我国海岸线确定和管理模式研究_英文_

我国海岸线确定和管理模式研究_英文_ Research on the Model of Coastline Demarcation and Management 111, 2LIN Ning, HUANG Nan-yan, XU Wen-bin 1. National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin 300171, China 2. Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China Abstract: The coastline demarcation and announcement models in China are outlined in this paper. The issues related to the coastline revision system, coastline zoning, coastline usage and the coastline information management are put forward. The concreted research and discussion on these issues are made which are valuable for the coastline management in our country. Keywords: Coastline; Demarcation; Management; Models 1 Introduction The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas and the Law of Land Administration of the People’s Republic of China form the basic system of management ownership in our country sovereignty domain. From the geographical scope, the two laws take the coastline as a dividing line. Together they cover the whole sovereignty area of China. But in the real world, due to the effects of natural factors and the human activities’ interference, it is difficult to demarcate the coastline. The difficulty of determination of the coastline leads to the different understanding of the coastline, which results in the unclear management of land and sea authority and triggers the conflict of interest. Thus, our country pays much attention to the job of demarcation of the coastline. In 2002, the Office of the State Department issued “The Circular of the Office of the State Department on Certain Issues Regarding Developing the Provincial and Country Level Sea Area Administrative Boundary Survey”. The Circular makes it clear that the coastline demarcation is the basic job of provincial and country level sea area administration boundary survey. 2 Patterns of coastline demarcation The coastline demarcation is an important foundation and technical work to demarcate the coastline and identify the land and sea management boundaries. At present, the technical methods, theory systems and reference models concerning the coastline demarcation have not been formed yet. National and local administrative departments in charge of marine administration pay much attention to the coastline demarcation, and have launched the researches and pilot projects of the coastline demarcation. 2.1 In situ measurement According to the actual situation, the location of the various types of coastline is identified and determined, and the in situ measurement using GPS technology is applied. The advantages of the in situ measurement are that the data are accurate and in line with the actual situation at the scene. The disadvantage of taking in situ measurement is that it involves many human and financial resources. 2.2 Remote sensing information extraction Using remote sensing to extract coastline information means acquiring coastline information through computer analyzing on the satellite image data by using image processing software, GIS and the remote sensing image of multi-satellite observations and multi-space scale according to the spectrum features of coastal ground objects. The advantage of using remote sensing to extract coastline information is that the information processing speed is fast. People can survey and map the coastline rapidly and quasi-synchronously. The disadvantages are that more input is needed to ensure the high resolution remote sensing data with high-resolution, and the acquisition of remote sensing data is subject to restrictions on certain weather conditions. 2.3 Amendment on the topographic map Amendment on the topographic map means the measurement is based on the coastline in the latest version of 1:50 000 or 1:10 000 basic scale topographic maps. The topographic map is mapped in accordance with the law and is published in accordance with established procedures. The topographic map has the force of law. The advantages of amendment on the topographic map are that it is easy to do and the amendment takes less time. Due to the long update cycle, some changes of coastline during the publication period could not be taken into consideration, it is difficult to make the real up-to-date maps to mark the coastline. 2.4 Combination of different patterns In the practical work of coastline demarcation, the different patterns should be taken to get the complementary advantage according to the actual situation. Practical and feasible solution is to mainly take in situ measurement in the area where it is easy to measure and where there are larger changes in the coastline. And where there is not easy to take in situ measurement and where there is few changes in the coastline, people can mainly take the other two kinds of methods of remote sensing information extraction or amendment on the topographic map. 3 The principles of the coastline demarcation The scientific character should be taken into consideration in the job of the coastline demarcation. The coastline demarcation should accord with the scientific definition of the coastline. The historical perspective of the coastline should also be taken into consideration. The principles, methods and the results of the coastline demarcation are universal through the country. The principles, methods and the results of the coastline demarcation should accord with the fact. The demarcated coastline should have the stability and the operation ability in the practice. The principles to be followed during the coastline demarcation are as follows: 3.1 Principle of science The coastline demarcation should strictly follow the relevant national laws and regulations and relevant technical standards. 3.2 Principle of inheritance The coastline which was formed historically and did not have changes keeps invariable. 3.3 Principle of common use The principles, methods and the results of the coastline demarcation are universal. 3.4 Principle of applicability The coastline demarcation should accord with the fact and be beneficial to the management, protection and the sustainable development of the marine and land resources. 3.5 Principle of stability The demarcated coastline should have the relative stability, be easy to figure out and have the operation ability in the actual working. Based on the above principles, the special principles should be observed according to the characters of the different types of the coastline and the local conditions. For example, for the estuarine coastline, which is an important part of the continental coastline, we should take into account our national interests, uphold the scientific approach of seeking truth from facts, and adhere to such principles as fairness, justice and publicity during its demarcation. Also the principle should be carried out about all benefits covered to ensure the estuarine coastline demarcated reasonably. In the demarcation of estuarine coastline, while sticking to the basic principles of the coastline demarcation, consideration to comprehensive principle, economic principle, ecological principle and the principle of easy resolution should be given for the estuarine specificity. 