雒魏林.在华行医传教二十年

THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA: A NARRATIVE OF TWENTY TEAES' EXPEEIENCE. BY WILLIAM LOOKHAET, E.E.C.S. P.E.G.S. OB THE IOKDOS MISSIONARY SOCIETY. LONDON": HUEST AND BLAGKETT, PUBLISHERS, SUCCESSOKS TO HENKY COLBUKN, 13, GEEAT KAKLBOEOTJGH STEEET. 1861. The right of Translation is reserved. THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA. CHAPTEE I. CURIOSITY RESPECTING CHINA. POLICY OF RUSSIA. HEE ACQUISI- • TIONS OF CHINESE TERRITORY. MARCH OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH ARMIES RESULTS OF THE CAPTURE OF PEKIN. AD- VANTAGES OF THE AUTHOR. EDUCATION AMONG THE CHINESE. —• SCHOOL. — PSIYATE TUTORS. — EXAMINATIONS. — DEGREES. — E M - PLOYMENT OF LITERARY MEN. — MILITARY EDUCATION. — RELIGION. THE important change that has just been effected in the relations of this country with China, and a know- ledge of the stimulus it is hkely to give to interests of the highest national consideration, have induced me to put forward a long experience of the habits, manners, and resources of the people of that enormous empire, acquired under circumstances peculiarly favourable for eliciting trustworthy information. It is not necessary to remind the reader of the claims of this singular race to his consideration historically, or ethnologically—morally and politically they are no less powerful; and the bringing of so large apopulation within, the chain of community that binds the civilised world, B 23 CHAP. n. BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS IN SHANGHAI THE SHE-E-KUNG-KEUH. THE TUNG-JIN-TANG. — FOUNDLING HOSPITAL THE KEW-TING- KEUH. PUNISHMENTS AND PRISONS. CRIMINALS. PIEATES. EXECUTIONS SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS. CHOLERA. OP these there are several in the city of Shanghai, and supported by public subscriptions. The latest of them, the She-e-kung-keuh, or " establishment for gratuitous medical relief," was commenced in 1845, the year after the opening of the Mission Hospital, for the reason that a similar step had been taken " by a foreigner who had come to reside at the place, and therefore some of the wealthy citizens wished to show their benevolent feel- ing in the same way." It is said that in every Fu, or departmental city, there is an institution of this kind; but the extent of their operation is probably not so great as, in this instance, at Shanghai, which, though only a Heen, or district city, has been thus favoured for "the reason already named. This dispensary was attended by eight or nine native practitioners, some of whom gave their services, the, remainder being paid out of the funds of the charity. The patients, of whom the number varied from 300 to 500, were of all classes, and were seen and prescribed for in the large halls of the establishment, which are admirably adapted for the purpose. The medicines were supplied by the different apothecaries' shops in the city c 4 4 2 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA. CHAP. IH. TEA HALLS IN SHANGHAI, AND IN THE VILLAGES.—REFRESHMENTS PRO- VIDED GRATUITOUSLY. BATHING HOUSES. SUICIDES AND INQUESTS. . USE OF ARSENIC ATTEMPTS TO ASSASSINATE NATIVE RE- MEDIES. IN Chinese cities there are large shops, or halls, to which the people go for" the purpose of refreshment and social relaxation, and where tea is the only beverage. Some few are in the habit of drinking native wine and spirits, but very few drunkards are seen in a Chinese city. Drunkenness is not a national vice in China; tea- drinking is so general that it may be described as the national habit. On occasion of a public show, or when people are much abroad for amusement, or visiting the temples, a visit to one of the public tea shops is interesting. Many square tables are scattered over the room, each of which will accommodate four persons sitting round it. When a party enters and is seated, the attendant or waiter immediately places on the table one or more cups, each cup having a cover, and containing a small quantity of tea. He then brings boiling water in a kettle and fills the cups, or takes the cups to a large kettle, and having filled them, brings them to the table. The customers will perhaps ask for some kind of cake, or salted melon seeds and tobacco. The Chinese never 62 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA. CHAP. IV. STEAMING BEEAD. — PRODUCTION OF EICE BEANS. —• MANUFACTUBE OE SOY.—rtTLSE— CUED.—OIL EEOM COTTON-SEED. VABNISH. METHOD OF COLLECTING AND USING IT. — TEA-CHEST LINING. •— BAMBOOS. — WATCH-SPRINGS.—FANCY AETICLES.—CASTING COPPER CASH.—SILVER COIN.—GOLD. THE glimpses of Chinese industry and manners, sup- plied by the following brief notices, may help to a better understanding of the people. Seen " at home," their character reveals itself without restraint; and their ingenuity, in the adaptation of their knowledge in various arts and manufactures, and the application of them, for purposes of use and ornament, is not more striking than it is worthy of commendation. As will be perceived, the statements for the most part relate to what came under personal observation. Much more of a similar character might be recorded, yet pro- bably sufficient is given in these pages towards forming a fair idea of the ways and doings of the inhabitants of China, and of their life in "the interior." The mode of steaming bread is curious. Flat cakes of wheaten flour, leavened, having been placed on a slightly heated pan, to cause them to rise, are trans- ferred to a steam-heated oven till they are thoroughly cooked. The construction of the oven is as follows : an iron boiler built into a fire-place has its upper edge projecting above the bricks, and round this is fastened 85 CHAP. V. MANUFACTURE OF NEEDLES, FILES, BOILERS IRON EDGE-TOOLS.—• SHARPENING BAZOES CLEANING TIIE COTTON POD. PIPE-METAL. IVORY AND WOOD CARVING ENAMEL. FEATHER ORNAMENTS.. BEAUTIFYING POWDER. WATER-JARS. ICE-HOUSES. HATCHING DUCKS. CARRIER PIGEONS. FORTUNE-TELLING BY A HEN. —- FACTITIOUS FOWLS. POPULAR ART. GAS AND SUGAR TOYS. BARLEY-SUGAR. THE GINSENG MERCHANT. NEEDLES have been in use amongst the Chinese from a period probably anterior to their introduction into Europe. It is not improbable, indeed, that Europeans copied the use of the needle from the Chinese. These latter make them from thin steel wire, which is cut into lengths, having one end a little flattened. A row of ten of these lengths is taken, and their other ends sharpened on a wheel with powdered corundum. A workman sitting at his table, with the rows of tens in his left hand, holds them on a small anvil, and with a light drill bores the eye in the flat end, after which they are hardened, and polished with corundum. These needles are short and thick, with the eye end larger than the body, but are easily worked with by the , Chinese tailors, who stitch very neatly. It is the curious practice of these tailors when arranging the parts of a dress, instead of basting them with long stitches, to paste them with flour and water till they are sewed in in a proper manner. A man was frequently seen in the tea-gardens selling what appeared to be G 3 I l l CHAP. VI. STATE m MEDICAL"SCIENCE IN CHINA.—-DEuas.—QUALIFICATIONS OP THE MEDICAL MISSIONABY.—ACCOUNT OF THE MEDICAL MISSIONS TO CHINA. DB. MOBPJSON DB. PAEKEE.—DE. HOBSON.—HOWQUA, THE HONG MEECHANT, AND THE HOSPITAL AT CANTON OTHER HOSPITALS. IN the following papers on medical missions, it is not intended to give a history of the labours of all who have carried out this Christian design in Chuia; but rather, to offer in brief detail some views of the subject which the writer has derived from his own experience. At the same, time, he would accord all honour to those who have preceded him, as well as to those devoted labourers of different sections of the Church of Christ, whom he is rejoiced to have had as colleagues. Animated by one sincere desire, they sought, by the blessing of God, to make their know- ledge serviceable in helping forward the great cause of missions to the heathen. Various travellers have found the possession of me- dical and surgical knowledge of great value in the prosecution of their undertakings. The relief they have afforded to sick natives, both of high and low degree, has often brought them help in their progress which they would not otherwise have received. The records of our most enterprising adventurers in every clime sufficiently attest this fact. 1 3 8 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA. CHAP, VII MEDICAL EDUCATION 0 * CHINESE YOUTHS. — MEDICAL MISSIONARY SO- CIETIES.—PROFESSOR M I L L E R ' S L E C T U R E . — M E D I C A L T R E A T I S E S . — D R . HOBSON HOSPITAL PRACTICE AT CANTON. THE education of Chinese youths in the principles of the medical profession will prove a powerful agent in spreading a knowledge of science among their country- men, and in carrying out the objects we have in view. Chinese parents of respectability have shown no un- willingness that their sons should be placed under the care of foreign medical men for educational purposes. Before closing the hospital in Canton Dr. Parker had three youths who had gained considerable knowledge under his tuition, and Dr. Hobson has now with him two young men of promise who receive regular and systematic instruction in the elements of medical science, and have attained so much proficiency that with their assistance he had treated during the fifteen months previous to the time when his report was closed the very large number of 5265 patients. In connection with this subject is that of sending Chinese youths out of the country to attain in the institutions of England and America a more complete and extended education than can possibly be given by single individuals here; and we observe with much satisfaction that the subject has excited considerable 173 CHAP. VIII. CHINESE GRATITUDE.