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UNIX IN A NUTSHELL ,TITLE.12845 Page i Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM Other resources from O’Reilly Related titles Classic Shell Scripting Effective awk Programming Essential CVS Essential System Administration GDB Pocket Reference Learning GNU Emacs Learning the bash Shell Learning the Korn Shell Learning the vi Editor Linux in a Nutshell Mac OS X Tiger for Unix Geeks Managing Projects with GNU Make Running Linux sed and awk Pocket Reference TCP/IP Network Administration The Complete FreeBSD Unix Power Tools Using csh & tcsh Version Control with Subversion oreilly.com oreilly.com is more than a complete catalog of O’Reilly books. You'll also find links to news, events, articles, weblogs, sample chapters, and code examples. Conferences O’Reilly brings diverse innovators together to nurture the ideas that spark revolutionary industries. We specialize in documenting the latest tools and systems, translating the innovator’s knowledge into useful skills for those in the trenches. Visit conferences.oreilly.com for our upcoming events. Safari Bookshelf (safari.oreilly.com) is the premier online reference library for programmers and IT professionals. Conduct searches across more than 1,000 books. Sub- scribers can zero in on answers to time-critical questions in a matter of seconds. Read the books on your Book- shelf from cover to cover or simply flip to the page you need. Try it today for free. ,TITLE.12845 Page ii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM Fourth Edition UNIX IN A NUTSHELL Arnold Robbins Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo ,TITLE.12845 Page iii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM Unix in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition by Arnold Robbins Copyright © 2006, 1999, 1992, 1989 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Colleen Gorman Cover Designer: Edie Freedman Interior Designer: David Futato Back Cover Illustration: J.D. “Illiad” Frazer Printing History: May 1989: First Edition. June 1992: Second Edition. August 1999: Third Edition. October 2005: Fourth Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The In a Nutshell series designations, Unix in a Nutshell, the image of a tarsier, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 0-596-10029-9 [M] [8/06] ,COPYRIGHT.12974 Page iv Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:52 PM To my wife, Miriam. May our dreams continue to come true. To my children, Chana, Rivka, Nachum, and Malka. To the memory of Frank Willison. vii This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Part I. Commands and Shells 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Unix in the 21st Century 3 Obtaining Compilers 5 Building Software 6 What’s in the Quick Reference 7 Beginner’s Guide 8 Solaris: Standard Compliant Programs 11 2. Unix Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Introduction 13 Alphabetical Summary of Common Commands 15 Alphabetical Summary of Solaris Commands 241 Alphabetical Summary of GNU/Linux Commands 260 Alphabetical Summary of Mac OS X Commands 304 Alphabetical Summary of Java Commands 321 3. The Unix Shell: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Introduction to the Shell 341 Purpose of the Shell 342 Shell Flavors 343 viii | Table of Contents This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Shell Source Code URLs 344 Common Features 344 Differing Features 345 4. The Bash and Korn Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Overview of Features 348 Invoking the Shell 349 Syntax 350 Functions 357 Variables 358 Arithmetic Expressions 366 Command History 368 Job Control 372 Command Execution 372 Restricted Shells 373 Built-in Commands (Bash and Korn Shells) 374 5. tcsh: An Extended C Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Overview of Features 417 Invoking the Shell 418 Syntax 419 Variables 423 Expressions 435 Command History 438 Command-Line Manipulation 442 Job Control 445 Built-in Commands 446 6. Package Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Linux Package Management 467 The Red Hat Package Manager 470 Yum: Yellowdog Updater Modified 484 up2date: Red Hat Update Agent 489 The Debian Package Manager 492 Mac OS X Package Management 520 Solaris Package Management 521 Table of Contents | ix This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Part II. Text Editing and Processing 7. Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Filenames Versus Patterns 535 Metacharacters 536 Metacharacters, Listed by Unix Program 538 Examples of Searching 539 8. The Emacs Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Conceptual Overview 543 Command-Line Syntax 545 Summary of Commands by Group 546 Summary of Commands by Key 552 Summary of Commands by Name 555 9. The vi, ex, and vim Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Conceptual Overview 561 Command-Line Syntax 562 Review of vi Operations 565 vi Commands 567 vi Configuration 574 ex Basics 579 Alphabetical Summary of ex Commands 580 10. The sed Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Conceptual Overview 595 Command-Line Syntax 596 Syntax of sed Commands 598 Group Summary of sed Commands 600 Alphabetical Summary of sed Commands 601 11. The awk Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Conceptual Overview 611 Command-Line Syntax 613 Patterns and Procedures 614 Built-in Variables 616 Operators 617 Variable and Array Assignment 618 User-Defined Functions 619 Gawk-Specific Features 620 x | Table of Contents This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Implementation Limits 622 Group Listing of awk Functions and Commands 623 Alphabetical Summary of awk Functions