4 The technique of the coastline demarcation 4.1 The technique of the demarcation of the natural coastline 4.1.1 The rock coastline The rock coastline is usually a coastline which is formed naturally and locates where mountains or hills extend to adjoin the ocean. The demarcation of this kind of coastline is suggested to demarcate along the side of the natural coastline which faces the ocean. 4.1.2 The estuarine coastline The demarcation of the estuarine coastline is a complicated job. The actual situation interlacing natural, social and economic development determines the multi-sided influencing factors which affect the demarcation of the estuarine coastline. When the natural factors such as estuarine coastline morphology, geology, geomorphology, hydrology and biology are the main control factors, these natural factors should be the basis of the demarcation of the estuarine coastline. Under this circumstance, there are the approaches of topography, geomorphology, hydrology and biology, et al. 4.1.3 Other kinds of natural coastline As for other kinds of natural coastline such as sandy coastline, muddy coastline and biological coastline, the demarcation should demarcate along land-sea trace line of the mean high water. Further special judge is necessary according to the abrasion terrace, beach deposit or shore plants. 4.2 The technique methods of the demarcation of the artificial coastline 4.2.1 Sea embankment The sea embankment is one of the major measurements which prevent the sea waves from damaging the coastal areas. It is divided into main embankments and common embankments. The structures mainly include the vertical style, slope style and mixed style. For the sea embankments, The seaward boundary of the embankments can be the demarcation line. 4.2.2 Ports and docks The outer margin of the harbor basin could be the demarcation line. The seaward of marginal quay could be the coastline. As for bridge dock and trestle wharf, the legato of the docks which connects the lands can be the demarcation line. 4.2.3 Estuarine coastline Generally, with the high social and economic development level, the estuarine areas are under the influence of the artificial factors. There are many artificial coastlines. Under these circumstances, the social factors such as the administration, transportation, shipping, water conservancy, fishery and economy should be taken into consideration. The social factors may decide the demarcation of the coastline. 4.2.4 Other kinds of artificial coastline According to the definition of the coastline and the principles of the coastline demarcation, other kinds of artificial coastline can be demarcated according to actual situation with references to above artificial coastlines demarcation techniques. 5 Models of coastline announcement The demarcation of the coastline is a kind of complicated technical job, and a kind of management which involved multi-departments. During the process of the demarcation of the coastline, the government plays a very important role. The local governments take different models to announce the coastline at the management level after finishing the demarcation of the coastline technically. 5.1 In the form of government documents Longhai city, Fujian province approved “The Advices about the Definition of the Sea Area Range of the Longhai City” on October 30, 2002, which identify the coastline of Longhai city in principle in the form of people's government documents. 5.2 In the form of orders This kind of model is represented by the demarcation of Jiangsu province coastline. “The Orders of Jiangsu Province on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas (Draft)” was deliberated and approved in principle by the Jiangsu province government executive meeting on March 17, 2005. There are regulations in the Article 2 of the order, “For the purpose of this order, the sea areas refer to the sea surface, water volume, seabed and subsoil of the inland waters and territorial seas extending from the coastline side of Jiangsu province to the sea. According to the national standardization, the coastline in Jiangsu province is demarcated by the municipal government which is divided into districts along the sea side. The plans should be submitted to the competent province administrative department in charge of marine administration for the record.” 5.3 Approved by the government after taking measurement by the technical support department This kind of coastline announcement model is represented by the Tianjin coastline demarcation. The result of the Tianjin coastline measured by the technical support department and calibrated by the survey and mapping department was approved by the Tianjin municipal government on August 5, 2007. The result of the Tianjin coastline demarcation is used as a basis of the land and natural resources and marine resource management of Tianjin. 6 Research on the coastline management The dynamic management of the coastline will be a new important part of the sea area management as soon as the demarcation and announcement of the coastline is finished. The demarcation of the coastline transforms the coastline from a theoretically mean high water line into a sea-land demarcation line which acts as the demarcation line of sea-land management. But in the real management, it is not a simple line to manage. 6.1 Establishment of the revision system The location and the length of the coastline are in dynamic change. Most of the natural coastline change relatively slow under the natural circumstances. But the human developments such as reclamation from the sea, damming the streams, sand and coral reef excavation, mangrove logging and ports construction usually lead to the change of the coastline in short time. Thus, the revision system of the coastline should be established in coastline management, in which the work procedure, work method, time and revision of the coastline should be included. The revision system will promote the dynamic management of coastline. In the concrete work of coastline demarcation, different revision models can be adopted according to the actual situation. The first model is that the national administrative departments in charge of marine administration provide the comprehensive services. According to concrete conditions of coastline changes, the administrative departments in charge of marine administration are in charge of the implementation of the revision of coastline. The second model is that the revision is led by administrative departments in charge of marine administration, and the concrete organization of revision is implemented by the enterprises or individuals who use the coastline. The third model is that after receiving the submission of the application from the enterprises or individuals, the administrative departments in charge of marine administration organize the job of the coastline revision. The concrete works are completed by the technological support units which own the surveying and mapping qualification certification. The revision results should be submitted to the administrative departments in charge of marine. They are going to come into force after being audited by the administrative departments in charge of marine administration which will make a uniform management. 