杜甫诗的风格特点

杜甫诗的风格特点 杜甫诗的风格多种多样，但无论杜甫自己评论家，都公认杜甫诗的主要风格是“沉郁顿挫”。 何谓“沉郁顿挫”,“沉郁”是就诗的思想内容来说的。“沉”即“深”，“郁”即“积”，指诗歌内容的深刻、深厚、凝重。“顿挫”则是就艺术形式而言，讲的是诗歌遣词用句的停顿转折，即有情感的千回百折，又有节奏音调的抑扬顿挫。词评家陈廷焯说:“沉郁之中，运以顿挫，方是词中上乘。”不独是词，诗也如此。杜甫诗歌思想内容的“沉郁”通过“顿挫”的艺术形式现出来，形成了独特的艺术风格。 了解杜诗“沉郁”的思想内容，必须了解杜甫的经历和他所处的时代背景，以及他的思想倾向。另外体会他诗歌“顿挫”的艺术特点，还应了解一点诗歌格律常识。 杜诗无处不在的忧国忧民的现实内容和诗人不惜牺牲自我的思想情情怀构成了他“沉郁”的诗歌风格，并表现出厚实的思想内蕴和凝重的历史意识。他的风格特点是由现实主义内容所决定的。 首先，杜诗表现出前所未有的对人民百姓的关注和同情。“穷年忧黎元，叹息肠内热”“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”(《赴奉先咏怀》)不仅充分表达了诗人对百姓的深刻同情，还一针见血地指出百姓受剥削凌辱的现实。他还在一些诗歌里为人民代言:“县官虑索租，租税从何出,信知生男恶，反是生女好:生女犹得嫁比邻，生男埋活随百草。”(《兵车行》)他甚至对统治者提出抗议:“君色富土境，开边一何多～”(《前出客》)在人民的痛苦生活前，他不惜牺牲自己。屋漏天寒，稚子不嗳，彻夜难眠之时，他还发出这样的慨叹:“君庐独破受冻死亦足～》(《茅屋为秋风所破歌》) welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 其次，杜诗反映了诗人对国家命运的担忧。诗人的喜怒哀乐是和祖国命运的盛衰紧密相连的。安史之乱危及国家前途时，面对破败的山河，他“感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心”，听到官军收复河南河北时他又“涕泪满耶裳”，在漫长的期待和奔走中他甚至“艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒苏联停浊酒杯。” 杜诗对百姓的同情和对国家命运的关注反映了社会的动荡不安，人与的颠涕流离，作者的诗情寄托其中，郁结深度而寄寓深广。 杜甫“顿挫”的风格主要体现在五、七言近体诗中，杜甫的叙事诗大多采用五、七言的古体诗，而抒情诗多用五、七言近体诗。他们近体诗讲究结构的回环照应，音节旋律的铿锵顿挫，对仗的工稳，具有很高的审美价值。 理解杜诗风格特点，应了解风格形成的原因，即作者的生活经历，思想倾向，及诗歌特点。 杜甫35岁之前，主要是学习游历。那时社会富足安定，是其创作的准备期，同时在思想上他深受儒家思想影响，确立了“致君克舜上，再使风俗淳”的政治理想。45,48岁，社会正处在安史之乱的动荡中，诗人曾陷敌阵，曾逃难于危急，也曾积极抗敌。国家命运危险、人民灾难深重，使他感到彻骨的国破家亡之痛。49岁开始，经历了长达十一年的西南漂泊生活，虽然他生活困窘，甚至常常挨饿，但他却定下了一千首诗，反映他忧国忧民的情怀。“向来忧国泪，寂寞洒衣襟。”然而时时关注国家命运和人民疾苦的诗人最后竟死在长沙至岳阳的一条破船上。儒家思想“民为贵”“治国”“平天下”的意识，与国家命运息息相关的生活经历都是形成杜甫诗风格的主要因素。 杜甫以五、七言近体诗写生活及现实，反映民生疾苦和国家大事，发挥了近体诗的功能。杜诗特别讲究音律，对仗的和谐之稳，形成独特的音律美。创作中，他还特别注重诗歌结构上welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 的回环照应，起承转折，令人体味其中的审美趣味。 杜诗“沉郁顿挫”的风格前人早有论述，我们以杜甫的最高成就的代表作品《登高》为例详细讲解，加深认识。 《登高》 风急天高猿啸哀，潜清沙白鸟飞回。 无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。 万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。 今诗的前四句绘景，勾勒出一幅登高远眺的壮阔图景。“天高”“沙白”“猿啸”“鸟飞”都是三峡秋季的典型景物，境界雄浑高远;天高风急才闻落木“萧萧”，才见波涛“滚滚”。在萧索荒凉的景象中，饱含诗人无穷的情思，仿佛读到一个兀立高台的穷儒无尽的“悲秋”之情，只是这难以言尽的情绪不是直接点明的，而是渗透在画面之中。 