and Commands 623 Output Redirections 632 Source Code 634 Part III. Software Development 12. Source Code Management: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Introduction and Terminology 637 Usage Models 639 Unix Source Code Management Systems 640 Other Source Code Management Systems 641 13. The Revision Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Overview of Commands 643 Basic Operation 644 General RCS Specifications 645 Alphabetical Summary of Commands 649 14. The Concurrent Versions System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 Conceptual Overview 659 Command-Line Syntax and Options 661 Dot Files 664 Environment Variables 665 Keywords and Keyword Modes 667 Dates 669 CVSROOT Variables 672 Alphabetical Summary of Commands 674 15. The Subversion Version Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Conceptual Overview 697 Obtaining Subversion 702 Using Subversion: A Quick Tour 704 The Subversion Command Line Client: svn 706 Repository Administration: svnadmin 733 Examining the Repository: svnlook 737 Providing Remote Access: svnserve 742 Other Subversion Components 743 Table of Contents | xi This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 16. The GNU make Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Conceptual Overview 745 Command-Line Syntax 746 Makefile Lines 749 Macros 754 Special Target Names 761 Writing Command Lines 762 17. The GDB Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Conceptual Overview 765 Command-Line Syntax 768 Initialization Files 770 GDB Expressions 771 The GDB Text User Interface 773 Group Listing of GDB Commands 773 Summary of set and show Commands 777 Summary of the info Command 788 Alphabetical Summary of GDB Commands 790 18. Writing Manual Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Introduction 813 Overview of nroff/troff 814 Alphabetical Summary of man Macros 819 Predefined Strings 823 Internal Names 823 Sample Document 823 Part IV. References ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 xiii This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Preface The fourth edition of Unix in a Nutshell brings the book into the 21st century. The term “UNIX” is a registered trademark of The Open Group. It is used for branding systems as compliant with the various standards that collectively define the behavior of a modern Unix system. More informally though, many systems in use today are Unix work-alikes, even though their source code base was devel- oped independently from the original Unix systems. Thus, the goal of this edition to present the broader state of Unix in today’s world. In particular, it’s important to cover both the commercial variants, and those where source code for the system and the utilities are freely available. To this end, we have chosen to cover these systems, which are representative of “Unix” today: Solaris 10 Solaris is the most popular commercial system based on the original Unix System V code base. GNU/Linux GNU/Linux systems have gained a huge foothold in the commercial market- place. While currently used most heavily for back-end servers, GNU/Linux is also starting to gain ground in the desktop market. Mac OS X Apple’s rewrite of their operating system has a core based on Mach and various BSD technologies. The command set is derived from FreeBSD. Thus, besides having an exciting user interface, Mac OS X is representative of the BSD strain of free Unix-like systems. The commands covered by the current POSIX standard form the core of our presen- tation. Each specific system has commands that are unique to it; these are covered too. Finally, many important and useful utilities are distributed as Free or Open Source software on the Internet. We have done our best to cover those as well, including presenting the Internet URL from which you can download the source code, in case your particular system doesn’t include that utility in its distribution. xiv | Preface This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. This edition has the following new features: • Covers Solaris 10, the latest version of the SVR4-based operating system from Sun Microsystems,* GNU/Linux, and Mac OS X. • Chapter 2, Unix Commands, has been heavily reorganized and revised, in order to cover the three systems. • Chapter 3, The Unix Shell: An Overview, has been reworked, now covering Bash,† ksh93, and tcsh. • Chapter 4, The Bash and Korn Shells, now covers the popular Bash shell, along with the 1988 and 1993 versions of ksh. Coverage of the vanilla Bourne shell has been dropped. • Chapter 5, tcsh: An Extended C Shell, now covers the widely-used tcsh shell instead of the original Berkeley csh. • Chapter 6, Package Management, is new. It covers package management pro- grams, which are used for program installation on popular GNU/Linux sys- tems. It also describes similar facilities for Solaris and Mac OS X. • Chapter 8, The Emacs Editor, now covers GNU Emacs Version 21. • Chapter 9, The vi, ex, and vim Editors, now contains merged coverage of the vi and ex text editors. Important commands and features from the popular vim editor are also included. • Chapter 10, The sed Editor, now includes coverage of GNU sed. • The coverage of awk in Chapter 11, The awk Programming Language, has been updated as well, dropping separate coverage of the original, “old” awk. • Chapter 12, Source Code Management: An Overview, which provides an introduction to source code management systems, has been added. • Chapter 14, The Concurrent Versions System, on CVS, has been added. • Chapter 15, The Subversion Version Control System, on the Subversion ver- sion control system, is brand new. • Chapter 16, The GNU make Utility, has been revised to focus on GNU Make. • Chapter 