美国政治制度

美国政治 Chapter 19 Political institution(政治制度) 1(The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生 效于1789年。 2(In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联 邦条款》。 3(The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分:立法机构，行 政机构和司法机构。 4(In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批 准才能生效。 5(The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years .宪法规定总统必须是美国本 土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。 6( In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全 赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。 7(The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国 总统，候选人则要获得270票。 8(The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S. A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两 届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席娃哈哈官主持的。 9( Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派 出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众义员数宪法没有具 体 规定。 10( The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员 必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员 任期为6年，且每月年改 选1/3的议员。 11( Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress. Today, the House is composed of 435 members. Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪 法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的 州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议 员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往 被认为是2年。 12( Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除了税收法案必须首先 由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。 13( The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate. He has no vote, except in a case of a tie. The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两 派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。 14( According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系 结构为:最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法 官 是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。 15( The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟一有权解释的机构，目前法院由一 名首席娃哈哈官和颜悦色名助理法官组成。 16( The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高等法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法 权:涉及国外达官贵人，一个州为一方当事人。 17( In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为:民主党和共 和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。 18( The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段 出现了两个主要党派，联邦派各反联邦派，第三阶段从容不迫9世纪60年代到达9世纪20 年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。 (2002，21) 19( In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989 年的确届众议院中，民主党在于6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有 多数席位。 20( After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split. The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共 和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立 辉格党 下面英文的翻译:美国是世界上现存最古老的联邦。这是一个宪政共和国。(宪政共和国) 宪政共和国)联邦(联邦)和国家司法(司法的)和内阁联邦)司法的)官员通常提名(提 名)提名)行政部门(行政部门)，并批准分支(行政部门)立法机关(立法机关)，尽管一 些国家的法官和立法机关)，民选官员。(普选)进行表决。普选) 公民在美国联邦制系统的，通常是三级政府:联邦，州和地方。 (相互监督制衡制度规范 政府相关的例句制衡)定义为相互监督相关的例句制衡)美国宪法，作为该国的国家最高(最 高的)的法律文件。最高的) 联邦政府由三个分支: 立法(立法) 美国国会(国会大厦)，这家美国国会。(美国国会) 在联合国合众国国会，组成参议院，上院)，参议院(参议院，上院)和众议院，众议院) 的代表，(众议院)使得联邦法律，宣布战争，批准条约，有钱包的权力，有弹劾权(弹劾)， 通过它可以消除，坐在政府成员(弹劾)。 众议院有435名成员，分别代表了一项为期两年的任期的国会选区。 twoHouse席位按人口 分配(分配)每各国之间的第十个年头。参议院有100个成员，每个州有两位参议员，当选 大sixatsixyear条款;三分之一的参议院席位的选举每隔一年。 司法(司法) 美国最高法院大厦(最高法院) 最高法院，由美国首席大法官为首，有九名成员，为生活服务。 美国约翰?G?罗伯茨17日终审法院首席法官 行政主任(行政) 原文:The United States is the world’s oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic.(宪政共和国) 宪政共和国) Federal(联邦) and state judicial(司法的) and cabinet 联邦) 司法的) officials are typically nominated(提名) by the 提名) executive branch(行政部门) and approved by the branch(行政部门) legislature(立法机关), although some state judges and 立法 机关), officials are elected by popular vote.(普选) vote. 普选) In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government: federal, state, and local. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances(相互监 督与制衡) defined by 相互监督与制衡) the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country’ country’s supreme(最高的) legal document. 最高的) The federal government is composed of three branches: Legislative(立法) The United States Capitol(国会大厦), which houses the United States Congress.(美国国会) The United States Congress, made up of , 参议院，上院) the Senate(参议院，上院)and the House of Representatives, 众议院) Representatives, (众议院) makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment,(弹劾) by which it can remove ,(弹劾) sitting members of the government. The House of Representatives has 435 members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. twoHouse seats are apportioned (分 配)among the states by population every tenth year. The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to sixatsixyear terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. Judicial(司法) the United States Supreme Court building(最高法院) The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members who serve for life. John G. Roberts 17th Chief Justice of the United States Executive(行政)