—-MB. 0LYPHANT. HOSPITAL PATIENTS. — LUNATIC ASTLUMS. DISEASES. NATIVE PHYSICIANS. RELIGIOUS INSTRUC- TION TO THE CHINESE. <— HOSTILITIES. — CHINESE MEDICINES. ANOTHER patient, from whom a large tumour of the face had been removed, was a literary man of good talents and amiable disposition. During his stay in the hospital he had been a most attentive listener to the gospel, and seemed intellectually, at least, to be convinced of the truth and excellence of Christianity. On leaving he offered a scroll with the following in- scription :—" Sie-kien-hang, of the province of Kwang- si, presents his respects to the very benevolent Dr. Parker, and moved by his polite attention, addresses to him the following sentiments :— One look of healing wisdom lie to regions far imparts, And thousand verdant orange-trees by the fountain-side he jslants." Dr. Parker records his thanks to Dr. S. Majoribanks, who in most of the operations for stone, and in many other of the more serious surgical cases, cheerfully rendered his valuable aid; also to Mr. H. Butter, to whose skill he was indebted for the delineations of the lithographic drawings of the series of calculi, which illustrate the reports. At its annual meeting,.in 1850, the Canton branch of the society had the satisfaction of the presence of 2 0 2 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA. CHAP. IX. THE HOSPITAL AT HONGKONG PRINCIPAL MALADIES THAT AFFECT THE CHINESE. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF THE HOSPITALS ESTABLISHED AT AMOY, FU-CHAU, AND NINGPO. CHOLERA. THE hospital at Hongkong, built on one of the hills to the eastward of the town of Victoria, was opened by Dr. Hobson on June 1st, 1843. We read in the report for 1844 : " The large number of in-patients that Dr. Hobson has been able to treat in its wards, is worthy of notice, as giving more full and lengthened opportunities of conversing with them on religious sub- jects ; and it is with much satisfaction that we direct attention to the residence in the Institution, of Agong, a native Christian of age and experience (one of Dr. Morrison's converts), and to Dr. Hobson's account of the religious services that are held with the patients. Agong devotes himself to the propagation of Chris- tianity among his countrymen, spending a portion of each week in instructing the patients in the word of God, and with the assistance of Dr. Hobson, is enabled largely to use those means, which he hopes, through the Divine blessing, will lead to the spiritual improve- ment of his people. This is carrying out fully the objects of Medical Missions, and it affords us much pleasure to record the attention that is now paid here, 2 3 4 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA. CHAP. X. SHANGHAI. OPENING OF THE POET. ESTABLISHMENT OF A HOSPITAL NATIVE MEDICAL TREATISE ON VACCINATION. CHINESE PATIENTS ' STATE OF THE CITIES. ATTENDANCE ON THE SICK. SELF-MUTILATION OF BEGGAKS. EARTHQUAKE AT SHANGHAI. CURIOUS CUSTOMS JUGGLERS SWALLOWING NEEDLES. HYDROPHOBIA DROUGHT. SUPER- CILIOUSNESS OF GOVERNMENT OFEICIALS. — GRATEFUL TESTIMONIALS TO THE AUTHOR. SHANGHAI is a district town of the department of Sung- kiang-fu, in the province of Kiang-su, which, with that of JSTgan-hwui, is included under the name of Kiang-nan, having Nanking as the provincial city. Kiang-nan, with the province of Kiang-si, commonly called the Liang-kiang, or the two-river provinces, are under the government of one Tsung-tuh, or Grovernor- general. Shanghai is situated in lat. 31° .24/ rJ.; long. 121° 82' E., on the right bank of the Wusung river, at the point of its junction with the Hwang-pu river, and distant from the Tang-tze-kiang twelve miles. The provincial city of Suchau is about eighty miles distant, and is situated on the grand canal. The country around the city is a perfect flat, no hills being visible on the horizon. The nearest hills are at a distance of twenty-four miles, in a westerly direction, near the city of Sung-kiang-fu. The ground is dry, and consists of rich alluvial soil, which is very fertile, yielding wheat, cotton, and vegetables, in great 289 CHAP. XI. THE TRIADS CAPTURE SHANGHAI. THEIR CHIEF. THE CITY INVESTED BT THE IMPERIALISTS. TRAITOROUS PROVISION SELLERS..— THE WOUNDED IN HOSPITAL.—PROGRESS OF THE SIEGE. — ATTACK ON THE FOREIGN SETTLEMENT REPULSED. IMPERIALISTS DEFEATED. — THE FRENCH ATTACIt THE CITY. 