英语中的从句

英语中的从句 主语从句(Subject Clause) 定义:如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句. 第一部分:常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语 (3)Who will be our monitor has't been decided yet. (6)Whatever you did is right. (7)Whose watch was lost is unknown. (8)What we need is time. 小结: (1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 (2)连词位于句首不能省略 (3)主语从句大多数情况下视为单三,但也有例外,如例9 第二部分:为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句 末 (3)It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. (6)It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. (7)It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation. (8)It is still a mystery what caused the accident. (9)It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) (10)It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. (12)It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film) (13)It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小结: (1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从 句. (2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11. 主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法，介绍:) 一(主语从句 主语从句 定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替， 而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。 被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如: It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语(宾语(语，而that 则不然。 例如: What you said yesterday is right. 二:宾语从句的几个特征:1、引导词:what\which\whose\when\whether\if\where 2语序:宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。 如:I think that you must work harder. 宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。 (1)表达时间的几个句型:一般用when或者是what time: What time will the train leave? 由于时刻都是固定的，也可以用一般现在时代替一般将来时: What time does the train leave? (2)时间的表达方式:8:19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在时间的中间也可以加上分的单词(minutes) (3)had better +动词原型。意思是提要求，建议。但是上下级不能用这种方式，因为语气太重: You had better give up smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地点 I left my book in my classroom yesterday. (5)may I have your name(address\age)?一般询问对方的年龄、名字等，不要习惯以前的问法，这样很不礼貌，而是要采访上面的问法。以前的习惯是:how old are you? \what's your name? (6)修饰名词的代词次序:限-描-大-形---年---颜----籍----物--------类+名词: this is a bridge. This is a beautiful bridge 名词性从句(在句中充当名词的作用)，它分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，和同位语从句。 ?定语从句(在句中修饰名词，也叫先行词作用)，它分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 ?状语从句(在句中起状语的作用)，它分为时间状语从句,地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句，方式状语从句，比较状语从句，条件状语从句，共九种。 表句从句就是"表句是个句子",同理,宾语从句,定语从句都这样理解. 表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语/ 下面是我找到的,参考一下吧. ================== 基本概念 1( 定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2( 构成:关联词+简单句 3( 引导表语从句的关联词的种类: (1) 从属连词that。如: The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如: He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如: All this was over twenty years ago, but it′s as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如: It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 (3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 27 一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如: I heard the news that our team had won(我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here(我不知道你在这里。 二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words(消息)，possibility等。如: I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon( 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。 三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)如: l have no idea When he will be back(我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to if or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。 四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如: Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them( 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city( 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。 五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如: The news that l have passed the exam is true(我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 (同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。) The news that he told me just now is true(他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 (定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。) 2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如: The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。(that在从句中不充当任何成份。) The idea that he gave surprises many people(他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 (that在从句中作gave的宾语。) 一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形 式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause) 一 状语从句的种类 ? 1状语从句的种类 用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为: 1.时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time) 2.地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place) 3.原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition) 5目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose) 6.让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession) 7.比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison) 8.程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree) 9.方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner) 10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) ?2状语从句的时态特点 一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如: I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive) As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。(从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished) If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。(从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，决不可用will come back) 二 时间状语从句 ?3时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time) 1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如: When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。 When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切～ Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。 You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。 Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。 【区别】when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如: When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词) We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。 While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。(对比) As表示“一边„„一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如: We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边„„一边”) As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间) 2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如: It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时) 3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如: I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。 I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。 4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ，时间，since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如: I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了, It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一„„就”。例如: I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)„when / before, no sooner„than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如: He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work. 太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。 6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如: By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如: Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。 You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。 8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久„„就多久”。例如: You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。 三 地点状语从句 ?4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place) 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如: 句型1:Where，地点从句，(there)，主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里„„哪里就„„”;主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如: Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever，地点从句，，主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如: Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。