6.2 Paying more attention to coastline zoning With the economic and social development，the coastline which used to be a kind of natural resource being free for use has gradually became a kind of shortage resources or rare natural resources. Without well protection and ordered utilization, the coastline is going to be the bottleneck which is barrier of economic development and thus does harm to the sustainable development. Therefore, based on the marine functional zoning, the coastline zoning should be made according to the natural and social characters of the coastline. According to the location condition, nature environment, natural resources, the status of protection and development and the needs of social economic development, the coastline could be divided into different function zones which have different usages or different function zones which need different environmental quality according to the function standard of the coastline. The coastline zoning should be according to the coastline function standards. The coastline zoning aims to control and lead the usage direction of specific coastline function zone, protect and improve the marine ecological environment, and promote the sustainable use of the marine resources. Based on the coastline zoning, the coastline regional utilization planning should be formulated. This planning should be involved in the planning systems of the sea area uses. The strategic targets of the coastline development and utilization, management planning, the main problems needed to be solved, action plan and specific measures should be involved in the coastline regional utilization planning. 6.3 Enhancing the coastline use management There are the regulation in the Article 18 of Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas, “Use of sea areas for the following projects shall be subject to examination and approval by the State Council: (1) a project that involves filling of more than 50 ha. of the sea area; (2) a project that involves enclosure of more than 100 ha. of the sea area; (3) a project that involves the use of more than 700 ha. of the sea area without altering the natural attributes of the area; (4) major national construction projects; and (5) other projects specified by the State Council”. In this article, the area of the project is mentioned, but this article does not figure out the coastline length which the project occupies. Given the same area of the sea area, the longer the coastline is occupied, the less utilization of the coastline we can get. To better use and protect the coastline, a series of supporting systems which are related to the coastline use management should be established. The standard of the length of the coastline occupied by the project should be designed according to the article 18 of Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas. In order to prevent the waste and the unreasonable utilization of the coastline, the project of which the length exceeds the standard of the length of the coastline should be submitted to the State Council, and the project of which the length is below the standard of the length of the coastline should be submitted to the sectors of the government of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government. 6.4 Implementation of coastline information management With the change of the coastline and the time passing by, information management of the coastline with the utilization of the 3S (GIS, GPS and RS) technology and the information technology would be the important ways to develop, utilize, protect and manage the coastline. In the dynamic management of the coastline, spatio-temporal data management model could be used to divide the coastline into the history coastline and the current status of coastline. By researching the relationship between the history coastline and the current status of coastline, the functions of dynamic management such as the history reconstruction of the coastline, the backtracking of the change of the coastline usage, and the spatial overlay analysis of coastline usage can be made. 7 Discussion The demarcation of coastline transforms the coastline from a theory mean high water line into a sea-land demarcation line in a scientific sense, also the demarcation of coastline solves the unclear management or the overlap of land and sea authority in a management sense. The demarcation of coastline is beneficial to the effective implementation of relevant laws and regulations. It is the effective method to achieve the marine sustainable development. The demarcation of coastline means a new beginning in the sea area management. After the research on the demarcation of the coastline and the management models, the authors hold that there exists some large difference for the job between the demarcation of coastline and its management. It is needed to do further research to achieve the effective coastline management, make it quantitative and institutional, and make it have the operational value. References [1] Sun Shu-xian. Determine the Sea-land Management Line Reasonably, Totally Fulfill the Basic System of Management Ownership of Sea Area [N]. China Ocean News, 2003-06-20. [2] Sun Mei-xian, Zhang Wei. Study on Coastline Remote Sensing Survey and Application in Fujian Province [J]. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 2004, 23(2):213 - 218. Lin Ning, Wang Jiang-tao, Xu Wen-bin. Research on the Spatio-temporal Data Management Model of the Sea [3] Area Use [J]. Ocean Technology, 2005, 24(1):82 - 85. [4] Technical Report on Tianjin Coastline Demarcation, 2005. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas, 2002. [5] [6] The Orders of Jiangsu Province on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas, 2005. 我国海岸线确定和管理模式研究 111, 2 林 宁,黄南艳,徐文斌 (1.国家海洋信息中心，天津 300171;2.中国海洋大学，山东 青岛 266003) 摘要:文章归纳了我国海岸线确定和公布的模式(提出了海岸线确定后的海岸线修订、海岸线区划、海岸 线使用和海岸线信息化管理等方面的问题(并对其进行了具体的研究和探讨，为我国海岸线的管理提供了有益的参考。 关键词:海岸线;确定;管理;模式