北京大学考博英语作文要求-写作提高

北京大学考博英语作文要求-写作提高 www.kaobo100.com 中国考博辅导首选学校 北京大学考博英语作文要求-写作提高 首先，一个段落必须有一个中心,即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这 个主题(stick or hold to the topic)，这就是段落的统一性(unity)。 其次，一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性 (completeness or adequateness)。 最后，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子 的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就是连贯性(coherence)。根据文章题目以及你所想要表示的意思下手，下面我们 就对这三个分别加以说明。 考博英语作文首先要注意的势统一性 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例: Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico. 本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中 出现两个irrelevant sentences(不相干的句子)，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是 Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句 更是与主题句不相关。 考博英语作文其次要注意的是完整性 正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和 充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹 未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。 例如:Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression. 本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心 境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况,为什么它能起therapy的作用,读者得不到明确的答案。因此， 要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。 例如:It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand s. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it. 段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释， 整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。 考博英语作文最后要注意的是连贯性(coherence) 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不 可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不 够流畅。 www.kaobo100.com 中国考博辅导首选学校 1)、意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停 停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。 A(按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement) We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. 本段从“rose”(起床)写起，然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”)， 然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。 a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance) If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little importance” 到“more important”，最后是“most important”。 b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-speciffic arrangement) If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply. 这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个 "perhaps" 加以例证。 www.kaobo100.com 中国考博辅导首选学校 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