'FAMINE. FLIGHT OF THE TRIADS. — CONFLAGRATION THE CITY REBUILT. THE allusions in the foregoing account of the hospital at Shanghai, to the capture and siege of the city in 1853-54, call for a more detailed notice of that event —one of the many occurrences which of late years enacted in China, have revealed to the eyes of foreigners more of the internal condition of the country, and of the relation between the government and people.; it is also a link in the chain of events, which are steadily advancing the empire to her acknowledged place amongst the nations. The record which is given is of what passed under personal observation during the siege. When the adherents of the Tai-ping rebellion came down the Yang-tsze-kiang and captured Nanking, the members of the Triad Society, who thought the oppor- tunity favourable for the attempted overthrow of the Manchu dynasty, organised themselves into various societies. One of these, " the small-knife or dagger" branch, after failing in their attempt on Canton, suc- ' u 3 3 4 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY IK CHINA. CHAP. xn. EVIL EEFECTS ARISING EROM BANDAGING THE EEET OF EEMALE CHILDREN. '—ORIGIN OF THE CUSTOM. — EUROPEAN WORKS TRANSLATED INTO CHINESE.—MUIRHEAD'S GEOGRAPHY.—MILNER'S HISTORY OP ENGLAND. — CHINESE ARITHMETIC. — CHINESE MATHEMATICIANS. — BOTANY. — HERSCHEL'S ASTRONOMY.—MEDICAL MISSION AT LOO-CHOO.—CHINESE ARMS; THE GINGALL J. EIRE-BALLS J EIRE-POTS AND STINK-POTS; ROCKETS. SEVERAL cases of diseased ancle-bones in girls were brought to the hospital at Shanghai, the result of the practice of binding the feet, common in China. Con- sidering the vast number of female children who suffer this distortion, the instances of diseased bone are few. The practice is begun when the child is from six to nine years of age; if after the latter age, the suffer- ing is proportionately increased. Long bandages of cotton cloth, an inch in width, are folded round the foot, and brought in a figure of eight form, from the heel across the instep, and over the toes ; then carried under the foot, and round the heel, and so on, being drawn as tight as possible. This process is not effected without much pain, accompanied by bitter lamentation from the sufferer. The feet remain for a long time very tender, and can ill bear the pressure in walking; sometimes there is great swelling of the foot and leg, caused by the ensuing inflammation. After some years, 363 CHAP. XIII. DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS. WAR OB 1 8 3 9 . EVASIONS OF THE TKEATi' OS NANKING. — INSULTS AND ASSASSINATIONS OF FOREIGNERS. ME. PAEKES THE CONSUL, AND THE AFFAIR OF THE LOECHA LOKD ELGIN APPOINTED MINISTEP, PLENIPOTENTIARY. MILITABY EXPE- DITION OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. TBEATY OF TTEN-TSIN. RE- PULSE AT THE PEIHO FORTS SECOND COMBINED EXPEDITION. MARCH OF THE ALLIES UPON PEKIN. TREACHEROUS SEIZURE OF MR. PARKES AND HIS COMPANIONS. CAPTURE OF PEKIN.—DESTRUC- TION OF THE EMPEROR'S PALACE. CONVENTION.—GRAVE EEEOR ON THE PART OF LORD ELGIN. REBELLION IN THE CHINESE EMPIEE. OUE POLICY. THE relations between Great Britain and China have of late attracted a large amount of public attention, and assumed an importance which they never had before. In endeavouring to give a short account of the state of things affecting our intercourse with that country, it is necessary briefly to review the various steps of that intercourse. In the year 1793, Lord Macartney was sent as ambassador from Bang George III. to Kien-lung, the emperor of China, and obtained an audience of his < Majesty, but no concession was made as to increased facilities for trade at other ports than Canton. In 1816 Lord Amherst was sent on an embassy to obtain permission for the residence of an English officer at Pekin, and again to press on the Chinese government the desire of liberty to trade at one or more northern 383 CHAP. XIV. REMAKES ON THE OPIUM QUESTION. 1ST the accounts of the hospitals there are many ob- servations on the practice of opium smoking by the Chinese, but it is desirable to enter more fully on this important subject, and even to recapitulate some pre- vious statements in Beports of the Hospitals. It is the custom of Chinese physicians to pre- scribe the use of the opium-pipe in cases of obsti- nate ague and rheumatism, and no doubt this is use- ful in alleviating distress and pain for a time ; it also breaks up the periodicity of ague, but the patient, though relieved of these diseases, is left dependent on opium probably for the rest of his life, so that the cure is •worse than the disease, and in many cases the first incitement to the use of the drug arose from its being recommended as a palliative for the relief of pain or distress of some kind or other, and the habit once ac- quired it has been almost impossible to discontinue. The first thing to be done for the cure of opium' smoking is to insist on the discontinuance of the opium- pipe altogether, supplying ' its place by opium and camphor in pills, giving at the same time astringents, as pomegranate-skin powder, to check the diarrhoea that always follows the abandonment of the pipe. Tonics are also given, such as infusion of quassia, with 00000004.pdf 00000005.pdf 00000012.pdf 00000034.pdf 00000053.pdf 00000073.pdf 00000096.pdf 00000122.pdf 00000149.pdf 00000184.pdf 00000213.pdf 00000245.pdf 00000300.pdf 00000345.pdf 00000374.pdf 00000394.pdf