17, The GDB Debugger, on the GDB debugger, is brand new. As time marches on, once-popular or necessary commands fall into disuse. Thus, with the exception of Chapter 18, which describes how to write a manual page, all the material on the venerable troff text formatting suite has been removed from the book. We have also removed the previous edition’s material on SCCS and on obsolete commands. Audience This book should be of interest to Unix users and Unix programmers, as well as to anyone (such as a system administrator) who might offer direct support to users * The version used for this book was for Intel x86–based systems. † Because the Free Software Foundation treats “Bash” and “Emacs” as proper nouns, we do too, here and throughout the book. Preface | xv This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. and programmers. The presentation is geared mainly toward people who are already familiar with the Unix system; that is, you know what you want to do, and you even have some idea how to do it. You just need a reminder about the details. For example, if you want to remove the third field from a database, you might think, “I know I can use the cut command, but what are the options?” In many cases, specific examples are provided to show how a command is used. We have purposely chosen to omit system administration commands. System administration is a complicated topic in its own right, and the Bibliography lists several good books on this important subject. This reference might also help people who are familiar with some aspects of Unix but not with others. Many chapters include an overview of the particular topic. While this isn’t meant to be comprehensive, it’s usually sufficient to get you started in unfamiliar territory. Finally, if you’re new to the Unix operating system, and you’re feeling bold, you might appreciate this book as a quick tour of what Unix has to offer. The “Beginner’s Guide” section in Chapter 1 can point you to the most useful commands, and you’ll find brief examples of how to use them, but take note: this book should not be used in place of a good beginner’s tutorial on Unix. (You might try Learning the Unix Operating System for that.) This reference should be a supple- ment, not a substitute. (There are references throughout the text to other relevant O’Reilly books that will help you learn the subject matter under discussion; you may be better off detouring to those books first. Also, see the Bibliography.) Scope of This Book Unix in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition, is divided into four parts: • Part I (Chapters 1 through 6) describes the syntax and options for Unix com- mands and for the Bash, Korn, and tcsh shells. Part I also covers package management. • Part II (Chapters 7 through 11) presents various editing tools and describes their command sets (alphabetically and by group). Part II begins with a review of pattern matching, including examples geared toward specific editors. • Part III (Chapters 12 through 18) summarizes the Unix utilities for software development—RCS, CVS, Subversion, make and GDB. It also covers, in brief, what you need to know to write a manual page for your programs. • Part IV contains a table of ISO Latin-1 characters and equivalent values (ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) Character Set) and a Bibliography of Unix books. Conventions This book follows certain typographic conventions, outlined below: Constant width is used for directory names, filenames, commands, program names, func- tions, and options. All terms shown in constant width are typed literally. It is also used to show the contents of files or the output from commands. xvi | Preface This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Constant width italic is used in syntax and command summaries to show generic text; these should be replaced with user-supplied values. Constant width bold is used in examples to show text that should be typed literally by the user. Italic is used to show generic arguments and options; these should be replaced with user-supplied values. Italic is also used to indicate URLs, macro package names, library names, comments in examples, and the first mention of terms. %, $, # are used in some examples as the C shell prompt (%) and as the Bash, Bourne or Korn shell prompts ($). # is the prompt for the root user. ?, > are used in some examples as the C shell secondary prompt (?) and as the Bash, Bourne or Korn shell secondary prompts (>). ❑,➔ are used in some examples to represent the space and tab characters respec- tively. This is particularly necessary for the examples in the chapters on text editing. program(N) indicates the “manpage” for program in section N of the online manual. For example, echo(1) means the entry for the echo command. [ ] surround optional elements in a description of syntax. (The brackets them- selves should never be typed.) Note that many commands show the argument [files]. If a filename is omitted, standard input (usually the keyboard) is assumed. End keyboard input with an end-of-file character. EOF indicates the end-of-file character (normally CTRL-D). ^x, CTRL-x indicates a “control character,” typed by holding down the Control key and the x key for any key x. | is used in syntax descriptions to separate items for which only one alterna- tive may be chosen at a time. A final word about syntax. In many cases, the space between an option and its argument can be omitted. In other cases, the spacing (or lack of spacing) must be followed strictly. For example, -wn (no intervening space) might be interpreted differently from -w n. It’s important to notice the spacing used in option syntax. This icon signifies a tip, sugges