五、六两句中上文自然过渡，抒写自身疾病缠身漂泊不定的苦难生活及触景生悲的内心感受。“万里”“百年”包容时空，尽写诗人孤独悲苦的心境，秋风萧瑟，暮年多病、登台远眺这层层递进的顿挫笔法，强烈地表达出蕴于诗人内心的沉郁悲抑的情感。而尾联“艰难者恨”田字，不仅包含着郁积难舒的爱国情怀和难以排遣的羁旅愁思，写出个人身世的飘零，处境的困窘，也反映了社会的动荡不安，人民的颠沛流离。这些都使他“繁霜鬓”，这一切都需酒来排遣，welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 但又因生活困窘，年老多病不得不暂停饮酒，那么这郁积又从何抒解呢, 诗歌曲折顿挫的笔法，使作者的情感更深刻，凝重。 从艺术形式上看，《登高》前三联对仗工稳。诗句多用双声叠字，旋律优美，音节和谐。其中“艰难者恨”恰是阴平、阳平、上声、去声;读时一字一顿，四声之美令人赞叹，“繁霜鬓”“浊酒杯”平仄相对，平仄交错，节奏分明，在全诗曲折顿挫、抑扬有致中，表现出诗人颠沛流离的痛苦。 “沉郁顿挫”是杜诗唯一的风格特点吗, 当然不是。陈廷焯《白雨斋词话》在论杜诗风格时说:“杜陵之诗，包括万有，空诸依傍，纵横博大，千变之中，却极沉郁顿挫，忠厚和平。”这个是历来所认可的。但这“沉郁顿挫”是其主要风格，并不是唯一风格。杜诗风格可以说是多样性的。既有沉郁顿挫的，也有淡泊闲静的，或清新自然的，或奔放率真的。如《闻官军收河南河北》一诗: 《闻官军收河南河北》 剑外忽传收蓟北，初闻涕泪满衣裳。 却看妻子愁何在，漫卷诗书喜欲狂。 白日放歌须纵酒，青春作伴好还乡。 即从巴峡穿巫峡，便下襄阳向洛阳。 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 八行诗洋溢着诗人无限欢喜之情，它从思想感情到语言的气势节奏都是那样的激越直率。 杜甫诗歌的“顿挫”能否说仔细一些，以便我们理解。 好。诗歌在唐代近体诗发展状大。由于它极讲究字句的平仄，对仗，形式结构的照应，于声律抑扬顿挫中，尽量审美意趣。 绝句、律诗讲究用字平仄交错，古诗的平声与现代汉语的一声，二声大体相当，仄声与三声、四声大体相当。近体诗还必须押韵，偶数句必须押韵，第一句可押可不押，今诗都必须押平声韵，不换韵。近体诗中的律诗第二、三联要对偶。这种节奏、声韵，对仗的严格要求令诗歌产生音乐之美。 近体诗的创作上，作者很注重结构的安排，以杜甫的《蜀相》为例: 《蜀相》 丞相祠堂何处寻，锦官城外柏森森。 映阶碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音。 三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。 出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 此诗前四句写事，后四句写人。首联以“何处寻”发问，表赞颂研究室情，寻觅之急;而二联以“自”“空”写环境的寂寥冷落，开成情绪的反差，急转直下。三联荡开笔势写武侯的千秋功业，又是一转，最后以“出师未捷身先死，长使英雄非满襟”点，作者的情感就在起承转合中起伏回旋，一波三折，这正是杜甫诗歌运笔顿挫的妙处。 杜甫诗歌风格的形成是受他的思想主张、主要经历、创作方式共同影响。不同时期的经历，社会状况的变化，创作方法的不断成熟决定了他作品风格的多样化。有些人把杜甫“沉郁顿挫”的主要风格当作他作品的唯一标准，就难以全面领略杜甫诗歌的艺术魅力。看下面这首诗: 《清江》 清江一曲抱村流，长夏江村事事幽。 自来自去堂前燕，相亲相爱水中鸥。 老妻画纸为棋局，稚子敲针作钓钩。 多病所须惟药物，微躯此处更何求。 此诗显然就不属“沉郁”之列。诗歌格调清新明快。从内容上看，盛夏之时，临江小村依然平静清幽，鸥燕飞翔，“自来自去”“相亲相爱”是多么迷人，令人陶醉。老妻，稚子，“画棋间”“作钓钩”纯朴自然的举动，反映江村生活的闲适悠然，也反映诗人内心的平静，经历无尽动荡后的片刻安宁。从形式上看，二、三联对仗工整，音韵和谐，节奏轻快。此诗属清新明快自然一格。 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 从这个意义上说，读杜诗还须认真体味其不同的风格物点，不能一概而论。 [楼 主] 来自: | 发帖时间: 2005/03/16 20:43 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury