Before 9. A. running after B. feeling like C. worrying about D. struggling for 10. A. shared B. valued C. enjoyed D. agreed 例六 When it comes pain, some people are tougher than others. New findings suggest that these differences are all in the head. Robert C. Coghill of Wake Forest University and his colleagues scanned the brains of people __1__ to heat from a computer-controlled device. The temperature __2__ 120 degrees Fahrenheit, a temperature that many people find distressing, but the people reported __3__ experiences of pain-----from one to nine on a 10-point scale. Those individuals more sensitive to pain exhibited __4__ activity in two regions of their brains involved in processing the perception of pain than __5__ those less sensitive to pain. “One of the most difficult aspects of __6__ pain had been having confidence in the accuracy of patients” self-reports of pain,” Coghill says. “These findings confirm that self-reports of pain intensity are closely related to brain activation and that self-reports should guide treatment of __7__.” The result also throw light on how __8__ in pain sensitivity appear. “This finding raises the interesting possibility that incoming painful information is __9__ by the spinal cord(脊髓) in a __10 __ similar manner,” Coghill notes. “But, once the brain gets involved, the experience becomes very different from one individual to the next.” 1. A. extended B. explored C. exploited D. exposed 2. A. remained at B. dropped C. was increased to D. stood 3. A. similar B. varying C. the same D. some 4. A. greater B. less C. little D. no 5. A. did B. had C. to D. for 6. A. bearing B. reacting C. treating D. suffering 7. A. patient B. pain C. illness D. sickness 8. A. differences B. similarities C. diseases D. debates 9. A. produced B. sent C. received D. processed 10. A. particularly B. commonly C. generally D. ordinarily 例七 Your success in your studies will also depend on your motivation. This need or desire to achieve a certain goal can make the difference between success and __1_-. Motivation comes from two sources: from inside of you or from outside of you. In the first __2__, motivation comes from your hopes and expectations, from __3__ to do something or to become someone. Study purposes that __4__ from personal, inner desires are individual and various. __5__ you have not already done so, you should think carefully about what you hope to do __6__ your studies, and why. You should __7__ a goal and direct all your study efforts __8__ reaching it. A goal of this kind is important because it will determine the direction and __9__ of your motivation for study. Not every one is highly motivated from within, and no one is continuously motivated from within. __10__ there is another source of motivation from outside. 1. A. failure B. victory C. loss D. ruin 2. A. example B. event C. cause D. matter 3. A. hobby B. desire C. fancy D. duty 4. A. settle B. end C. exist D. result 5. A. If B. Unless C. Although D. While 6. A. over B. from C. under D. to 7. A. put B. stick C. set D. do 8. A. at B. toward C. against D. for 9. A. degree B. kind C. class D. step 10. A. Consequently B. Frankly C. Naturally D. Fortunately